Nekrasov homeland history of creation. Analysis of the poem "Motherland" by Nekrasov

Analysis of the poem by N. A. Nekrasov "Motherland"

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov is a poet of unprecedented conscience, bitter irony and piercing pain. His poetry is alive with the spirit of the people, the aspirations and sufferings of people.

There was little pleasant in the surrounding life, but grief - the seas spilled; Nekrasov's poetry reflected the truth of life, which is why the author speaks so truthfully and bitterly about his people.

The poem "Motherland", written by Nekrasov in 1846, reflects the mood of a young man with an honest and kind soul, who looked around with intelligent and attentive eyes. The patriot sees little consolation in the surrounding life.

And here they are again, familiar places,

Where is the life of my fathers, barren and empty,

Flowed among the feasts, senseless swagger,

The debauchery of dirty and petty tyranny.

In these lines, the position of the author to everything that happened and is happening now clearly sounds. He not only blames the "fathers" for their "tyranny", "debauchery", "swagger", but also admits to his "unworthy" life. It is impossible to exist in this environment and “not get dirty” when everyone around is doing the same.

The author denotes the main evil - serfdom - the undivided disposal of their own kind. It is already a sin to own and exploit “baptized property”. Permissiveness gives rise in some "animal instincts", and in others, the best people - the desire to change the surrounding life, so unlike human.

Where is the swarm of depressed and trembling slaves

I envied the life of the last lordly dogs.

And again an appeal to the female share, now the mother, and then the sister, who differs little from the slave. It was even harder for cultured and educated women to endure the daily trampling of dignity from a rude and selfish "life partner".

You carried your lot in the silence of a slave ...

But I know: your soul was not impassive;

She was proud, stubborn and beautiful ...

It becomes clear and justified the gloating that seizes the narrator at the sight of general desolation and devastation. He hopes that, together with the “house that fell on its side”, the “cut down dark forest” and the owner who has gone into oblivion, who

Only the one that crushed everyone,

Freely and breathed, and acted, and lived ...

A terrible time will also pass, because something must change, right? But not everything is so simple in human life. The author understands this very well.

An irresistible curse fell on me, -

Everything began here, in my native land! ..

Bitterness, pain and longing are heard in this poem. The author does not see significant changes that he could count on. Nothing comes by itself. You have to spend a lot of mental strength to change the world for the better, but where can you find those who want to put their lives on the altar of universal happiness? And I also want to draw attention to one feature of this poem and Nekrasov's lyrics in general. The “I” should not be considered necessarily the author’s, it can be the voice of his lyrical hero, and a collective image, and a personal “I”, but more often it is a synthesis of all these voices, which is why they sound so piercing, they reach the heart and soul of the reader. This is exactly what the poet dreamed about.

Nikolay Alekseevich Nekrasov

And here they are again, familiar places,
Where the life of my fathers flowed, barren and empty,
Flowed among the feasts, senseless swagger,
The debauchery of dirty and petty tyranny;

Where is the swarm of depressed and trembling slaves
I envied the life of the last master's dogs,
Where I was destined to see God's light,
Where I learned to endure and hate
But hatred in the soul is shamefully hidden,
Where sometimes I was a landowner;
Where from my soul, prematurely corrupted,
Blessed peace departed so early,
And unchildish desires and anxieties
The fire, languid before the deadline, burned the heart ...
Memories of the days of youth - famous
Under the loud name of luxurious and wonderful, -
Filling my chest with malice and spleen,
In all their glory pass before me...

Here is a dark, dark garden ... Whose face in the far alley
Flashes between the branches, painfully sad?
I know why you cry, my mother!
Who ruined your life ... oh! I know, I know!
Forever given to the gloomy ignoramus,
You did not indulge in unrealizable hope -
You were frightened by the thought of rebelling against fate,
You carried your lot in the silence of a slave ...
But I know: your soul was not impassive;
She was proud, stubborn and beautiful,
And everything that you have the strength to endure,
Your dying whisper forgiven the destroyer! ..

