What are the ways of linking proposals. Types of communication in the proposal

Task 2 USE

(1) Folklore theater is the most accurate concept that defines folk theatrical and dramatic art, the origins of which go back to ancient times, to ancient Slavic holidays and rituals. (2) Folklore theater is a set of theatrical phenomena in folklore: playing folklore dramas by folk performers, puppet shows, singing, playing musical instruments, dancing, etc. (3)This theater never ceases to attract the attention of people interested in the folk culture of the past ,<…>

2. Select the subordinating conjunction on your own, which should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down this union.

Answer: ___________________________.

Solution algorithm

1) Reread the text and establish a semantic connection between the parts of the sentence with the missing word or between this sentence and the one preceding it.

2) In the wording of the task, mark the part of speech of the word to be selected (coordinating or subordinating conjunction, adverb, pronoun, derivative preposition, particle).

3) Choose the word of the indicated part of speech that corresponds to the semantic relations * in the text.

*semantic relationship...

... can be: causal, addition, clarification, generalization, temporal correlation, order of enumeration, etc.

Addition to what has been said: IN ADDITION

Summing up, conclusion: THUS, SO, THEREFORE

Explanation of what has been said: THAT IS, IN OTHER SPEAKING, IN OTHER / OTHER WORDS

Explanation of the example, illustrations: SO, FOR EXAMPLE

Contrasting: ON THE OPPOSE, ON THE OPPOSITE, opposing conjunctions

Order of thought: ON THE OTHER SIDE, FIRST

Indication of reason: BECAUSE, BECAUSE, AS, BECAUSE, BECAUSE

Indication of the consequence: THEREFORE, SO, FROM HERE

Solution

Select the subordinating conjunction on your own, which should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down this union.

(3) This theater never ceases to attract the attention of people interested in the folk culture of the past,<…>is a fascinating page of our national culture.

The second part of the sentence indicates the reason for what the first part says. So the subordinating causal conjunction is missing.

Answer: because<или>because the<или>because<или>because of<или>because of<или>due to the fact that<или>due to the fact that<или>for

APPS

Particles give the whole sentence or individual words different shades.

Particles (semantic)

Pronouns

Adverbs

(when a subordinate clause is attached to the main one, they act as allied words)

Demonstrative adverbs (adverb pronouns):

so, there, here, here, there, here, from there, from here, then

Adverbs of reason(indicate the reason why the action is performed): therefore, therefore, why, therefore.

Adverbs of purpose(denoting the purpose for which the action is performed) : why, then

Introductory constructions

Introductory words indicating connection of thoughts, sequence statements: firstly, secondly, etc., on the one hand, on the other hand, finally, on the contrary, on the contrary, however, in general, in particular, by the way, by the way, so, therefore, means, in addition, for example , so, thus and etc.

Derived prepositions

Thanks to, according to, in spite of, in spite of, in contrast to, during, in continuation, throughout, in conclusion, in conclusion

Means of communication of sentences in the text

One of the main features of the text is connectedness. The sentences in the text are related in meaning and grammatically. Consider the main means of communication sentences in the text.

Lexical means of communication:

• lexical repetition- repetition of the same word It is amazing what a huge role in the life and poetry of Pushkin played friendship. Friendship was the inspirer of most of his poems, the highest experiences. Explore Role friendship in Pushkin's work and in his life (according to letters, for example) would be extremely important, since this was one of the differences between Pushkin's poetry and previous(D. Likhachev). Important: the means of linking the third sentence with the previous ones is word form (friendship - friendship);
• one-word words:After all the poet's poetry has its own memory. Later poems "remember" about early(D. Likhachev);
• synonyms(including contextual ones, that is, having the same or close meaning in this particular usage): between students and teachers a close relationship, friendship, a “common cause” was formed. Teachers it was not necessary to impose discipline with strict measures(D. Likhachev);
• antonyms:Honor true- always in accordance with conscience. Honor false- a mirage in the desert, in the moral desert of the human (or rather bureaucratic) soul(D. Likhachev) - in addition to antonyms, here syntactic parallelism acts as a means of communication (and a syntactic means of expressiveness).

