World art culture architecture. further development of architecture

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Presentation - Types of architecture

The text of this presentation

Topic: Types of architecture
Municipal budgetary educational institution Sadovskaya secondary school branch of Lozovoe village Amur region, Tambov district, Lozovoe village
MHC. Grade 9 Compiled by the teacher of Russian language and literature Efimova N.V.

Checking homework. What do we mean by "style"? Why is architecture called the stone chronicle of the world? In each of the styles, the struggle between the spiritual and the material is expressed. Which styles are inherent in the spiritual, and which are material? Which style do you like the most?

Perhaps the most difficult and at the same time obligatory in architectural creativity is simplicity. Alexey Shchusev
Church of the Intercession on the Nerl. Russia. 1165

Architecture, or architecture, is a system of buildings and structures that form a spatial environment for the life and activities of people. These are individual buildings and their ensembles, squares and avenues, parks and stadiums, villages and entire cities.

Each of the structures has a specific purpose: for life or work, recreation or study, trade or transport, etc. These structures and buildings also have other important properties: beauty, the ability to evoke certain feelings and moods in viewers.

Great civilizations are remembered not only by wars or trade, but, above all, by the architectural monuments left by it.

Architecture organizes space. Architects create buildings, structures, entire villages and cities that are expedient, comfortable for life and beautiful and emotionally influencing a person. In other words, functional, constructive and aesthetic qualities (usefulness, strength and beauty) are interconnected in architecture.

Types of architecture

landscape architecture
Urban planning
Industrial
There are three main types of architecture.
small forms
Residential
Public
Landscape gardening

Volumetric architecture
public architecture. Temples, palaces, castles, administrative buildings. Entertainment and exhibition facilities. Stadiums and sports complexes. Shops and supermarkets. Railway stations and airports.
Massandra Palace
Soldiers Field Olympic Stadium
Greenhouse of the Moscow Zoo

Railway station Blagoveshchensk
Shop "Nadezhda" in the village of Lozovoy

Residential architecture. The oldest houses of man Residential houses of various peoples of the world. Modern dwellings of mankind
Houses of the people of ancient Greece
Insulae - the first multi-storey buildings in the architecture of Ancient Rome
houses of the peoples of africa

Modern dwellings of mankind
Bill Gates House, 21st century dwelling
Batllo's house. Arch. A. Gaudi
Skyscrapers of Chicago

Bridge in Vladivostok on Russky Island
Refinery
Automobile tunnel in Crimea
Industrial architecture. Plants, factories, power plants; Bridges, tunnels.
Confectionery factory "Dominic"

Landscape architecture is associated with the organization of landscape gardening space. These are city squares, boulevards and parks with "small" architecture - gazebos, bridges, fountains, stairs.
Landscape and park architecture.

Landscape art Gardens, boulevards and squares Parks of big cities
New York Central Park
Gardens of China
Parks of Versailles in France

Architecture of small forms - pavilions, gazebos, fountains, bridges, grottoes

Urban planning covers the creation of new cities and towns and the redevelopment of old urban areas.
urban planning

The city planner must select a territory, outline where residential, public and industrial zones and the transport routes connecting them will be located, and provide for the possibility of expanding the city. I must think about the beauty of the future city, about the preservation of monuments, about the place of new urban ensembles.

Cities - museums
Suzdal
Venice
Paris

The largest metropolitan areas in the world
Moscow
Sao Paulo
Tokyo

Cities - ensembles
Jaipur. India

Reconstruction of old districts and cities
Excavations and restoration of ancient Pompeii. Italy
Reconstruction of Moscow

"Life is short - art is forever." Along with the greatest books and paintings, sculptures and symphonies stood architectural structures. Architecture took this position in the world of arts thanks to the harmony and musical coherence of the parts.

Musical and theatrical art .

Content elements: Characteristic features of the architecture of the Stone Age. Musical and theatrical art of primitive man.Requirements for the level of training of students: Mastering the various stagesdevelopment of primitive architecture. The study of the concepts of "megalith, dolmen, menhir, cromlech".

During the classes:

The transition to agriculture and cattle breeding gradually changed the way of life of people, they had a need to build the simplest dwellings in the form of rounded huts from poles or bones of a killed mammoth covered with skins.

Photo Dwelling of mammoth bones

Photo Scheme of building a dwelling

Photo Parking lot of primitive man in the village of Upper Mandrogi

Settlements of hunters eventually turned into villages of farmers . The houses were small, often fragile.From the villages in the Neolithic era, the first cities grow.