And you, who shared with the mute sufferer
And grief and shame of her terrible fate,
You are no more, sister of my soul!
From the house of serf mistresses and kings
Driven by shame, you gave your lot
The one I didn't know, didn't love...
But, mother's sad fate
Repeating in the world, you lay in a coffin
With such a cold and stern smile,
That the executioner himself trembled, crying with a mistake.

Here is a gray, old house ... Now it is empty and deaf:
No women, no dogs, no gaers, no servants, -
And old? .. But I remember: here something crushed everyone,
Here, in the small and the big, the heart ached drearily.
I ran away to the nanny ... Oh, nanny! how many times
I shed tears for her in a difficult hour for my heart;
At her name, falling into tenderness,
How long have I felt awe for her?

Her senseless and harmful kindness
Few features came to my mind,
And my chest is full of enmity and new anger ...
No! in my youth, rebellious and severe,
There is no remembrance that pleases the soul;
But all that, having entangled my life from childhood,
An irresistible curse fell on me, -
Everything began here, in my native land! ..

And with disgust around throwing a look,
With joy I see that the dark forest has been cut down -
In the languishing summer heat, protection and coolness, -
And the field is scorched, and the herd is idly dozing,
Hanging your head over a dry stream,
And an empty and gloomy house falls on its side,
Where he echoed the ringing of bowls and the voice of jubilation
Deaf and eternal rumble of suppressed suffering,
And only the one who crushed everyone with himself,
Freely and breathed, and acted, and lived ...

Nikolai Nekrasov

Nikolai Nekrasov is rightfully considered one of the brightest Russian realist poets, who in his works depicted life without any embellishment. So many of his poems reveal the vices of a society still burdened by serfdom, showing a sharp contrast between the life of landowners and peasants. One of these accusatory works is the poem "Motherland", written in 1847, when Nekrasov was already a fairly well-known poet and publicist, as well as a well-established and mature person. In this work, the author refers to his childhood memories, inspired by a trip to the family estate of Greshnevo, Yaroslavl province.

"Music"

After the death of the poet's father, Alexei Sergeevich Nekrasov, in 1862, the estate was inherited by his sons Nikolai and Fyodor. The master's house of the Nekrasovs in Greshnev has not been preserved. It burned down in 1864 due to carelessness of the watchman. In 1872, the poet gave his part of the estate to his younger brother. After the death of N. A. Nekrasov in 1885, Fyodor Alekseevich, burdened with household chores in the Karabikha estate, decided to sell the Greshnev estate to the peasant G. T. Titov.

From the Greshnev estate of the Nekrasovs, only one building has survived - the "musician", in which, according to legend, serf musicians lived. Under the Nekrasovs, it was a one-story stone building built in the middle of the 19th century. In the 1870s, the Razdolie tavern was located here, Titov built a second wooden floor. In this form, the building has survived to this day; until 2001, the building housed an exposition of the museum, telling about the Yaroslavl estate of the Nekrasovs.

It should be noted that the poet's childhood passed under the sign of the eternal tyranny of his father, a retired lieutenant.

Alexey Nekrasov, poet's father

There were 13 children in the Nekrasov family, and, according to the poet's memoirs, barracks order reigned. Nekrasov's mother, the Polish beauty Alexandra Zakrevskaya, married for love without parental blessing and very soon became disillusioned with the unequal union, since her chosen one turned out to be an unbalanced and cruel person. Nikolai Nekrasov grew up in such an atmosphere of intolerance, from childhood watching how his father mocks not only serfs, but also household members. Therefore, the poet's homeland is associated with a gloomy and gloomy house, a dark garden and a constant sense of injustice. At the same time, the author notes that he “learned to endure and hate”, and also for the first time tried on the guise of a landowner, ashamed of this in his soul and not having the strength to change the home way of life.

The poet recalls his mother as a very smart, proud and educated woman, who, nevertheless, had to endure humiliation from her tyrant husband all her life. With all her virtues, Alexandra Zakrevskaya never thought about rebelling against her own husband. Therefore, “everything that you had the strength to endure, your dying whisper forgave the destroyer,” the poet writes, referring to his mother.

