Space rocket: types, technical characteristics. The first space rockets and astronauts

A Brief History of Rockets

General principle jet flight, which formed the basis of all rockets, is simple - some part is separated from the body, setting everything else in motion.

Who was the first to implement this principle is unknown, but various conjectures and conjectures bring the genealogy of rocket science right up to Archimedes. It is known for certain about the first such inventions that they were actively used by the Chinese, who charged them with gunpowder and launched them into the sky due to the explosion. Thus they created the first solid fuel rockets. Great interest in missiles appeared among European governments at the beginning

Second rocket boom

Rockets waited in the wings and waited: in the 1920s, the second rocket boom began, and it is associated primarily with two names.

Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky, a self-taught scientist from the Ryazan province, despite the difficulties and obstacles, he himself reached many discoveries, without which it would be impossible even to talk about space. The idea of ​​using liquid fuel, the Tsiolkovsky formula, which calculates the speed required for flight, based on the ratio of the final and initial masses, a multi-stage rocket - all this is his merit. In many respects, under the influence of his works, domestic rocket science was created and formalized. Societies and circles for the study of jet propulsion began to spontaneously arise in the Soviet Union, including the GIRD - a group for the study of jet propulsion, and in 1933, under the patronage of the authorities, the Jet Institute appeared.

Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky.
Source: wikimedia.org

The second hero of the rocket race is the German physicist Wernher von Braun. Brown had an excellent education and a lively mind, and after meeting another luminary of world rocket science, Heinrich Oberth, he decided to put all his efforts into the creation and improvement of rockets. During the Second World War, von Braun actually became the father of the "retribution weapon" of the Reich - the V-2 rocket, which the Germans began to use on the battlefield in 1944. The "winged horror", as it was called in the press, brought destruction to many English cities, but, fortunately, at that time the collapse of Nazism was already a matter of time. Wernher von Braun, together with his brother, decided to surrender to the Americans, and, as history has shown, this was a lucky ticket not only and not so much for scientists, but for the Americans themselves. Since 1955, Brown has been working for the US government, and his inventions form the basis of the US space program.

But back to the 1930s. Soviet government appreciated the zeal of enthusiasts on the way to space and decided to use it to their advantage. During the war years, Katyusha showed itself perfectly - a multiple launch rocket system that fired rockets. It was in many ways an innovative weapon: the Katyusha, based on the Studebaker light truck, arrived, turned around, fired at the sector and left, not letting the Germans come to their senses.

The end of the war gave our leadership a new task: the Americans demonstrated to the world all their might nuclear bomb, and it became quite obvious that only those who have something similar can claim the status of a superpower. But here was the problem. The fact is that, in addition to the bomb itself, we needed delivery vehicles that could bypass US air defenses. Planes were not suitable for this. And the USSR decided to bet on missiles.

Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky died in 1935, but he was replaced by a whole generation of young scientists who sent a man into space. Among these scientists was Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, who was destined to become the "trump card" of the Soviets in the space race.

The USSR began to create its own intercontinental missile with all diligence: institutes were organized, the best scientists were assembled, a research institute for missile weapons was being created in Podlipki near Moscow, and work was in full swing.

Only a colossal strain of forces, means and minds allowed Soviet Union in as soon as possible build their own rocket, which they called R-7. It was her modifications that launched Sputnik and Yuri Gagarin into space, it was Sergei Korolev and his associates who launched the space age of mankind. But what does a space rocket consist of?

Rocket design

Diagram of a two-stage rocket.

What do we know about space? Most of us cannot answer the simplest questions about this mysterious world, which, despite this, attracts and interests us. This article presents the most interesting general information about space, which will be useful for everyone to know.

• We (all living beings) are flying in the space environment at a certain speed, which is equal to 530 km/sec. If we take into account the speed of movement of our Earth in the galaxy, then it equates to 225 km / second. Our galaxy (the Milky Way), in turn, moves in space at a speed of 305 km/sec.

• The giant space object - the planet Saturn actually has a relatively light weight. The density of this giant planet is a couple of times lower than that of water. Thus, if you try to drown this cosmic body in water, this will not work.
• If the Jupiter planet were hollow, then all the known planets of our solar planetary system could fit inside it.
• Reducing the periodicity of the rotation of the planet-Earth will move the Moon away from it by about four centimeters annually.
• The first "star catalog" was compiled by Hipparchus (astronomer) in 150 BC.