Grammar means of communication:

• personal pronouns:We need to walk a little along with Pushkin along the paths he left for us in his poetry. He serves us in love, and in sorrow, and in friendship, and in thoughts of death, and in memories (D. Likhachev) ;
• demonstrative pronouns:A relatively young carpenter told us: "When you work, you have to think." I This remembered (D. Likhachev);
• pronominal adverbs(there, so, then, etc.): Every autumn we rented an apartment somewhere near the Mariinsky Theatre. There parents always had two ballet subscriptions (D. Likhachev);
• unions:When they built a brick factory chimney in the old days, they looked, most importantly, to ensure that it was correctly, that is, placed absolutely vertically. AND one of the signs was the following: the pipe should have swayed a little in the wind (D. Likhachev);
• particles:The greatest value of a people is its language, the language in which it writes, speaks, and thinks. Thinks! This must be understood thoroughly, in all the ambiguity and significance of this fact. After all this means that the whole conscious life of a person passes through his native language.
• introductory words and constructions(in a word, therefore, firstly, etc.): The moral authority of a nation, a country is also determined by many other features of their existence. Say, attitude to the sciences, especially to the fundamental sciences (D. Likhachev);

• unity of aspect-temporal forms of verbs- the use of the same forms of grammatical tense, which indicate the simultaneity or sequence of situations: (1) And here is the scene that I myself observed. (2)Was it is in the spirit of Ostrovsky. (3) village to us on the ship a rich merchant, who never tired of showing off his wealth. (4) Meeting rafts welcomed, putting his palms to his mouth with a mouthpiece: "Whose rafts are those?" (5) From the rafts he will certainly answered:"Panfilov". (6) Then the merchant proudly turned around to the audience standing on deck and with dignity said: "Those are our rafts!" (D. Likhachev) - all verbs used in the past tense form of the imperfective form (except for the verb sat down; the perfect aspect indicates a one-time action, in contrast to other actions that were repeated); in addition, sentences 2, 4, 5 are connected with the previous ones with the help of personal pronouns, and sentence 6 - with the help of a pronominal adverb;
• incomplete sentences and ellipsis, referring to the preceding elements of the text: Would he have had the courage and nobility to refuse salvation in favor of the weakest? Hardly. After all, the big always grows out of the small.
• syntactic parallelism- the same construction of several adjacent sentences: We are spiritual when we talk about something precious with a friend, trusting his mind and heart. We are spiritual when we smile at a person, feeling that he is alone, and when we enjoy the silence of the evening fields. We are highly spiritual when we feel the pricelessness of life and want to leave a modest imprint of our own personality in the world ... And we are spiritual when, rereading our favorite volume, we understand it in a new way.

Hello dear friends!

Today I want to return to the topic linking sentences into a single text.
We have already talked about what is TEXT and how it differs from a simple set of sentences (look at and ). So, in order for the text to acquire semantic completeness, it is necessary to correctly arrange the sentences in the text, linking them together.

But what makes it possible to distinguish between data WAYS TO LINK offers?

Answer: linguistic means by which sentences are connected. Therefore, today our article

about the MEANS of communication of sentences in the text

Exactly means of communication of sentences in the text distinguish between ways of connecting sentences. In other words, using certain means of the language, you will link sentences into a single text in a parallel or serial connection.

There are lexical, morphological and syntactic means of connecting sentences:

Lexical means of communication:

1. Words on the same topic in each sentence.
2. One-word words.
3. Repeating words and synonymous words, including contextual synonyms.
4. Antonyms.
5. Linking words, for example: therefore, in conclusion, that's why, etc.

Morphological means of communication:

1. Unions, allied words, particles at the beginning of sentences.
2. Personal, demonstrative and other pronouns.
3. Adverbs of time and place
4. Adverbs and adjectives in the comparative degree.
5. Verbs in the same tense form, as well as verbs of the same kind.

Syntactic means of communication:

1. syntactic parallelism.
2. Incomplete offers.
3. Introductory words and sentences, appeals, rhetorical questions.
4. Direct and reverse word order.

As mentioned above, means of communication sentences are delimited communication methods.

For serial (chain) communication sentences, where each subsequent sentence should "cling" to the words of the previous sentence, the means of communication are:
repeated words, cognates and synonyms, antonyms, pronouns, conjunctions and allied words, verbs-predicates in the same tense form. Direct or reverse word order.

For parallel communication sentences, where sentences are compared or opposed to each other, the main means of communication are:
words of the same semantic group, the use of verbs of the same type and the same in time, adverbs of place and time. syntactic parallelism. Introductory words and sentences, appeals, rhetorical questions.

Now let's deal with all this in more detail and show the use of various means of connecting sentences with examples.

Lexical means of communication

• repeated words:

Around the city on the low hills spread forests, mighty, untouched. In forests I came across large meadows and deaf lakes with huge old pines along the banks.