Rice. Village of farmers

In the Neolithic era, rather complex structures arose that did not have a domestic purpose. Often their construction was due to the religious ideas and beliefs of primitive man.

The first buildings of architecture - megaliths (from the Greek "megos" - large, "lithos" - stone). They representedroughly processed or not processed large blocks of stone, arranged in a certain order.

Distributed throughout the world except Australia.

The purpose of megaliths cannot always be established. For the most part theyserved for burials or were associated with a funeral cult . Apparently, these are communal buildings. Their construction was a most difficult task for primitive technology and required the unification of large masses of people.

Megaliths are divided into 3 types

Dolmen (translated from Breton - tol - table, men - stone).ancient burial building , one of the types of megalithic structures.

Dolmens are made of huge boulders and slabs up to several tens of thousands of kg,placed vertically and covered with one or more slabs on top .

The inner space served as the seat of the soul of the deceased. To communicate it with the world, small round holes were made in the walls.

Menhir (Breton. menhir , from men - stone and hir - long),the simplest type of megalithic structures, consisting of a single block of stone dug vertically into the ground.

Reach a height of 4-5m and more (the largest with a height of 20m weighs about 300T, located in France).

Sometimes they make long alleys

or arranged in a ring. Apparently, they had a cult significance.

Cromlech - stone slabs or pillars arranged in a circle.

Cromlechs are called ensembles of menhirs standing, most often, in a circle or semicircle and connected by stone slabs lying on top.

Usually consists of huge (up to 6-7m height), free-standing stones forming one or more concentric circles.
They encircle the platform, in the middle of which is sometimes located or.

Sometimes the cromlech surrounds the mound, sometimes it exists independently and consists of several concentric circles.

During excavations inside the cromlechs, burials, polished stone axes, molded ceramics, and stone grain grinders were found. The appointment is controversial. Most likely, these are ritual structures for burials, as well as for religious ceremonies.

The most famous is Stonehenge (Great Britain), built at the turn of the Stone and Bronze Ages. Being a temple of the sun, it was not only used for religious ceremonies and burials, but also served as a stone astronomical observatory, which made it possible to keep a calendar count of days with amazing accuracy, mark the beginning of the season, and predict the onset of solar and lunar eclipses.

Today there is no unequivocal answer to the question of what these amazing ancient structures were: a temple, a necropolis, an observatory, but in any case, the history of architecture began with them.

Man learned to make the first instruments from stone, bone and wood in order to produce various sounds with their help.

Later, the sounds were extracted usingfaceted bone rib (this sound was like grinding teeth).

Also producedrattles from skulls that were filled with seeds or dried berries. This sound often accompanied the funeral procession.

The most ancient instruments were percussion.Idiophone - an ancient percussion instrument - arose during the formation of speech in an ancient person. The duration of the sound and its repeated repetition was associated with the rhythm of the heartbeat. In general, for an ancient person, music is, first of all, rhythm.

Following the drums, wind instruments were invented. Amazes with its perfection discovered in Asturisancient flute prototype . Side holes were knocked out in it, and the principle of sound production is the same as that of modern flutes.

At the same time it appearsaerophone - a tool made of bone or stone, the appearance of which resembles a rhombus or a spearhead. Holes were made in the tree and the threads were fixed, after which the musician ran his hand along these threads, twisting them. As a result, a sound resembling a hum appeared (this hum resembled the voice of spirits). This tool was improved in the Mesolithic era (XXX century BC). There was a possibility of sounding of two and three sounds at the same time. This was achieved by cutting vertical holes.

The earliest form of theatrical art was pantomime, with which it was possible to depict the entire agricultural process (from sowing to harvest), various rituals and ceremonies (from weddings to sending symbols to a foreign tribe to declare war or make peace).

Primitive culture does not know writing, but verbal art is born in the form of folklore.
The earliest kind of folklore is a myth, a legend about the past.
The first myths tell about the origin of man and animals, the subsequent ones tell about the origin of the Earth and the world as a whole.

Houses:Stonehenge Message

Lesson plan Concept of architecture Types of architecture Language of architecture Styles of architecture Romanesque style in architecture Gothic style in architecture Classicism in architecture Empire style in architecture Baroque architecture in Rococo architecture Western European and Eastern architecture. Building types. Practical task

ArchitectureArchitecture is the art of designing and building, rising to the level of generalization of ideas and expressing in an artistic form a person's ideas about the world, space, time, eternity and movement, joy and triumph, or, on the contrary, sadness, loneliness.