From the poem "Motherland" it becomes clear that the poet's father not only brought his lawful wife to the grave. The same fate befell the numerous mistresses of the landowner Nekrasov. Therefore, in a cold big house, the only consolation of the future poet was the nanny, to whom he ran away at the most difficult moments of his life. But even her kindness Nekrasov calls "senseless and harmful", since it poisoned the existence of the author more than the hatred that reigned around. Therefore, the poet notes that in his youth "there is no memory that is gratifying to the soul." AND years spent in his father's house make him feel angry. The poet is convinced that this period of his life became a curse for him, and "everything began here, in my native land."

That is why the picture of the collapsing family nest, which the author visited many years later, caused Nekrasov a feeling of consolation. The poet seemed to be burying, along with the old house, the cut down grove and the deserted fields, his bleak past, which the author associates with pain, bitterness and the realization that he is almost as powerless in his homeland as the serfs. This feeling is fully justified, since as a young man the poet was forced to flee from home to St. Petersburg, accompanied by the curses of his father, who threatened to deprive him of his inheritance. As a result, none of the numerous heirs wanted to live in the family estate. Explaining this phenomenon, the poet notes that in the house he still seems to have "a deaf and eternal rumble of suppressed suffering." And the only person who felt truly happy here was his father.

N.A. Nekrasov lived and worked at a turning point for Russia - 60-70 years. 19th century. At this time, serfdom finally outlived itself, and changes were brewing throughout society. Nekrasov's poetry expressed the thoughts, feelings and hopes of advanced people, called for the struggle for the rights of the oppressed peasantry. But despite the hatred for the royal system, the poet loved Russia with a deep, filial love, and therefore the image of the motherland is constantly found in his poems. “You are poor, you are rich, you are powerful, you are powerless, Mother Rus'!” - with these words Nekrasov addressed the Motherland in his work.

"Motherland" is one of the poet's most penetrating creations on this subject. The poem, written in 1846, shows the mood of a young man with an honest and kind soul, who looked around with intelligent and attentive eyes. As can be seen from the content, the lyrical hero was born and raised in the family of a landowner who did not have a friendly attitude towards his serfs:

And here they are again, familiar places,
Where is the life of my fathers, barren and empty,
Flowed among the feasts, senseless swagger,
The debauchery of dirty and petty tyranny;
Where is the swarm of depressed and trembling slaves
I envied the life of the last lordly dogs.

The childhood years of the young man passed in the conditions of lordly permissiveness both over the peasants and over the family members: the mother and sister of the lyrical hero. In the first lines, the author's position in relation to everything that happened in his native estate clearly sounds. He blames the "fathers" for their "tyranny", "debauchery", "swagger", sees in this the root of evil, the cause of all the troubles that occur both in this estate and in millions of others throughout Russia. In general, the poem can be described as a negative memory of the father's house:

No! in my youth, rebellious and severe,
There is no heartwarming memory.

A significant role is assigned to female images. The mother, sister and nanny of the young man are shown as strong personalities, but completely subordinate to the will of the master:

I know why you cry, my mother!
Who ruined your life... oh! I know, I know!
Forever given to the gloomy ignoramus...

Reading the poem, we understand the inconsistency of the nature of the lyrical hero: he both loves his native village and hates it. He admires her: “And here they are again, familiar places”, “Everything began here, in my native land! ..”; and at the same time, “casting a glance around in disgust”, and his chest “is full of enmity and new anger ...”. These contradictions reflect the opinion of Nekrasov himself: both he and his lyrical hero love their Motherland, love Russia, its fields and meadows, but cannot bear the existing system, when some have the right to belittle and exploit others. But the lyrical hero also admits to his unworthy life: in his youth he was unable to resist the environment. But it was the childhood memories that awakened in him the desire to change the environment, to make people's lives better:

But all that, having entangled my life from the first years,
An irresistible curse fell on me, -
Everything began here, in my native land! ..

The lyrical hero reveals to the reader the bitter truth, which is that the era of permissiveness gave birth to people like his father. They could do anything with others, regardless of age and gender. By and large, for such a gentleman it was indifferent who to oppress: slaves, servants, women, family members or yard dogs. This is especially pronounced in the last lines of the poem:

And only the one who crushed everyone with himself,
Freely and breathed, and acted, and lived ...