• When we look at the most distant (dimmest) stars in the night sky, we see them as they were about fourteen billion years ago.
• In addition to our luminary, we have another approximate star "Proskima Centauri". The distance to this space object is equal to 4.2 light years.
• The "red giant" named "Betelgeuse" has a huge diameter. For comparison, its diameter is a couple of times greater than the orbit of our Earth around the star.
• Every year, the galaxy in which our planetary system is located produces about 40 new stars.
• If one spoon (tea) of substance is removed from the "neutron star", then the weight of this spoon will be equal to 150 tons.

• The mass of our luminary is more than 99% of the mass of its entire planetary system.
• The age of the light emitted by our luminary can be equated to only 30 thousand years. It was thirty thousand years ago that a certain energy was formed in the luminary, which to this day reaches the Earth. By the way, solar photons get to the aforementioned planet on which we live, in just eight seconds.
• The eclipse of our star can last no more than seven and a half minutes. Moon eclipse, in turn, has a longer duration - 104 minutes.
• The "solar wind" is the cause of the mass loss of our luminary. In 1 second, this luminary loses more than 1 billion kg due to this “wind”. By the way, one "windy particle" can destroy ordinary person, approaching him at a distance of 160 kilometers.
• If our Earth were spinning in a different, opposite direction, then the duration of the year would be less by a couple of days.
• Every day, our planet is experiencing a “meteorite bombardment”. Why don't we see this? Most of the space objects falling on us are very small, so they do not have time to reach the surface and dissolve in our atmosphere.

• Our planet has far more than one satellite. Modern scientists have determined that four objects fly around it at once. Of course, the most famous of them is the Moon. In addition to it, an asteroid (5 kilometers in diameter) flies around us, which was discovered in 1896. To be more precise, this object revolves around the star, but with a certain frequency, the same as ours. Therefore, he is always with us. It is impossible to see it with the naked eye.
• The condensation of "cosmic matter" is the cause of the periodic increase in the mass of our planet. Every 500 years, its mass increases by about one billion tons.
• The Big Dipper is not a constellation, as many people think. In reality, this is "asterism" - a visual cluster of stars that are very impressively distant from each other. Some Ursa stars are even located in different galactic formations.

Initially, the planet Uranus, discovered by W. Herschel in 1781, was called the "Star of George." This was ordered by George III, who wanted the last discovered planet of the Solar System to be named after him.

If two parts of a meteorite come into contact in outer space, they will be soldered together. If this happens on our native planet, then they will not unite, since metals tend to oxidize on our planet. The equipment that astronauts use while working outside the space station spontaneously oxidizes on Earth, so it does not stick together in outer space.

Satellite vehicles created by engineers during their flight in space obey certain physical laws, which were first described by Newton.

Since 1980, sections of our satellite, the Moon, have been officially sold, and they cost a lot. To date, about seven percent of the surface of the natural satellite has been sold. The cost of forty acres is now no more than $150. The lucky person who bought the plot receives a certificate and photographs of his "lunar land".

• In 1992, the official couple Jen and Mark went into space. To this day, they are considered the first and only spouses who visited space together. The couple flew into space on the ship "Endever".
• All those who have been in space for a certain time (1-2 months) grow by about five centimeters due to spinal sprain, which then, after returning to Earth, can adversely affect health.
• A satellite orbital system can photograph three million square kilometers of the Earth in half an hour, an airplane in twelve years, a person by hand in approximately 100 years.
• In 2001, they conducted an interesting experiment, after which they found out that astronauts snoring at home in outer space lose this bad habit.

On February 24 this year, the Progress-MS-05 space truck, launched from Baikonur using the Soyuz-U launch vehicle, docked with the International Space Station. A day earlier, the American cargo ship Dragon, launched with a Falcon 9 rocket, docked at the ISS. Russia, the United States and China are the world's main rivals in the production and testing of launch vehicles. Which of them has advanced the farthest in this regard?