Romanesque architecture The artistic style of Western European art 10 - n.13 centuries. Churches Monasteries Castles basis - Roman architecture simple stereometric volumes (cube, cylinder, parallelepiped, prism) integrity triumph of material thick powerful walls, massiveness severe fortress appearance statics semicircular arch main architectural types Artistic features

Gothic architecture (from the name of the German tribe ready) Artistic style of the middle of the 12th - 16th centuries. city cathedral palaces castles town halls shopping malls Artistic features main architectural types rise of the spirit and mind breakthrough to the divine lightness, scale frame system cross vault lancet arch openwork stone carving overcoming material dynamics

Classicism in architecture (from lat. сlassici - exemplary) Art direction 17 - n.19 century. The idea of statehood, law and order urban ensemble triumphal arches public buildings Artistic features main architectural types appeal to the ancient heritage as a norm and ideal model clarity and geometrism of forms logic and clarity of planning rigor restrained decor proportionality solemnity

Empire in architecture (from French empire - empire) Art direction ¼ 19th century. urban ensemble triumphal arches public buildings

Baroque in architecture (from Italian barocco - strange, bizarre) The last stage of classicism The idea of state power urban ensemble triumphal arches public buildings Artistic features the main architectural types grandiosity showiness pomposity spatial scope dynamics contrast of material and texture, light and darkness

Rococo in architecture (from French gosso - strange, bizarre) Artistic direction of the 1st half of the 18th century.

Test yourself? 1. List the main types of architecture 2. Name the main European styles of architecture in the sequence of their occurrence 3. Define the architectural style by keywords: a) restrained decor, logic, clarity, Antique aesthetics b) massiveness, severity of appearance, statics, simplicity c) grandiosity , spectacularity, pomposity, contrast d) monumentalism, lapidarity e) lightness, scale, takeoff of the spirit, frame system 4. Instead of dots, choose the right words to define: “Architecture is ... to design and build, expressing in ... form. .. man about the world"

MHK, 11th grade

Lesson #28

Architecture

XX century

D.Z.: Chapter 25, ?? (p.319-320), tv. assignments (p.320-322)

Lesson #26

Part 1

LESSON OBJECTIVES

promote students' awareness of the role of architecture of the twentieth century in world culture;
Develop skill independently study the material and prepare it for the presentation; continue to develop the ability to analyze works of architecture;
Bring up culture of perception of architectural masterpieces of the twentieth century.

CONCEPTS, IDEAS

constructivism;
modulor;
C. E. Le Corbusier;
V. E. Tatlin;
"world style";
constructivism in the USSR;
monument "Tower of the III International";
"organic architecture";
F. L. Wright;
O. Niemeyer;
"ideal city"

Universal learning activities

characterize features  correlate  evaluate value and contribution   describe and analyze     explore the problem of novelty  shoot a video report
characterize features development of world architecture of the XX century. (on the example of masterpieces of architecture);
 correlate a work of architecture with a specific concrete historical epoch, style, national school;
 evaluate value and contribution individual architects in the history of the development of world art;
 comment on scientific points of view and evaluation of creativity of individual authors;
 describe and analyze monuments of world and domestic architecture in the unity of form and content;
 develop an individual creative project an architectural structure in the style of one of the architects of the 20th century;
 conduct a comparative analysis the best examples of architectural constructivism in the work of Sh. E. Le Corbusier and V. E. Tatlin;
 explore the impact of creative method A. Gaudi on the architecture of F. L. Wright (as part of an individual creative project);
 explore the problem of novelty architectural solutions of O. Niemeyer and the rejection of classical traditions;
 shoot a video report about modern architectural monuments of your city

STUDY NEW MATERIAL

Lesson assignment. What is the significance of the creativity of representatives of the architecture of the twentieth century for the World civilization and culture?