All the feelings of the lyrical hero in the poem are conveyed very emotionally. Nekrasov achieved this by skillfully choosing the right words and using poetic techniques. In the first stanza, he denounces the feudal system, not being afraid to use such words and expressions as “debauchery”, “tyranny”, “swagger”, “life ... is incorporeal and empty”, “quivering slaves”. Despite some rudeness of these words, the reader vividly and realistically sees the life of the landowners. The lyrical hero expresses his anger and indignation, recalling the behavior of the landowner: “And my chest is full of enmity and new anger ...”, “And throwing a look around with disgust, / With joy I see that the dark forest has been cut down.” But there is a place in his emotion for tenderness and sadness: "There is no remembrance that is pleasing to the soul." With particular warmth, he refers to the image of mother and sister:

But, mother's sad fate
Repeating in the world, you lay in a coffin
With such a cold and stern smile,
That the executioner himself trembled, crying with a mistake.
…..
You are no more, sister of my soul!

But perhaps the most emotional in the poem "Motherland" is the first, initial stanza, in which expressiveness (expression of feelings, emotionality) is achieved with the help of bright, realistic, even pathetic words and expressions. Also in this stanza, the author used the method of opposition: "life ... flowed among the feasts", "swarm ... quivering slaves."

At the end of the poem, the lyrical hero gloatingly describes a crumbling house, a dormant herd and scorched fields. Moreover, he does not regret it at all. He hopes that together with the house that has collapsed on its side, the felled forest and the owner who has gone into oblivion, who “crushed everyone with himself”, the terrible time of oppression and sadness will also go away.

Despite the negative tone of the poem, after reading it, you begin to believe in the best, that the old and obsolete dies off, giving way to the new and better. Nekrasov believed in this and hoped for this in his poems about Russia, and as much as he hated the serfdom that was destroying the country, he loved his homeland just as much.

And here they are again, familiar places,
Where the life of my fathers flowed, barren and empty,
Flowed among the feasts, senseless swagger,
The debauchery of dirty and petty tyranny;
Where is the swarm of depressed and trembling slaves
I envied the life of the last master's dogs,
Where I was destined to see God's light,
Where I learned to endure and hate
But hatred in the soul is shamefully hidden,
Where sometimes I was a landowner;
Where from my soul, prematurely corrupted,
Blessed peace departed so early,
And unchildish desires and anxieties
The fire, languid before the deadline, burned the heart ...
Memories of the days of youth - famous
Under the loud name of luxurious and wonderful, -
Filling my chest with malice and spleen,
In all their glory pass before me...

Here is a dark, dark garden ... Whose face in the far alley
Flashes between the branches, painfully sad?
I know why you cry, my mother!
Who ruined your life ... oh! I know, I know!
Forever given to the gloomy ignoramus,
You did not indulge in unrealizable hope -
You were frightened by the thought of rebelling against fate,
You carried your lot in the silence of a slave ...
But I know: your soul was not impassive;
She was proud, stubborn and beautiful,
And everything that you have the strength to endure,
Your dying whisper forgiven the destroyer! ..

And you, who shared with the mute sufferer
And grief and shame of her terrible fate,
You are no more, sister of my soul!
From the house of serf mistresses and kings
Driven by shame, you gave your lot
The one I didn't know, didn't love...
But, mother's sad fate
Repeating in the world, you lay in a coffin
With such a cold and stern smile,
That the executioner himself trembled, crying with a mistake.

Here is a gray, old house ... Now it is empty and deaf:
No women, no dogs, no gaers, no servants, -
And old? .. But I remember: here something crushed everyone,
Here, in the small and the big, the heart ached drearily.
I ran away to the nanny ... Oh, nanny! how many times
I shed tears for her in a difficult hour for my heart;
At her name, falling into tenderness,
How long have I felt awe for her?

Her senseless and harmful kindness
Few features came to my mind,
And my chest is full of enmity and new anger ...
No! in my youth, rebellious and severe,
There is no remembrance that pleases the soul;
But all that, having entangled my life from childhood,
An irresistible curse fell on me, -
Everything began here, in my native land! ..