LOST LEADERSHIP

The USSR was the first state in the world to launch a launch vehicle (R-7, Sputnik) in 1957. Behind last years in Russia, there have been several accidents of space trucks due to various malfunctions in launch vehicles. Roscosmos experts believe that there are a number of reasons for the systemic problems in the domestic rocket industry: difficult-to-manage cooperation between enterprises working "for space", as well as a lack of highly qualified personnel. Last year, the Russian space industry was surpassed by the United States and China - for the first time in recent decades our country has carried out a record low number of space launches - 18 (America had 21 launches, China - 20). Russia has always been a leader - and in previous years, in terms of the number of space launches, we were ahead of the United States, China and the EU countries. During the Soviet era in 1982, more than 100 of them were completed! Then these figures began to fall, but still, until recently, the domestic rocket and space industry "kept the mark" at the world level.

Last year, experts attribute a relatively small number of launches to failures related to the operation of the engine of the Proton-M launch vehicle - usually this device is launched up to a dozen or more times a year, and in 2016 only 3 launches were made.

WHEN WILL THE ANGARA FLY?

According to Academician of the RAC named after K. E. Tsiolkovsky Alexander Zheleznyakov, the Russian space industry will not return to the previous number of launches, but this is not necessary: ​​the main satellite constellations of navigation and communication systems have already been deployed, and the practical need for such frequent launches of rockets is carriers no longer exist. In connection with a number of accidents involving Proton that have occurred in recent years, the number of commercial launches of the launch vehicle has decreased - some of the previous customers have ceased to be interested in it.

According to Zheleznyakov, the status of a space power is determined not by the number of launched rockets, but by the number and purpose of spacecraft launched into space, with which, the academician is sure Russian Academy cosmonautics, things are not going well for Russia. Our country owns a negligible number of scientific satellites, and in space on this moment not a single interplanetary station is operating, while the same Americans have successfully carried out several such missions in recent years. Take Dawn, launched by NASA. With this spacecraft scientific world received a lot of unique information about the dwarf planet Ceres and the asteroid Vesta - objects of the main asteroid belt.

Nevertheless, Roskosmos plans for 2016-2025 include testing the Angara, a modular-type launch vehicle with oxygen-kerosene engines. Separate types"Angars" have a carrying capacity of up to 35 tons. And also - the creation of a new type of launch vehicle capable of "pulling" a load with a total mass of over 100 tons, and other equally large-scale projects, for which it is planned to spend more than one and a half billion rubles.

It should be noted that both Roskosmos and the American private company Space X, which sent space trucks to the ISS, did not go smoothly. In December last year, the Russian Progress MS-04 crashed due to problems with the engine of the third stage of the launch vehicle. The American truck was supposed to dock with the ISS on February 22, but due to a malfunction in the on-board computer, a temporary failure occurred.

FROM DELTA TO FALCON

The United States has developed two main families of launch vehicles - Delta and Falcon. The first launches of the Delta were carried out by the Americans in the 60s of the last century. To date, more than 300 such projects have been implemented, 95% of which were successful. The Delta series is being developed by the United Launch Alliance joint venture, which is owned in half by largest corporations Boeing and Lockheed Martin. The company has developed about 20 Delta series, two of which, the second and fourth, are still in use today. Thus, the last launch of Delta-4 was carried out at the end of last year.

Since 2002, the private company Space X, founded by Elon Musk, the former founder of payment system PayPal. During this time, Space X produced and tested two types of rockets - Falcon 1 and Falcon 9, created and also tested in practice. spaceship dragon.

Elon Musk initially wanted to produce precisely reusable launch vehicles, which in the future would help open the way to the colonization of Mars. This enthusiast hopes that their company Space X will deliver the first man to Mars by 2026.

The Falcon 9 has two stages, fuel components are kerosene and liquid oxygen used as an oxidizer. The number "9" denotes the number of rocket engines - Merlin liquid rocket engines, which are installed on the first stage of the Falcon.

The first launches of Falcon 1 ended in accidents, not everything went well with the launches of Falcon 9. Nevertheless, in December 2015, Space X carried out the first ever landing of the first stage of a launch vehicle on Earth after the payload was launched into low Earth orbit, and in April Last year, the Falcon 9 stage successfully landed on an offshore platform. At the beginning of this year, Elon Musk's company intends to carry out another launch of the Falcon 9 "with a return."