sub-questions

Constructivism of Sh. E. Le Corbusier and V. E. Tatlin. New ideas and principles of architecture of the XX century. Sh. E. Le Corbusier as the creator of the "universal style" in the architecture of the XX century. Search for simple shapes and systems of proportions. Artistic principles of Sh. E. Le Corbusier (on the example of famous buildings). The development of constructivism in the USSR. V. E. Tatlin as the founder of Soviet constructivism and design. Artistic ideas of V. E. Tatlin and their real implementation. The model of the monument "Tower of the III International" is the main creation of the architect.
"Organic Architecture" by F. L. Wright. Worldwide recognition of the creative method of F. L. Wright (on the example of Kaufman's villa). Originality and novelty of architectural solutions of works.
O. Niemeyer: an architect accustomed to surprise. Uniqueness of style and "poetry of form". The dream of an "ideal city" and its real implementation (on the example of the city of Brasilia). The search for the national identity of modern architecture

The main directions in the architecture of the early twentieth century:

Modern
Constructivism
organic
Postmodernism
Deconstructivism

At the beginning XX centuries have been replaced by clear designs .

In the architecture of the 1920s -1930s. occupied a dominant position constructivism (simplicity, utilitarianism and economy) original version of the pan-European trend functionalism , called international style.

Functionalism (in Soviet Union - constructivism ) - a direction that requires strict compliance with buildings and structures.

CONSTRUCTIVISM (construo - build) - a direction that arose in the twenties of the 20th century.

Constructivism - Soviet avant-garde method (direction).

Constructivism – the application of geometric principles in all spheres of life (architecture, furniture, clothing).

Target - the dispensation of modern life, the transformation of social life.

Ideas and principles:

- the architecture should be light and give a feeling of soaring;

Architecture must subdue the huge streams of light inside the building and learn how to play with lighting effects from the outside;

Thanks to new materials and technologies, architecture must learn to operate with integral spaces of enormous dimensions.

In the architecture of the twentieth century. harmoniously combined new technical

opportunities and creativity.

Club named after Zuev, Moscow

Club them. Rusakova

Main objects – functional structures of a new type:

railway stations, factories, plants, bridges, public buildings and residential buildings.

building Mosselprom, Moscow

The architects sought to create a comfortable atmosphere with simple and clear forms of buildings.

For emphasis, use: asymmetry, opposition of horizontal and vertical planes, combination of building with landscape.

In architecture, the forms of honeycombs, ears, shells, corn cobs, etc. are created.

Opera House in Sydney. Australia

Principles of the new architecture:

lightness and feeling of soaring;
a lot of light inside the building;
huge space.

Windows often began to replace walls, interiors were freed from excesses and congestion with details.

Steel frames with vertical structures, stuffed with high-speed elevators and other equipment, clearly threw challenge to the classics .

Characteristic features of constructivism - severity, geometrization, conciseness of forms and solidity of appearance.

– creator of the first skyscrapers , which have become a symbol of the modern American city. He formulated the principles of the construction of high-rise buildings, which architects still use.

LOUIS

SULLIVEN

(1856-1924)

The first skyscraper of the Chicago architect Louis Sullivan in the city of St. Louis made a real revolution in architecture.

skyscrapers in Chicago. USA

“... A man’s house should resemble a“ bee dwelling ”, therefore,“ beehives for people ”should be erected - uniform and standard structures where a person will feel like a part of a giant urban biosphere.”

Chicago. Skyscrapers.

Louis Sullivan formulated the principles of skyscraper construction: First - skyscraper needs underground floor, which will house boilers, power plants and other devices that provide the building with energy and heat. Second - the first floor should be given to banks, shops and other establishments that need a lot of space, lots of light, bright shop windows and easy access from the street. Third - the second floor should have no less light and space than the first.

Fourth - between the second floor and the uppermost should be located countless office spaces , which do not differ from each other in terms of layout. Fifth - top floor , as well as underground, must be technical . Here are the ventilation systems.

An outstanding French architect of constructivism in XX in., creator of the "world style".

For the first time, he began to use prefabricated reinforced concrete modules in his buildings.

LE CORBUSIER

Le Corbusier. Villa Savoy. 1927-31 Poissy

The foundations for the "new architecture" he sought in purely geometric shapes, lines at right angles, in perfect combinations of vertical and horizontal, in absolute white .

The famous villa is distinguished by exquisite perfection of forms and clarity of proportions. Terraces located at different levels, walkways, ramps and stairs penetrating the space, bright lighting create the impression of merging with nature and the possibility of complete privacy for a person.

Villa Savoy(1927-1931) Poissy, France

invents a system of architectural proportions derived from the proportions of the human figure - modulor

HOUSE IN MARSEIL (1945-1952)

A house - a dwelling for a person - is a "machine for living".