• one-word words:

Of course, such a master knew his own worth, felt the difference between himself and not so talented , but he knew perfectly well another difference - the difference between himself and a more gifted person. Respect for the more capable and experienced is the first sign talent .

• synonym words:

In the forest we saw moose. Elk walked along the edge and was not afraid of anyone

• contextual synonyms:

Creativity was of particular importance for the development of the Russian literary language. A. S. Pushkin. Great Russian poet managed to organically combine high Old Slavonicisms, foreign borrowings and elements of live colloquial speech in his works.

• antonyms:

Foe agrees. Friend argues.

For parallel communication, use

• words of one thematic group:

Winter in these parts it is harsh and long. frosts reach 60 degrees. Snow lies until June. And in April they happen blizzards .
(The words "winter", "frosts", "snow", "blizzards" are not synonymous, but they can be combined into one semantic group, thus the sentences are connected.)

Morphological means of communication

With chain, or serial, connections are used

• Unions:

I really wanted to sleep. But had to work.

• Pronouns:

Language is not transmitted to a person by inheritance. He develops only in the process of communication.

The call for the protection of forests should be addressed primarily to the youth. To her to live and manage on this earth, to her and decorate it.

• Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs:

The borscht was very delicious. Tastier only my mother could cook.

• The unity of tense forms of verbs-predicates:

The night came unexpectedly. It became dark. The stars lit up in the sky.

Parallel communication uses

• adverbs of time and place:

Left mountains were visible. The river gleamed in a narrow strip. Small groves were green. Everywhere it was quiet and peaceful here.

Syntactic means of communication

For a chain, or sequential, connection of sentences, use

• direct or reverse word order:

I will come in the evening. I will come to finally see you.

When linking sentences in parallel, use

• Syntactic parallelism - the same construction of several adjacent sentences:

Knowing how to speak is an art. Listening is culture. (D. Likhachev)

• introductory words (first, second, finally):

First, you need to decide what is most important right now. And secondly, you need to take action.

That's all for today. I wish you to create good, harmonious texts!

In contact with

Thematic unity and semantic completeness of the text is created by means of different language levels.

Lexical means of connecting sentences in the text:

1) lexical repeat- this is the repetition of a word or the use of a single-root word to achieve the accuracy and coherence of the text, allows you to maintain the unity of the topic. In different styles and genres, lexical repetition is used in different ways: for example, for scientific and official texts, word repetition is the main means of coherence. Repetition is also used quite often in this type of text as a description.

For example:

Lived on the edge of the old villageBobyl . Was atBobyl own house and dog.

2) synonymous replacement is the replacement of a word in one sentence with a synonym or synonymous expression in another. It is usually used where colorfulness of speech is needed, its imagery: in a journalistic style, in the style of fiction

For example:

Pictured is Brestskaya fortress. Rather, only its small - central - part. Mentally, it is necessary to continue and close the two-story brick belt of the barracks with a ring. The ruined church-club stands in the center of an almost two-kilometer ring strongholds.

The artists, ordered from Antioch, depicted hunting on the wallsArtemis . Goddess threw arrows, and a short pink tunicheavenly huntress fluttered in the wind.

3) use of antonyms.

For example:

One wastall , another - low growth .

4) generic words, i.e. words related by the relationship genus - species: genus - as a broader concept, species - as a narrower one.

For example:

There are many dear Russians in this foresttrees . But first of all you notice the trunks of your loved onesbirches .

5) use words of one thematic group.

For example:

There are many Karamazovs in Russian life, but still they are notdirect the course of the ship . Sailors important, but even more important forcaptain and sailboat tiller and star to which the ideal is oriented.

Morphological means of communication of sentences in the text:

1) the unity of types of temporary forms - the use of verbs of the same type and one tense emphasizes the temporal accuracy of the text. So, in the description, as a rule, verbs of the imperfect form are used, and in the narrative - the perfect.

For example:

Seriously wounded Sergei Muravyov-Apostol, having gathered with the vultures,costs directly. Hefits to the oven andtouches before her with stiff hands.

Aircraftswooped down so suddenly that no one had time to rush into the cracks. And allfell right there on the ground.

2)pronominal substitution, those. replacing a noun or other part of speech with a pronoun is a widespread means of communication.

For example:

And the years went on and on; quickly and inaudibly, like snowy waters, youth flowedHelena , in external inaction, in internal struggle and anxiety. girlfriendsshe has was not: of all the girls who visited the Strakhovs' house,she did not agree with any.