In addition to the mission to Mars, Space X plans to include the first private mission to the Moon, which is expected to be completed by the end of this year; the first manned mission to the ISS, in which the Falcon 9 will also participate. In 2020, the company is going to launch the first drone to the Red Planet.

THE "GREAT JOURNEY" OF CHINA

In the Celestial Empire today, the main launch vehicle is the Changzheng, which means “Long March” in Chinese. The first launches of rockets of the pilot series of the PRC began to be carried out in 1970, today there are several dozen of such successfully completed projects. 11 series of "Changzheng" have already been developed.

The most powerful Chinese launch vehicle is the Long March 5, successfully launched at the end of last year from the Wenchang Cosmodrome, located on the island of Hainan. The rocket reaches a height of almost 57 meters, the main stage has a diameter of 5 meters, the Long March-5 is able to launch a 25-ton load into Earth's orbit. Encouraged by the success, the Chinese announced to the whole world that in 2020 they intend to launch a special probe into the transfer orbit of our planet and Mars, which will explore the Red Planet.

As part of their space program, Chinese scientists have made serious progress in solving technical issues related to the functioning of launch vehicles, in particular their engines.

Almost all children are fond of space. Someone just for a short time while learning about how the world works. And someone - seriously and for a long time, dreaming of one day flying to the moon or even further, repeating Gagarin's feat or discovering a new star.

In any case, the child will be interested to learn about what is hidden behind the clouds. About the Moon, about the Sun and stars, about spaceships and rockets, about Gagarin and the Queen. Fortunately, there are many books that will help kids, schoolchildren, and even adults to discover the Universe for themselves. And here are some excerpts from them:

1. Moon

The moon is a satellite of the earth. So astronomers call it because it is constantly near the Earth. It revolves around our planet and cannot get away from it anywhere, because the Earth attracts the Moon to itself. Both the moon and the earth celestial bodies but the moon is much smaller than the earth. The Earth is a planet and the Moon is its satellite.

Illustration from the book Fascinating Astronomy

2. Month

The moon itself does not shine. The glow of the Moon, which we observe at night, is the light of the Sun reflected by the Moon. On different nights, the Sun illuminates the Earth's satellite in different ways.

The Earth, and with it the Moon, revolve around the Sun. If you take a ball and shine it with a flashlight in the dark, then on the one hand it will appear round, because the light of the flashlight falls directly on it. On the other side, the ball will be dark because it is between us and the light source. And if someone looks at the ball from the side, he will see only part of its surface illuminated.

A flashlight is like the Sun, and a ball is like the Moon. And we from the Earth look at the Moon on different nights with different points vision. If the light of the sun falls directly on the moon, it appears to us in a full circle. And when the light of the Sun falls on the Moon from the side, we observe a month in the sky.

Illustration from the book Fascinating Astronomy

3. New Moon and Full Moon

It happens that the moon is not visible at all in the sky. Then we say that the new moon has come. It happens every 29 days. On the night following the new moon, a narrow lunar crescent appears in the sky, or, as it is also called, a month. Then the crescent begins to grow and gradually turns into a full circle, the moon - the full moon comes.

Then the moon decreases again, “falls down”, until it again turns into a month, and then the month disappears from the sky - the next new moon will come.

Illustration from the book Fascinating Astronomy

4. Lunar Jump

Do you want to know how far you could jump if you were on the moon? Go outside with chalk and a tape measure. Jump as far as you can, mark your result with chalk and measure the length of your jump with a tape measure. Now measure six more of the same segments from your mark. That's what your moon jumps would be like! This is because the moon has less gravity. You will be in the jump longer and you will be able to set a space record. Although, of course, the suit will prevent you from jumping.

Illustration from the book Fascinating Astronomy

5. Universe

The only thing we know for sure about our Universe is that it is very, very big. The universe began around 13.7 billion years ago with the Big Bang. Its cause remains one of the most important mysteries of science to this day!