– peculiar model of an ideal dwelling for a person . Designed for 350 families (approximately 1600 people), it clearly embodies the author's idea that "a house is a machine for living."

The house is raised on high pillars, it includes 337 duplex apartments, shops, hotels, roof garden, gym, jogging track, swimming pool, kindergarten , that is, everything that a person needs for a comfortable life.

architectural structures

Le Corbusier

Notre-Dame-du-Hau Chapel,

Ronchamp, France

House

Centrosoyuz

in Moscow.

IN the USSR the development of constructivism was important not only for architecture, but for all forms of art. Artists of the 1920s put forward the task of constructing the material environment surrounding a person. They sought to use the new technique to create simple, logical, functionally justified forms and expedient

structures. Original architectural designs

brothers A. A., V. A. and L. A. Vesnin, M. Ya. Ginzburg,

A. V. Shchuseva, I. I. Leonidova, K. S. Melnikova were carried out in the largest cities of Russia.

Vladimir Evgrafovich Tatlin

- the founder of Soviet artistic constructivism and design, painter, stenographer.

Tower of the III International. 1919-1920s

Height 400m, 1.5 times the Eiffel Tower.

ORGANIC (organic architecture)- a direction in architecture, first formulated by Louis Sullivan based on the provisions of evolutionary biology in the 1890s .

Parallel with constructivism, a direction was developed, conventionally called "organic architecture".
The building is made up of many different blocks, which are completed only as part of the building .

Organic architecture means rejection of strict geometric shapes .

When designing each building takes into account the type of surrounding area, its purpose Everything is in harmony.

Each room has its own purpose, which is guessed at a glance.

The reasons that gave impetus to the development of organic architecture:

the presence of new structural materials that allow you to create the most bizarre architectural forms;
the feeling of unity with nature, which gives such a building.

FRANK LLOYD

WRIGHT

“...Architecture should first of all “serve” human life, and only then be a symbol of the abstract concepts of “goodness and beauty”. The building should not suppress the landscape, but naturally grow out of it, merging with it and forming an organic unity.

(1869-1959)

The idea of organic architecture, put forward by the American architect and art theorist Frank Lloyd Wright (1869-1959), has received worldwide recognition and practical

implementation in many countries. He assigned architecture the role of a unifying principle between man and the environment. In his opinion, it should first of all "serve" the life of a person, and only then be a symbol of the abstract concepts of "goodness and beauty." The building should not overwhelm

landscape, but naturally grow out of it, merging with it and forming an organic unity.

Under the influence of Japanese architecture, he developed his so-called "Prairie Style"- light overhanging cornices, low open terraces located in secluded gardens near natural reservoirs. He believed that the prairies have "a beauty of their own", and therefore the architect's task is to "see and emphasize this natural splendor."

His interests included private country villas and massive urban developments.

Country Kunlei's house . riverside

VILLA E. KAUFMANN "ABOVE THE WATERFALL" (1936-1939)

More than a hundred private houses were created by F.L. Wright in just ten years, but brought a unique architectural solution to each.

The villa has become a true masterpiece of the architect. The rough fold of the walls of crushed stone naturally continued the rocks, merging with a small waterfall, mighty trees and a forest stream. Reinforced concrete beams anchored in the rock supported a complex system of overhanging terraces. The stairs in the center of the house descended directly to the waterfall. The architecture of the building literally "dissolved" in nature.

MUSEUM MODERN ARTS Guggenheim (1943-1959) New York

one of the first contemporary art museums in the world. Now this museum, located in Manhattan in New York, enjoys well-deserved fame and is popular with visitors.

“.. Wright was the last romantic and the first rationalist in American architecture” (A. V. Ikonnikov).

Visitors to the Guggenheim Museum start at the top and spiral down. This unique concept of the layout of the halls was proposed by the architect F. L. Wright.

Oscar Niemeyer and its palaces of glass and concrete.

Oscar Niemeyer - a classic of architecture who worked with Le Corbusier, who built "city of the future"- the capital of his country, Brasilia and co-author of the project of the UN headquarters in New York. He did not stop creating almost until his death.

Oscar Niemeyer has died at the age of 105. His legacy is more than 400 buildings in 18 countries around the world,

(1907-2012)

"I am not attracted to right angles and straight, unchanging and clear lines created by man. I am attracted to curves, free and sensual. Those curves that we can see in mountain silhouettes, in the form of sea waves, on the body of a beloved woman"

Niemeyer's most famous project is that of the city of Brasilia.

