Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs. Degrees of comparison of qualitative adverbs

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Degrees of comparison of adverbs Teacher of Russian language and literature MBOU Vylkovo Secondary School Chernakova N.A.

Repetition: Degrees of comparison of adjectives Comparative degree of an adjective Superlative degree of an adjective simple complex simple complex Suffixes: - EE, -E, -SH Particles: MORE LESS Suffixes: -AYSH-, -EYSH- Particles: STRONGEST LEAST STRONGER ITS LOUDER E YOUNGER MORE PERSISTENT LESS DIFFICULT DEEPTH TENDEREST KINDEST MOST DANGEROUS

Fill in the blanks in the table Full form Simple comparative degree Complex comparative degree Simple superlative Complex superlative 1. High Higher Highest 2. Calm Calm calmest 3. Most beautiful 4. Large Larger 5. Dangerous most dangerous 6. kinder The kindest

Question: What degree of comparison of the adjective is formed using the particle MOST? Comparative simple. Excellent simple. Comparatively complex. Excellent complex

Degrees of comparison of adverbs Comparative degree Superlative degree Suffixes -EE, -E, -SHE Particles MORE AND LESS Pronoun ALL + simple form of comparative degree EXACTLY HIGHER E THINTER MORE EXACTLY MORE HIGH MORE THINTER MORE ACCURATELY MORE ACCURATE than all above all THINTER ALL

Fill in the empty cells in the table Initial form Simple comparative degree Complex comparative degree Superlative degree shorter Shorter Shorter than all Wide Wider than all Energetic often More often Hotter than all Sweetly comfortable more convenient More comfortable Most convenient Most attentive Most difficult

Question: The superlative degree of adverbs ... There is only a simple one. There is only a compound one. There are both simple and compound ones. Doesn't form at all.

Differences between the degrees of comparison of adverbs and the degrees of comparison of adjectives You probably noticed that the forms of the simple comparative degree of adverbs and adjectives are very similar. By appearance or by sound, it is absolutely impossible to distinguish the adjective SPICTER from the adverb SPICTER. But if the words match in sound and spelling, this does not mean that we have the same word.

Words that have the same sound and spelling are called HOMONYMS. You've known them since 5th grade. For example: Bow (plant) and bow (weapon) Key (spring) and key (item)

Let's compare two phrases: THE NEW KNIFE IS SHARPER THAN THE OLD n. adj. THE TOOLS ARE SHARPENED SHARPER verb adverb What? How?

Try to find the differences between the forms of adverbs and adjectives yourself by doing the exercise Determine the part of speech and the form of degree of comparison This tree is taller than that. Today he jumped higher than yesterday. This kindest person. He laughed more cheerfully than anyone else. This essay was written more competently than the previous one.

6. Work faster. 7. He solves problems the fastest. 8. This is the most dangerous path. 9. These apples are tastier than those. 10. This is the most powerful telescope.

Answer the question: Cognate adverbs and adjectives in the simple comparative form are... Neologisms Homonyms Synonyms Antonyms

Conclusions This lesson was devoted to the study of forms of degrees of comparison in adverbs. Adverbs, like qualitative adjectives, have degrees of comparison if they denote a characteristic that can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent.

The form of the simple comparative degree is formed using the suffixes: -EE, -E, -SHE. The form of the complex comparative degree is formed with the help of particles: MORE or LESS, which are added to the original adverb. For an adverb in the Russian language, only a complex superlative form is possible. It is formed using the word ALL, which is added to the adverb in a simple comparative degree.

Final testing What words are involved in the formation of the complex comparative degree of an adjective and adverb? MORE, LESS MOST, MOST, LEAST VERY ALL

2. What category of adjectives has degrees of comparison? All categories of adjectives have degrees of comparison. Qualitative Relative Possessive

3. Cognate adverbs and adjectives in the form of a simple comparative degree are... Synonyms Homonyms Archaisms Antonyms

4. During education complex shape The superlative adjective word MOST is added to... Full form of this adjective The simple superlative form The simple comparative form The complex comparative form

5 . What suffixes are used to form the simple comparative degree of adjectives - AISH-, -EYSH- -IM-, -EM- -E, -EY, -SH -OVA-, -EVA-

HOMEWORK

Qualitative adverbs are the richest semantic group of adverbs in quantitative terms. These adverbs, as a rule, are motivated by adjectives and inherit from them not only the lexical meaning of the root, but also degrees of comparison. The forms of comparative degrees of adverbs largely coincide with the forms of comparative degrees of adjectives.