Time passed. The universe expanded in all directions and finally began to take shape. From the whirlpools of energy, tiny particles were born. Hundreds of thousands of years later, they merged and turned into atoms - “bricks” that make up everything that we see. At the same time, light arose, which began to move freely in space. But it took hundreds of millions more years before the atoms united into huge clouds, from which the first generation of stars was born. When these stars separated into groups to form galaxies, the universe began to resemble what we see now when we look at the night sky. Now the Universe continues to grow and every day it only gets bigger!

6. The birth of a star

Do you think stars can only be seen at night? But no! Our Sun is also a star, but we see it during the day. The sun is not much different from other stars, it's just that the rest of the stars are much further from the Earth and therefore seem so small to us.

Stars are formed from clouds of hydrogen gas left over from the Big Bang or from the explosions of other, older stars. Gradually, the force of gravity connects the hydrogen gas into clumps, where it begins to rotate and heat up. This continues until the gas becomes dense and hot enough for the nuclei of hydrogen atoms to fuse. As a result of this thermonuclear reaction, a flash of light occurs, and a star is born.

Illustration from the book "Professor Astrocat and his journey into space"

7. Yuri Gagarin

Gagarin was a fighter pilot in the Arctic, then he was selected from hundreds of other military pilots in the cosmonaut corps. Yuri studied well and was ideally suited for height, weight and physical fitness. April 12, 1961, after the famous 108 minutes of flight in space, Gagarin became one of the most famous people in the world.

Illustration from the book "Cosmos"

8. Solar system

The solar system is a very busy place. Eight planets revolve around the Sun in elliptical (slightly elongated circular) orbits, including our Earth. Seven more are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Venus, Mars and Mercury. The rotation of each of the planets lasts differently, from 88 days to 165 years.

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Lesson Objectives:

• To expand children's ideas about astronautics. Find out why people fly into space.
• To introduce the first cosmonaut Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin to the artificial satellites of the Earth and their significance for humans.
• Develop cognitive student interest, learn to work with additional literature, apply previously acquired knowledge in work. Cultivate patriotic feelings.

Equipment:

• models of carrier rockets "Soyuz" and "Proton", photographs and illustrations of space launches, fiction and magazines, children's drawings on space topics;
• ICT - multimedia presentation: demonstration of modern achievements in rocket and space technology, launch complexes and space launches, photographs of astronauts.
• song in MP3 format: "Ode to Baikonur", author and performer Taras Vorona.

During the classes

Presentation 1. Slide 1. Photo intro. Lesson topic.

1. Organizing time. Introductory speech and presentation of the topic of the lesson.

Question: Look, guys, at the design of the class, remember what date is approaching. Who guessed what we will talk about today at the lesson?

In the lessons of acquaintance with the outside world, we talked about how a person learned to fly. Let's remember on what, with the help of what devices people tried to rise into the sky?

Since ancient times, mankind has been striving for the stars. Since time immemorial, people have dreamed of flying to the moon, to the planets solar system, to distant mysterious worlds. The heroes of fairy tales and legends flew to the Moon, the Sun and the stars: on bats and a humpbacked horse, on carpets - airplanes and magic arrows.

The first who saw in a rocket a projectile capable of carrying earthlings into interplanetary spaces was the great Russian scientist Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky. He said: "The earth is our cradle, but you can't live forever in the cradle."

To create a space rocket turned out to be a matter of incredible difficulty. Today our class hour is about how a man made his way into space, about people who took their first steps into outer space, about modern achievements in astronautics.

On April 12, our country, and with it the whole world, celebrates Cosmonautics Day - a great national holiday in honor of pilots, cosmonauts, designers, employees, workers who create rockets, spacecraft, artificial Earth satellites.

2. Work on the topic of the lesson.

The beginning of the space age.

Question: Do you know how the space age was opened, who was the first to go into space?

The space age was discovered over 50 years ago, on October 4, 1957. On this day, the first artificial Earth satellite was launched in our country. It was a ball with a diameter of 58 cm, weighed 86 kg and was equipped with four antennas powered by batteries. (Demonstration of the first artificial satellite in the cosmodrome museum (book, photo).

Animals in space.

Before the first man flew into space, scientists first sent various animals into the cosmic unknown. The first "cosmonauts" - scouts were mice, dogs, rabbits, insects and even microbes. The first little mouse - an astronaut - stayed above the earth for almost a whole day. White hairs appeared in her black fur. They turned gray from cosmic rays, but the mouse returned alive.