The master plan of the new capital of Brazil (Brazilia) was based on the intersection of two axes, shaped like the silhouette of a flying liner.

He became famous for his experiments in the field of reinforced concrete architecture.

His corporate identity is distinguished by a wide the use of curvilinear forms, an abundance of light, space.

ministry

foreign affairs

Brazil

"I believe that architecture is a success if it is visible immediately after the main structures are completed. That's what is important, and not what they will be covered with later," he said in an interview.

Residential building "Kopan" in São Paulo (1951-1965), short for C ompanhia P an- A mericana de H oteis e Turismo

A huge undulating building resembling a waving flag, this is the largest residential complex in Latin America.

The house consists of six blocks attached to each other. All blocks are connected to each other in three places: roof, shopping arcade and basement floors .

Height - 140 m, 38 floors, 1160 apartments and approximately 5000 inhabitants . The City Hall of São Paulo assigned its own index (ser.: 01046-925) to the building due to its dense population.

Area 6006 m² .

Government Palace in Brasilia, 1960

The originality of the architectural style of O. Niemeyer is

extraordinary plasticity of forms, expressed in smoothness

transitions from interior to exterior space, introduction to the composition of works of painting and sculpture, organic

connection of architecture with landscape gardening art.

Often his style is called the style of "elegant curved lines."

Museum of Contemporary

art in Niteroi, 1996

“I am not attracted to a right angle, nor a straight, rigid,

rigid line created by man. The freely curved and sensual line beckons me. That line that reminds me of the mountains of my country, the bizarre bends of rivers, high clouds ... "

O. Nemeyer

Cathedral in Brasilia, 1960-1970

They rise above the earth, like a giant crown, only 16 white arrow-shaped columns , each of which in the form of a parabolic curve away from the small roof. 90-ton supports taper to the ground, which gives the whole structure an unusually light and elegant look. Most complex functional parts building hidden underground . Between the pillars is colored glass mesh, which, when viewed from the outside at night or from the inside during the day, is a bright vault of blue and green hues.

Palace of the National Congress in Brasilia, 1960

The architect's life's work was the development of a general

building plan "the first capital of modern civilization" the city of Brasilia.

Having designed the bulk of the administrative

and residential buildings, for three years (1957-1960) he embodied the dream of an ideal city, commensurate with the needs

man and responding to his ideas of beauty. Literally from scratch, one of the most unusual cities on the planet was created, which currently has UNESCO World Heritage Site status.

National Museum of Brazil, 2006

The contrast of domes and pyramids, arrow-shaped columns and rounded bowls, strict geometric shapes and open

squares and parks, space and logic in the layout of the streets - all this makes the city, created by the genius of O. Niemeyer, uniquely bright

and expressive.

National Museum and National Library in Brasilia, 2006,

according to the projects of 1958

test questions

1 . What principles of constructivist architecture were embodied by C. E. Le Corbusier?

What distinguishes his urban planning projects? Did he manage to

"social mission" of architecture, to create for a person a "fertile and

cheerful picture?

2. Tower of V. E. Tatlin - a monument III Internationale - still not lost

its relevance and strikes with the courage of architectural and artistic

solutions. What are the main discoveries of the author? What did it show

universality of his views? How utopian do you think

ideas of a great dreamer? What is the reason for their oblivion and subsequent

revival in the art of world architecture? Compare samples

Architectural constructivism in the work of Sh. E. Le Corbusier and V. E. Tatlin.

3. The unrealized ideas of V. E. Tatlin were later used in many

modern buildings, for example: buildings of the government complex

Brasilia (architect O. Niemeyer), designs of the Center. J. Pompidou in Paris (arch.

R. Rogers, R. Piano), the building of the Guggenheim Museum of Modern Art in New

York (architect F. L. Wright), Sydney Opera House (architect J. Utzon). How much

it is legitimate to assert that the tower of V. E. Tatlin became a model,

stimulating the creative thought of modern architects? What are you in

see the real embodiment of the ideas of V. E. Tatlin? Explain your answer.

4. The historian of the art of architecture P. Nuttgens wrote about the Villa "Above the Falls":

“Wright has created the clearest example of a man-made structure that complements

nature." In what way and how did it “complement nature”? What embodiment in his

architectural appearance found the "prairie style"? As in the works of F. L. Wright

the eternal dream of human life among untouched nature has come true?