Degrees of comparison of adverbs Comparative

1) simple (synthetic) – louder, faster;

2) analytical – louder, faster.

Excellent

1) simple (synthetic) – absent;

2) analytical – louder, louder than everyone else; more quickly, faster than everyone else.

The comparative simple form of adverbs is formed using suffixes - e:loud - louder;-her:strongly - stronger;-she:early - earlier.

Some adverbs have two variant comparative forms: far - further, further; early - earlier, earlier; late - later, later. It is possible to add a prefix By-:higher - higher; slowly - slow down.

The analytical form of the comparative degree is formed, like that of adjectives, by joining the positive degree of the word more (most):more loudly, most loudly. Regarding the inclusion of the word less There are different opinions. V.V. Vinogradov wrote: “... combinations of adjectives with the word less(due to the absence of correlative forms of the superlative degree) do not merge into a grammatical whole, are not “morphologized.” They retain the character of free syntactic chaining. Less acts only as an antonym to more" [Vinogradov, 1972, p. 203–204].

The opinion that only the word can act as a component of the analytical form more, is based on the fact that the comparative degree expresses greater intensity of the attribute, and the word less destroys this theory.

It is possible to form suppletive comparative forms: x good is better, little is less.

There is an opinion that analytical forms of the comparative degree have not only adverbs of qualitative characteristics, but also some adverbs ending in -ski, in...ski, in...ohm, For example: friendly - more friendly.

Superlative forms of adverbs are formed in the same way as adjectives - with the help of suffixes -ayshe, -ayshe, but are found extremely rarely, in a small group of words: most strictly, most deeply, most humbly, most reverently, most respectfully, highest, sweetest, most humble, most detailed, closest. These obsolete forms are used for stylistic purposes.

Analytical forms have components: 1) the form of a comparative degree and words all, all: fastest, most convenient; 2) positive form of adverb and word most: most understandable.

1. Degrees of quality of adverbs

Like adjectives, adverbs formed from qualitative adjectives express the degree of quality without comparison using suffixes of subjective assessment and special prefixes.

The degrees of quality of adverbs are formed:

1) using suffixes - onk-(-enk-), -ovat-(-evat-), -onechk-(-enechk-), -okhonk-(-yokhonk-):quietly, a long time ago, lightly, quietly, close etc. In this case, some of the suffixes are used to strengthen the attribute ( often, quickly etc.), the other - to express the weakening of the sign ( too little, too early);

2) using attachments pre-, once-, all-, archi-, super-:calm, beautiful, extremely modern, extremely elegant;

3) by repeating adverbs: far, far, quickly, quickly etc.

Word formation of adverbs

Adverbs are formed from adjectives, nouns, participles, gerunds, etc. The most productive are suffixal and prefix-suffixal methods of word formation. Let's briefly look at the main methods.

1. Suffixation. The most productive way is to form adverbs using a suffix -O from adjectives: freely, quickly, moderately, difficultly, conveniently, daily, highly, faithfully, deftly, fervently, undeservedly, persistently, sadly, cheerfully.

From adjectives to skiy, -tskiy adverbs with a suffix are formed -And: brotherly, friendly, barbaric, bossy, brave.

Adverbs defiantly, threateningly, irritatingly, excitingly, pleadingly, lovingly and so on, having the suffix -e, are motivated by the corresponding present participles of the active voice.

Adverbs can be motivated by nouns ( in the afternoon, in the morning, in spring, sometimes, at a trot, on horseback, around, instantly, home, single file), numerals ( five, three times, once), verbs ( silently, jogging, alert), adverbs ( not enough, often, briefly, a long time ago, quietly, waddle). In some cases, word formation is closely intertwined with adverbialization - the replenishment of adverbs due to transition from other parts of speech. Thus, nouns have undergone adverbialization eveningohm , springO th, in which the former ending has turned into a suffix.

2. Prefixation. Adverbs are formed from corresponding adverbs using prefixes Not- (not far, not for long), behind-(before dark, in advance), before- (until now); from pronouns ( forever, to here, from here).