Then came the turn of dogs, more intelligent animals than mice and rabbits. Dogs were taught not to be afraid of shaking and noise, to endure heat and cold, to start eating at the signal of a light bulb, and much more. The dog Laika was the first to go into space. A special rocket was built for her, where there was a supply of food, water and air. Laika did not return from space.

Following Laika, other dogs flew into space: Belka and Strelka, Chernushka and Zvezdochka, Pchelka and Mushka. They all returned to Earth.

So scientists were convinced that living beings can live in zero gravity. The path to space was open.

Man in space.

In 1960, at the Cosmonaut Training Center, a detachment of 12 people began to prepare for space flight. They worked hard, selflessly. With full dedication. Everyone wanted to be the first to go into space.

On April 12, 1961, at 09:00 Moscow time, the Vostok spacecraft was launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, with a man on board. Having circled the Earth, the ship landed on the Volga land near Saratov.

Yuri Gagarin became the first cosmonaut in the world.

Slide 2 - demonstration of a photo of Y. Gagarin,

The night before the flight, Yuri Gagarin slept for 8 hours, woke up alert and calm. He was sure everything would be fine. At the appointed time, Gagarin boarded the ship. Rocket engines roared with a capacity of 20 million horsepower. At the moment the rocket took off from the launch pad, earthlings heard the famous Gagarin's: "Let's go!" The spacecraft "Vostok" rushed up. At a three-hundred-kilometer altitude, Vostok entered orbit. He raced around the Earth at a speed of 28 thousand kilometers per hour. The flight lasted 108 minutes. The ship made a complete revolution around the earth and smoothly descended in a given area.

Thus began the era of manned spaceflight.

There was no end to the rejoicing of the people. They took this event as a joyful holiday. The motherland noted the feat of the cosmonaut by awarding him the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Having paved the way for others into space, the first cosmonaut rejoiced at the success of his comrades, dreamed of new flights, prepared for them, graduated from the Air Force Academy.

Unfortunately, a tragic death while flying a trainer jet ended his short bright life. But the trace of her remained forever - both on earth and in space. This year marks the 50th anniversary of the first manned flight into space.

Readers come out.

There are different dates. Some people remember only a few people, other dates are celebrated by all people. April 12, 1961 refers to such a date. Since that festive morning, space exploration began. Today, more and more powerful rockets are rising to the stars. But the farther the year of the first manned flight into space leaves us, the louder and more solemnly the name of the pioneer of the Universe sounds.

Dawn doesn't mean anything yet
The usual "breaking news"
And he is already flying through the constellations,
The earth will wake up with his name.

We live on our planet
In such a wonderful age.
And the first of the first in the rocket
Soviet man flies!
Not for the purpose of military intelligence,
On a speedboat
He flew alone in the universe,
To return to Earth again!

The earth remembers
Appreciating the feat
April's ringing exclamation:
"How are you, Zarya?
Do you hear me?
I see open space!

He was a very down to earth person
The most common.
On a bold run
sent by country
"Hello!" - said the universe.

After the first flight of Gagarin, other conquerors of outer space entered the near-Earth orbit. They did everything for the first time. At great risk to life. Unfortunately, not everyone survived, but others continued their work. With each new flight, the programs and tasks for the astronauts became more complicated. But the heroes honestly and conscientiously did their job.

Slide 3 - photo by G. Titov

On August 6, 1961, German Titov flew into space on the Vostok-2 spacecraft. Unlike Yuri Gagarin, he made 17 orbits around the Earth. This flight was the world's first multi-orbit flight. Its goal is to test how weightlessness affects the human body. German Titov is rightfully considered cosmonaut number 2, he was the first to go into outer space.

Slide 4 - photograph by V. Tereshkova

And 2 years later, on June 16, 1963, the world's first woman cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova went into space.

During the space age, many astronauts went into space, but these were the first, which is why they are called space pioneers.

Question: What other cosmonauts, besides those mentioned, do you know? (demonstration in the book of photographs of the cosmonaut detachment).

Preparing astronauts for launch.