Can we talk about the influence of A. Gaudi on the work of F. L. Wright?

5. In an interview, O. Niemeyer said: “The main thing in architecture is that it

was new, touched a person’s soul, was useful to him, so that a person could

enjoy it." What is the novelty of O. Niemeyer's architecture? Is she capable

to excite the soul of a person and at the same time be useful to him?

creative workshop

1. Give a comparative description of the building you know

modernity and constructivism. To what extent are they responsible

criteria of architecture: usefulness, strength and beauty? In which

would you personally prefer to live in the building? Why?

2. C. E. Le Corbusier formulated five basic principles

new architecture: house on poles to strengthen connection with

environmental space; open floor plan that

allows you to change and adjust functional processes;

free construction of the facade for wider compositional

decisions; taking into account visual perception, it is proposed

horizontally tapered form of windows; flat roof for

increasing the usable area where gardens can be placed. Which

reflected in the buildings of Le Corbusier found these principles

architecture? What was its impact on

further development of architecture?

3. Consider the image of the chapel in Ranshan by C. E. Le Corbusier.

What new technologies were used in its construction? What

the monumentality of its architectural appearance? Compare it

work with traditional cult known to you

buildings. What makes them different?

creative workshop

4. The idea of V. E. Tatlin to create a tower of the III International can

be considered in the light of high-rise construction in various

historical eras (pyramids of Ancient Egypt and pre-Columbian

America, ziggurats of Mesopotamia, engineering and religious

buildings of Antiquity, the Middle Ages and the Ancient East). What kind

tasks set by their creators? How they embodied

the main ideas of his historical era?

5. At the Guggenheim Museum of Modern Art in New York,

designed by F. L. Wright, architectural historian

D.S. Curl saw "A striking exercise in formal

geometry", but not a building intended for

viewing works of art. Others perceived it

like a massive sculpture. What do you think were the reasons

for such ratings?

6. The work of O. Niemeyer was strongly influenced by Sh. E. Le

Corbusier, however, he managed to develop his own style. How

can be explained by the fact that some critics call

Niemeyer's architectural structures with sculptures, and himself

"Sculptor-monumentalist"? Is this legal, with your

points of view?

Topics for design studies or presentations

1. The development of architectural ideas of Sh. E. Le Corbusier.

2. The basic principles of architecture and their implementation Sh. E. Le Corbusier.

3. Features of urban ensembles Sh. E. Le Corbusier.

4. Sh. E. Le Corbusier is the architect of the future.

5. "World Style" Sh. E. Le Corbusier.

6. Architectural constructivism of one of the cities of Russia.

7. Creative search for constructivist architects in the 1920s-1930s.

8. Expressive possibilities of V. E. Tatlin's works.

9. Artistic ideas of V. E. Tatlin and their real embodiment in the works of modern architecture.

10. The significance of V. E. Tatlin's work in the development of the art of design and architecture.

11. The Tower of Babel and the Tower of the Third International by V. E. Tatlin: Utopia or Reality of Design.

12. Ideas of "organic architecture" and their figurative embodiment in

works of F. L. Wright.

13. Architectural fantasies of F. L. Wright.

14. "Prairie style" and its embodiment in the buildings of F. L. Wright.

15. What is the originality of the architectural solution of the Guggenheim Museum of Modern Art?

16. The problem of figurative expressiveness in the work of O. Niemeyer.

17. "Poetry of form" O. Niemeyer.

18. Features of religious architecture.

19. The dream of an "ideal city" and its embodiment in creativity (on the example of the city of Brasilia).

20. Creations of Sh. E. Le Corbusier and O. Niemeyer: an experience of comparative analysis.

21. The work of O. Niemeyer: the novelty of architectural solutions or the rejection of classical traditions.

Today I found out...
It was interesting…
It was difficult…
I learned…
I was able...
I was surprised...
I wanted…

Literature:

Programs for educational institutions. Danilova G.I. World art culture. – M.: Bustard, 2011
Danilova, G.I. Art / MHK. 11 cells Basic level: textbook / G.I. Danilova. M.: Bustard, 2014.
Kalinina E.M., teacher of fine arts and MHK, MOU "Yermishinskaya secondary school", r.p. Ermish, Ryazan region http://urokimxkizo.ucoz.ru/