3)use of conjunctions, particles, introductory words, acting as means of communication within sentences, they can also be means of communication of the entire text.

For example, introductory words so, therefore and others generally link the last part of the text to the entire previous part.

He said that after confessing in court, he could not do that.After all an appeal for pardon requires an admission of guilt.A he does not admit guilt and cannot write repentant words.

4)adverbs with the meaning of time and space allow to clarify the temporal and spatial characteristics of the text.

For example:

Today the ring is broken in many places. Until the forty-first year, it was solid, with three gates.

Syntactic means of connecting sentences in the text:

1) syntactic parallelism- several sentences have the same structure in terms of the order of the members of the sentence).

For example:

You have to be modern. We must be ruthless to the past.

2) parceling- the allocation of a member, more often a minor one, after a point in the form of an independent sentence.

For example:

At the very end of the 80s, it was forbidden to fish in it. Not in order to save her herd, to let the juveniles work up ... But because the caught fish has become dangerous for humans.

3) juxtaposition of sentences- combining several sentences with one typical value into a syntactic whole by a parallel connection.

For example:

Shrub and undergrowth. Eerie evening silence. Silent thickets. A large flock of magpies rose in one, another place.

4) brace proposals type

For example:

Let's move on to the next part of the statement.

This was discussed above.

As already noted... and so on.

5) words and phrases that do not reveal their semantics within the same sentence(most often in this role are the circumstances of place and time).

For example:

Today, the technical equipment of the topographer, surveyor, cartographer has changed. Without leaving the building, using aerial photographs, you can create a map of any region of our country. New radiometric instruments make it possible to achieve high accuracy in mapping.

Thus, we have considered the means of communication of sentences in the text. Of course, these phenomena do not exhaust the whole variety of means of connecting sentences in the text. Moreover, texts often use means of different levels at the same time:

For example:

The Department of the History of Russian Culture has a small but goodcollection windows. Created mainly by the efforts of the Pskov expeditions of the Hermitage employees,this collection allows you to trace the patterns of icon painting of the Novgorod, Pskov, Moscow schools and especially rare icons of the "northern letters".(In this case, lexical repetition and a demonstrative pronoun are used)

Traditionally, a text is understood as a piece of written or oral material in its primary form (as opposed to a paraphrase or summary). It can be 1-2 words (tablet-index) or a voluminous work, such as a novel.

To combine all sentences into text, two methods of communication are used:

• Chain. The new sentence is linked to the previous one like links in a chain. In two adjacent statements, certain words are repeated, they are talking about the same thing. For example, “Suddenly it began to rain. He strongly whipped the branches and flooded the surrounding fields. The word "rain" is mentioned in the first sentence, then the story about it continues. The linear method is very common, simple and clear.
• Parallel. The proposals seem unrelated to each other, but they are built around one common thesis. The order of these parallel statements is unimportant. Swapping does not change the meaning of the paragraph. For example, “Winter has come. The holiday village is deserted. The voices of people and the distant sounds of tractors are no longer heard here early in the morning. Roads and fields gradually disappear under deep snow. The phrase "Winter has come." is the semantic center for the rest of the statements. Such texts are suitable for a story about several phenomena, heroes, things at once.

Often in large texts, both types of communication are not found alone, the choice is made based on the goals and objectives of the author. Lexical, morphological and syntactic means are used for creation.

Lexical means

1. Lexical repetitions
   • For example, “She baked a big cake. The cake was topped with whipped cream and looked delicious."
2. Root words
   • For example, “They decided to buy this house and settle in the village. Their decision was a fatal mistake."
3. Synonyms, including contextual, generic words, descriptive phrases
   • For example, “The artist worked in this studio until the end of his life. The master created his main masterpieces here.”
4. Antonyms, including contextual ones
   • For example, “It became clear that she had few friends. There were many more enemies."
5. Linking words for the logic of presentation: since, therefore, following, in conclusion, etc.
   • For example, “Spring in these parts is cold. That's why you need to dress warmly even in May."
6. Topically related words
   • For example, “The harvest is ripe. The following week, a collection of fruits and vegetables was organized.