3. Prefixation with suffixation. Adverbs can be motivated by adjectives ( businesslike, still, apparently, comradely, like a dog, manually, in the distance, locked up, dry, again, occasionally, to the right, tipsy, rashly, old-fashioned), pronouns ( in our opinion, in my opinion), nouns ( really, draw, half, above, on top, in front, next morning, married), numerals ( three of us, ten of us, nine of us), verbs ( at a glance, at a glance), adverbs ( for a long time, a lot).

4. Addition: half-lying, half-joking.

5. Suffixation with addition: in passing, on its own.

6. Prefixation with suffixation and addition: half-heartedly, in a low voice, at exorbitant prices.

Adverbs ending in -o(-e) formed from qualitative adjectives can have degrees of comparison, for example: took off high- took off higher, took off higher, took off above all. Adverbs have two degrees of comparison: comparative And excellent.

The comparative degree of adverbs has two forms - simple And composite. The simple form of the comparative degree is formed using suffixes -ee(s), -e, -she, in this case the final -o(-e), -ko:

hurt - sick to her (-her), it became easy - easier e, thin - thin she .

The compound form of a comparative adverb is a combination of the word more and original form adverbs, for example: cut off more subtly, belonged more attentively.

The superlative degree of adverbs, as a rule, has a compound form, which is a combination of two words - the comparative degree of the adverb and the pronoun of all (total): did the best.

234. Form simple comparative forms from these adverbs and write them according to the model. Read the synonyms for the highlighted word in the box. Make sentences with three of them.

Graceful - graceful her ; confident, unbridled, steady, beautiful, excited, majestic, energetic, comfortable.

Hot - hot e ; loud, expensive, ringing, strong, strict, dry, quiet, simple, sharp, bright, cool, hard, often, cheap.

Close - closer e ; smooth, liquid, short, low, rare, narrow, sweet, high, wide.

furiously
violently
uncontrollably
indomitable
unbridled
furiously
convenient
wider
sweeter

235. Read the text. Determine its theme. First, write down phrases with comparative adverbs, then with the rest. In what other meaning is the word “sabantuy” used in Russian? Tell us about one of the Russian national holidays or about the holiday of other peoples of Russia.

STATE HOLIDAY OF TATARSTAN - SABANTUI

Sabantuy - an ancient holiday Tatar people, it is carried out after the completion of field work, in June. They prepare for Sabantuy in advance - they clean the house more thoroughly, stock up more treats for guests, and more thoughtfully choose gifts for the winners of competitions.

The collection of gifts is carried out on the eve of the holiday, on Saturday. In the villages, young men with a cheerful song they ride around on horses, collecting gifts - towels, scarves, etc. They are attached to the horses' bridles. The more gifts collected, the richer the rider’s horse is decorated.

The place for the celebration is determined in advance; most of all, it looks like a stadium for competitions. At the ceremonial opening of Sabantuy, one of the district leaders congratulates those gathered on the national holiday. This is followed by the entertainment part - performances by singers and dancers.

Then various competitions are held, most of all the attention of the audience is attracted by the national wrestling - keresh. Various kinds of comic competitions bring cheerful excitement: running with a spoon in your mouth with an egg placed on it, running with buckets on a rocker filled with water. Fighting with sacks full of hay causes a lot of laughter. Very popular are tug of war, tug of war with sticks, climbing a high smooth pole with a prize suspended at the top, etc. At the same time, competitions of singers, readers, and dancers are held. Young people enthusiastically lead round dances and organize dances.

Name words that sound the same. Ask them questions. What parts of the sentence are they?

1. My brother is taller than me.
2. My brother jumps over the bar higher than me.

The comparative degree of an adverb is a circumstance, refers to a verb and answers the question how? And the forest makes more noise (how?) when there are a lot of trees. (Proverb)

236. Read Russian proverbs and sayings. Copy and underline the comparative adverbs. Think of two situations in which you can use these proverbs and sayings.

Better the bitter truth than a sweet lie. More science means smarter hands. The ears do not grow above the forehead. More action, less words. You can't jump over your head. Talk less, hear more. You can't yawn wider than your mouth. There is no beast stronger than a cat. Below the average. Better to see once than hear a hundred times. Worse than ever. The quieter you go, the further you'll get. A day later, a day earlier - what's the difference. Whiter than snow you will not.