Question: What qualities and properties of character should a future cosmonaut have?

Do you know where and how astronauts train to be ready for space flights?

In the process of long and intense pre-flight work on Earth, cosmonauts carefully prepare for the fulfillment of all these laborious duties. And most of them take place in the world-famous Star City in the Moscow region, at the Cosmonaut Training Center, which today bears the name of Yu.A. Gagarin (demonstration of a photograph of Star City).

The physical training of astronauts includes intensive morning exercises, playing football, volleyball, basketball, acrobatics, running, swimming, diving, cycling, strength exercises on sports equipment.

Astronauts are trained in a number of special simulators that simulate work on spacecraft in a state of weightlessness.

ICT - slide show of cosmonaut training in Zvezdny.

5 slide- For training astronauts use a simulator - a centrifuge. In this huge, 18-meter pin, G-forces are created that the astronaut experiences during the flight. She herself rotates in a circle, her head also rotates, the cabin rotates inside the head, and the chair with the astronaut rotates inside the cabin.

6 slide- Experienced coaches, instructors and doctors carefully monitor the training, control the load. They watch how the human body reacts under various loads on special simulators: these are sound chambers, revolving chairs, swings, stands, heat chambers, pressure chambers, centrifuges, they check the reliability of spacesuits.

Question: How do astronauts eat in space?

Slide 7- demonstration of slides with the image of food products of astronauts.

In the spacecraft, food is stored in tubes. They are similar to tubes of toothpaste, only larger. They squeeze food out of them. In conditions of weightlessness, bread crumbs, droplets of liquid can cause trouble for astronauts. The space house has a refrigerator and an electric stove.

Preparing the spacecraft for launch.

While the cosmonauts are training and preparing for flights, thousands of other specialists are preparing launch vehicles and other spacecraft for launches into outer space.

Everyone knows that an airplane needs an airfield to take off, a launch vehicle with the next Earth satellite or spacecraft starts from the spaceport.

The cosmodrome is a very complex multifaceted structure, with large quantity complex technical devices. There were several spaceports in our country: Kapustin Yar in the Astrakhan region, Mirny in the Arkhangelsk region, Svobodny in the Amur region, Baikonur in Kazakhstan. Only two cosmodromes are functioning today: Mirny in Arkhangelsk region and Baikonur in Kazakhstan.

Slide 8 - KA assembly slides in MIC.

From the factory, spacecraft and launch vehicles are delivered to the cosmodrome in the form of separate blocks. Their assembly takes place in the assembly and test building. This building is more than 150 meters long and more than 70 meters wide, as high as a 12-storey building. Today, in modern MIKs, it is possible to assemble several missiles at the same time.

It is in the assembly and test building that the rocket acquires the look familiar to us from TV screens.

ICT - a slide show of the rocket's removal to the launch complex.

9 slide - From the assembly and test building, the spacecraft is delivered to the launch position along the railroad tracks.

10 slide - The territory where the rocket is being prepared for launch is larger than the Moscow Luzhniki stadium.

ICT - a slide show of the rocket installation on the launch pad.

11 slide - Here the rocket is installed vertically on a solid reinforced concrete structure.

12 slide - After the rocket is installed on the launch pad, pre-launch complex tests of the launch vehicle and spacecraft are carried out, fuel is refueled. On command, fuel enters the engine chambers. The onboard control systems are switched on.

The spacecraft is sent into space.

ICT - a slide show of a rocket launch.

13 slide - Ignition! Minute readiness is declared. Everything is quiet at the spaceport. It seems that you can hear human hearts beating at the top of the rocket.

The spectacle of the launch leaves no one indifferent!

Over the loudspeaker over the cosmodrome, clear commands of the flight director are heard one after another:

• Key to start!
• Broach one!
• Purge!
• Advance!
• Intermediate!
• Home!

14 slide-Start! A waterfall of fire rushes into the flue, and a mighty roar spreads across the steppe. It was as if a shot was fired nearby, but the sound of the shot did not stop. The rocket is shrouded in reddish smoke.