Morphological means

1. Pronouns and pronominal adverbs
   • For example, “Mom got up very early. She couldn't wait for my brother to arrive."
2. Conjunctions and particles, especially at the beginning of a sentence
   • For example, “I missed the bus. But I met a friend when I was walking.”
3. Adverbs of time and place
   • For example, “The room seemed abandoned. There was dust on the table. Spider webs hung from the ceiling. There was chaos everywhere."
4. Verbs-predicates in one tense form
   • For example, “The sun has come out. The leaves shone in its rays. The last drops of rain fell from the roof.
5. Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs
   • For example, “The field was huge. I have never seen anything else in my life."

Syntactic means

1. Parallelism. The same word order in the same morphological form.
   • For example, “Mary was sitting in a chair. The dog was lying on the floor nearby.
2. Parceling - breaking down parts of a single statement into separate sentences.
   • For example, “I have already settled in this city. I go to work. Meeting with friends".
3. Incomplete sentences
   • For example, “Do you know how pandas live? In China!"
4. Introductory words and sentences, appeals and rhetorical questions.
   • For example, “First of all, I am a good cook. Secondly, the food for dinner has already been bought. “Do you want to go to Spain? Start your trip in Barcelona!
5. Use of direct and reverse word order
   • For example, “She didn’t love anyone like that. I have never loved in my entire life."

Now it has become clear that the means of communication are both official parts of speech and independent ones. Let's consider them in more detail.

Service parts of speech

Particle

It concretizes, highlighting the shades of meaning, it is needed to form degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs, as well as the conditional and imperative mood of the verb. There are several types of particles:

• Shaping: would, those, yes (not to be confused with the union), let.
• Negative: no, no, no.
• Interrogative: Is, really, yes (well).
• Particles expressing doubt: hardly, hardly
• Clarifying: exactly, exactly, exactly.
• Excretory-restrictive: only, exclusively, only, almost.
• Affirmative: yes, yes, ugh.
• Indicative: here, out.
• Exclamations: what the how.
• Amplifying: even, really.

Union

It is necessary to link words in a sentence or simple sentences as part of a complex one. Unions are divided into:

• writing (and, but, or, how much ..., so much and, namely, etc.)
• Subordinating (what, when, to, although, where, where, etc.)

Independent parts of speech

Pronouns

• Personal: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they - in all cases.
• Possessive: mine, yours, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs - in all cases
• Returnable: myself
• Indicative: that, those, this, etc.
• Determinants: himself, all, each, etc.
• Undefined: someone, something, etc.
• Negative: nobody, nothing, none, etc.
• Interrogative: who, what, how much, whom, etc.

Adverbs

An invariable part of speech denoting a sign of an action, sometimes an object.

• circumstantial (summer-style, very, here, always, in defiance)
• Determinants (scary, a lot, step, in our opinion, three of us)

USE practice in the Russian language:

Communication in the offer- this is a way to give the sentence meaningfulness, completeness of thought, as well as logical, lexical and syntactic usefulness. There are two types of communication in a sentence - coordinating and subordinating.

writing connection in a sentence - this is a combination of elements that are independent of each other in a sentence: homogeneous members in a simple sentence or simple sentences as part of a compound sentence.

subordination in a sentence, it is a combination of elements that depend on each other: words in a phrase, sentence, or simple sentences as part of a complex one.

How to determine the type of relationship in a sentence?

First of all, it is necessary to discard the grammatical basis, since the subject is always associated with the predicate, it is also worth excluding introductory words.

Example. I wanted to go outside, but the door was locked.

Compound sentence with two independent parts, compound sentence. Based on this, this proposal uses composing form of communication.

I wanted to go outside because the air in the room was very stale.

A complex sentence that contains subordination- one sentence indicates the reason for what is said in the other. The proposal is complex.

Types of subordination.

Exists three types of subordination:

Coordination- this is a type of connection when the dependent and the main word (a noun or another part of speech in the role of a noun) are likened to each other in gender, number and case. The simplest examples of agreement are in phrases: vile rain, cheerful me, invisible someone, a random passer-by, a booming “th”.

As dependent words when agreed, any changeable parts of speech can appear: adjectives, pronouns (possessive, definitive, demonstrative, negative, indefinite) and ordinal numbers.

No money, funny storyteller, your sister, the first person you meet.

Control- the type of connection in which main word requires a special case form of the dependent word. Case form at the same time, it is due to certain morphological norms in the Russian language. The main sign of the presence of control in a phrase or sentence is the use of a preposition, although there is also a non-prepositional form of control. In the presence of control, the dependent word will always answer questions of indirect cases.

Look at the moon, admire the moon, sign for receipt, sign documents, forget about problems, forget the formula.