And with disgust around throwing a look,
With joy I see that the dark forest has been cut down -
In the languishing summer heat, protection and coolness, -
And the field is scorched, and the herd is idly dozing,
Hanging your head over a dry stream,
And an empty and gloomy house falls on its side,
Where he echoed the ringing of bowls and the voice of jubilation
Deaf and eternal rumble of suppressed suffering,
And only the one who crushed everyone with himself,
Freely and breathed, and acted, and lived ...

Analysis of Nekrasov's poem "Motherland"

It should be noted that the poet's childhood passed under the sign of the eternal tyranny of his father, a retired lieutenant. There were 13 children in the Nekrasov family, and, according to the poet's memoirs, barracks order reigned. Nekrasov's mother, the Polish beauty Alexandra Zakrevskaya, married for love without parental blessing and very soon became disillusioned with the unequal union, since her chosen one turned out to be an unbalanced and cruel person. Nikolai Nekrasov grew up in such an atmosphere of intolerance, from childhood watching how his father mocks not only serfs, but also household members. Therefore, the poet's homeland is associated with a gloomy and gloomy house, a dark garden and a constant sense of injustice. At the same time, the author notes that he “learned to endure and hate”, and also for the first time tried on the guise of a landowner, ashamed of this in his soul and not having the strength to change the home way of life.

That is why the picture of the collapsing family nest, which the author visited many years later, caused Nekrasov a feeling of consolation. It is as if the poet is burying, together with the old house, the cut down grove and the deserted fields, his bleak past, which the author associates with pain, bitterness and the realization that he is almost as powerless in his homeland as the serfs. This feeling is fully justified, since as a young man the poet was forced to flee from home to St. Petersburg, accompanied by the curses of his father, who threatened to deprive him of his inheritance. As a result, none of the numerous heirs wanted to live in the family estate. Explaining this phenomenon, the poet notes that in the house he still seems to have "a deaf and eternal rumble of suppressed suffering." And the only person who felt truly happy here was his father.

Composition

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov is a poet of unprecedented conscience, bitter irony and piercing pain. His poetry is alive with the spirit of the people, the aspirations and sufferings of people. Nekrasov's poetry reflected the truth of life, which is why the author speaks so bitterly about his people. The poem "Motherland", written in 1846, reflects the mood of a young man, with an honest and kind soul, who looked around with intelligent and attentive eyes. The patriot sees little consolation in the surrounding life.
And here they are again, familiar places,
Where is the life of my fathers, barren and empty,
Flowed among the feasts, senseless swagger,
The debauchery of dirty and petty tyranny.
In these lines, the position of the author in relation to everything that happened and is happening now clearly sounds. He not only blames the "fathers" for their "tyranny", "debauchery", "swagger", but also admits to his unworthy life: he was unable to resist the environment.
Hatred in the soul is shamefully hidden,
Where sometimes I was a landowner...
The author denotes the main evil - serfdom: the undivided disposal of their own kind. It is already a sin to own people and exploit “baptized property”. Permissiveness gives rise to animal instincts in some, but in others, the best people, a desire to change the surrounding life, so unlike human.
Where is the swarm of depressed and trembling slaves
I envied the life of the last lordly dogs.
And again an appeal to the female share, now the mother, and then the sister, who differs little from the slave. It was even harder for cultured and educated women to endure the daily trampling of dignity from a rude and selfish “life partner” who kept his serf girls as concubines.
You carried your lot in the silence of a slave ...
But I know: your soul was not impassive;
She was proud, stubborn and beautiful ...
It becomes clear and justified that gloating that embraces the lyrical hero at the sight of general desolation and devastation. He hopes that together with the house that collapsed on its side, cut down by a forest and the owner who passed into oblivion, who “crushed everyone with himself” and breathed freely alone, the terrible time will also pass, because something must change ... But it’s not so easy everything in human life. The author understands this very well.
The curse fell on me irresistibly.
Bitterness, pain and longing are heard in this poem. The author does not see significant changes that he could count on.
And I also want to draw attention to one feature of this poem and Nekrasov's lyrics in general. One should not consider the "I" necessarily the author's, it can be the voice of his lyrical hero, and a collective image, and a personal "I", but more often it is a synthesis of all these voices. That is why they sound so piercing, reaching the heart and soul of the reader. This is exactly what the poet dreamed about.