237. Dictation. Underline the adverbs. What do they mean? Make up three sentences with participial phrases.

Ra(s, h)red-hot stone, very thinning taiga, recently built(n, nn) ​​power plant, heating..greenhouse below, industrial wood, heated in some places underground springs(?), the predawn(n, nn) ​​hour, a stripe flaring up (in) the sky, lava rising..rising upward, a fire(n, nn) ​​stream scattered everywhere blocks, a thick geyser shrouded in steam.

Introduction

Adverbs most often denote a sign of action. Using degrees of comparison, we can characterize the degree of manifestation of the characteristic expressed by the adverb.

Degrees of comparison have adverbs ending in -o(s) , formed from qualitative adjectives.

For example: go fast - go faster - go faster than everyone else.

Scheme 1

comparative

The comparative degree denotes greater or lesser degree of manifestation of the characteristic.

The comparative degree has two forms - simple and compound.

Simple comparative degree formed from the stem of an adverb without -o(-ko, -oko) using suffixes -ee(s), -e, -she/-zhe .

For example: heat o - heat her(-to her) ,

loud o - louder e ,

wounds o - early she,

deep eye - deep or.

Adverbs good, bad, little form simple form comparative degree non-standard: good is better, bad is worse, little is less.

In colloquial speech we use adverbs formed from the simple form of the comparative degree using the prefix By- . Such adverbs denote a small measure of the manifestation of a characteristic. For example: cheaper → By cheaper

better → By better

lighter → By lighter

The difference between the simple comparative degree of an adverb and the corresponding form of an adjective

The simple form of the comparative degree of adverbs coincides with the corresponding form of the adjective. Compare:

adjective: funny - more fun;

adverb: funny - more fun.

You can distinguish the simple comparative degree of an adjective from an adverb in the same form by several characteristic features these two parts of speech:

verb adverb

For example: Summer We spend our holidays (how?)more fun , than winter ones.

noun adj.

INmy brother as a childBrotherwas(Which?)more fun , howsister.

Compound comparative degree formed by adding to words more (less) adverbs in initial form. For example: warm - warmer, loud - less loud.

The compound comparative degree of adverbs is often used in comparative turnover with the word how and is a circumstance. For example: Anya does her homework more diligently than Olya.

Superlative comparison denotes the greatest or least degree of manifestation of a characteristic.

Unlike adjectives, adverbs do not have simple superlative comparisons. The remainders of the simple comparative degree are presented only in outdated expressions: most humbly Thank you, most humbly I bow.

Compound superlative adverb is formed in two ways:

1. Addition to words most or least adverbs in initial form.

For example: highly - most highly, seriously - least seriously.

2. Combination of a simple comparative degree of an adverb with words Total or everyone. For example: high - above everyone else; seriously - most seriously.

The difference between a compound superlative adverb and the corresponding form of an adjective

Compound superlative adverbs with words everyone/total coincides with the corresponding form of adjectives. They can be distinguished by the same characteristics that distinguish the forms of the simple comparative degree ( see table).

For example: verb adverb

My friend draws(How?) the most beautiful of all .

noun adj.

Sister my friend was (what?) the most beautiful of all!

Bibliography

1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.
2. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
3. Russian language. Practice. 7th grade. Ed. S.N. Pimenova - 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.
4. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. Russian language. 7th grade. In 3 parts - 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.

1. Didactic materials. Section "Adverb" ().
2. Adverb as part of speech ().
3. Adverb as part of speech ().
4. Parts of speech in Russian ().

Homework

Exercises№ 212, 214. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - M.: Education, 2012.

Task No. 1. First write down proverbs and sayings with the comparative degree of adjectives, and then with the comparative degree of adverbs. Underline the words in the comparative degree as parts of a sentence.

1.You won’t find a better friend than your mother. 2. It is better to know a lot than to have a lot. 3. And the forest makes more noise when there are a lot of trees. 4. It is easier to lose a friend than to find one. 5. Listen more, talk less. 6. You can’t grow higher than yourself. 7. Food tastes better after work. 8. Squint less - you will see more. 9. Less horse - less cart.

Task No. 2. From these adverbs, form all possible forms of degrees of comparison.

Close, soon, low, distinct, far, good, beautiful, clean, wide, rare, tight.

Task No. 3. Correct the mistakes of careless students.