15 slide- Climb! The roar grows, the engines go to the limit modes, the supporting trusses move apart, the rocket slowly, very slowly, relying on a fiery column, breaks away from the Earth:

16 slide - Go! : rises above the launch pad and rushes into the sky. The roaring engines of the first stage spewing so much fire that you go blind for a moment, the flame is much brighter than the sun! And the roar is unbearable, as if there is a volcanic eruption nearby:

17 slide- In flight! And now it is all in full view, appeared above the start. The rocket quickly picks up speed, another moment - and it will turn into an asterisk, the asterisk, decreasing, will disappear in height:

The spaceport is quiet again. Only the smell of burning and the scattered farms of the launch pad seem to breathe heavily and calmly, having done hard work, sending a new crew into space. In a few minutes, the radio will announce: "The spacecraft has entered a given near-Earth orbit."

In the first seconds after the launch, the flight is controlled by the command and measurement complex of the cosmodrome. After the spacecraft enters the assigned orbit, the flight is controlled by the Mission Control Center.

Achievements of modern astronautics.

Question: Why do people fly into space today?

During the first space flight, Yuri Gagarin maintained radio contact with the Mission Control Center, reported on the operation of on-board systems, transmitted the first results of Earth observation from space orbit, monitored the operation of the ship's equipment and instruments, observed the reaction of his body, took food and food. All this was for the first time, and all this was very important for future flights.

Today, cosmonaut crews, embarking on a regular expedition to near-Earth orbit, perform specific tasks of scientists, biologists, physicians, take thousands of pictures of the earth's surface and the World Ocean, and determine the state of agricultural crops.

Slide 18:

Cosmonauts report natural disasters: fires in the forests, snowfalls in the mountains, storms on the seas; improve weather forecasts, help geologists in search of natural resources, test new equipment and new technical systems, conduct numerous experiments on space technology.

Summarizing and summarizing the lesson.

And now let's check what new things you learned today, how attentive you were and what you remembered in the lesson.

Quiz.

Task 1. Name as many words on space topics as possible.

Slide 19- Space-themed words appear on the screen.

These words are clues for answering quiz questions

Task 2.

space questions.

1. A celestial body that itself glows. (star)
2. The star around which the Earth revolves. (The sun)
3. The space surrounding the Earth, stars and planets. (space)
4. Name the animals - astronauts. (dogs, monkeys, mice)
5. What is an astronaut's clothing called? (suit)
6. Who was the first astronaut on the planet?
7. When did the first flight into space take place?
8. What was the name of the spaceship on board which the first astronaut of the planet made a flight? ("East")
9. How long did the flight of Yu.A. Gagarin? (108 minutes)
10. Which woman was the first to go into space?
11. What "chocolate" planet can be bought in the store? (Mars)
12. What is the name of the city where astronauts live and work? (Star)
13. The place where they cook and where they launch space rockets, satellites. (cosmodrome)
14. The name of the cosmodrome from where the first flight into space was made. (Baikonur)

Readers come out.

Many years have passed since the start of Yuri Gagarin. During this time, much has changed in cosmonautics: the technology, the training of crews, and the program of work in orbit.

Work in space now takes a long time. Start new ships, orbital stations circling around the planet. One expedition leaves for the sky, another prepares for flight. Courageous people, heroes work in space.

Maybe it will take quite a bit of time, and one of you, sitting at your desks today, will pave your way into the cosmic unknown.

When an astronaut flies over the Earth,
Millions of children are looking after him.
In the evening they sometimes look at the sky,
Shine, shine, childish eyes.
And they reflect, burn brightly
Those stars to which they will fly!

We hurry to school
To our favorite light class.
Many things, big and new,
Is waiting for us.
There will be a day, dear light
We'll fly too
To secrets, fabulous planets,
To distant worlds.

Let's pave the way to distant worlds,
In rockets we will fly to the moon,
And if we meet peers there,
We will invite you to visit us.

Summing up the lesson, I want to thank all the children for their activity and curiosity, and as a gift to give them the opportunity to admire the place, the city, which is rightfully considered the Cradle of Cosmonautics.

T. Crow

The Kazakh steppe is embraced by eagle wings.
Where man left on the very first space tour.
There is a place on earth where fantasy has become a reality,
And the name of the glorious place of that - BAIKONUR.

IKT - "Ode to Baikonur". Presentation 2.