1. Most of all, I love summer. 2. Our athlete ran faster than everyone else. 3. The Rostov Kremlin was built earlier than the Moscow Kremlin. 4. The music played louder. 5. The guide talked about the history of the Moscow Kremlin more interestingly than what is written in the book.

And services. People compete with each other, choose their friends and partners for family life. Thus, mentally we constantly compare something with each other. And to express this verbally and in writing, we use those independent ones that denote attributes of objects, other attributes or actions. For this purpose, there are degrees of comparison of adverbs and adjectives, the rules of formation of which we will consider in this article.

Morphology

An adverb is one that can denote a sign of an action (run how? - quickly; read how? - carefully), a sign of a sign (lit like? - brightly; how strong? - very), and in rare cases, in combination with a number of specific nouns, sign of the subject (still a child, reading aloud). In sentences, they are often located next to verbs, adjectives and other adverbs, playing the role of circumstances, and if they relate to a noun, then definitions. adverbs express the difference or relationship between several actions or several characteristics, highlighting one of two or one of all. And since, according to the rules of formation and use in a sentence, they are extremely similar to adjectives, remembering them will not be difficult.

What words can you use?

Degrees of comparison of adverbs can be formed only from those representatives of this part of speech that simultaneously belong to qualitative-definitive ones, i.e., they express the quality of a characteristic or action. For example: go quickly, fight bravely, love tenderly, a brightly sparkling lantern. To understand this faster, you can remember a simple trick: the degree of comparison is formed only from those adverbs that can conditionally be turned into adjectives. Quickly - fast, courageously - courageous, tenderly - gentle, brightly - bright, etc. With other adverbs of time (always, late), place (far, ahead), reason (involuntarily, rashly), purpose (in mockery, on purpose ), measures and degrees (a lot, a little), way of action (on foot, from under the brows) it is clearly impossible to do this. This happens because only qualitative adverbs were formed from similar ones by removing the ending and adding the suffix “-o”.

Note

Hence the danger of making a mistake in determining the part of speech. Namely, it is easy to confuse with qualitative adverbs. For example, let's take two simple sentences: “She jokes funny” and “Yes, that’s funny.” In the first case, an adverb is implied, since it refers to a verb (predicate), denotes a sign of this action, and therefore answers the question “how?” and is a circumstance. In the second sentence, the word “high” is short form adjective, depends on the pronoun (subject), expresses the property of the object, answers the question “what?” and is emphasized as a predicate. Therefore, in order to distinguish between these two parts of speech in a sentence, it is necessary to carry out the above analysis of the problem word, and then everything will become clear.

How to form a comparative form of an adverb

There is another possibility of mistaken confusion. The problem is that comparative form degrees of comparison of adverbs are formed in exactly the same way as adjectives, i.e. by adding the suffixes “-e, -ey, -ee, -she, -zhe” to the root, sometimes the last letters are cut off or replaced, and in some In cases, the entire word is modified. For example, “far is further, close is closer, beautiful is more beautiful/beautiful/beautiful, good is better, small is less.” This is how a simple (synthetic) form of the degree of comparison of adverbs is formed; the table will include it at the bottom of the first column, and it is identical to the adjectives in the text. Let us again take for example two sentences: “He jumped higher” and “That boy is higher.” Analysis is also necessary here: so, in the first case, this is an adverb, refers to the predicate, means a sign of an action, answers the question “how?”, and in the second example, it is an adjective. The other form of degree of comparison (compound/analytic) is different for these parts of speech, although it is formed in the same way, by adding the auxiliary word “more” or “less”. For example, “higher” and “less close” for adjectives, “higher” and “less close” for adverbs.

How to form a superior shape

Comparative adverbs express that the designated word is more characteristic of a given action/attribute than of another. In addition to this, there is another form called “superior”. It distinguishes this action/attribute from all others, expressing it at the highest degree of comparison of adverbs, and is formed by adding the auxiliary word “all” (compound) or the suffixes “-eyshe, -ayshe” (simple). The latter is characteristic only of certain words, mainly obsolete ones (humly, most humbly), and therefore is practically not indicated in reference books on the Russian language. But the compound form of degree of comparison of adverbs is used. Exercises and examples with it can be made up of any words: jump the highest, be the lowest, ride the furthest, perform the best, etc.