A good ray of light in a dark realm. Maturity of the soul is a condition of adulthood

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Nikolai Alexandrovich Dobrolyubov

Beam of light in the dark realm

(Thunderstorm, drama in five acts by A. N. Ostrovsky. St. Petersburg, 1860)

Shortly before the Thunderstorm appeared on the stage, we analyzed in great detail all the works of Ostrovsky. Wishing to present a description of the author's talent, we then drew attention to the phenomena of Russian life reproduced in his plays, tried to catch their general character and try to find out whether the meaning of these phenomena is in reality what it appears to us in the works of our playwright. If readers have not forgotten, then we came to the conclusion that Ostrovsky has a deep understanding of Russian life and a great ability to depict sharply and vividly its most essential aspects (1) . "The Thunderstorm" soon served as a new proof of the validity of our conclusion. We wanted to talk about it at the same time, but we felt that in doing so we would have to repeat many of our previous considerations, and therefore decided to keep silent about Groz, leaving readers who asked for our opinion to check on it those general remarks that we spoke about Ostrovsky a few months before the appearance of this play. Our decision was even more confirmed in us when we saw that a whole series of large and small reviews appear in all magazines and newspapers about the Thunderstorm, interpreting the matter from the most diverse points of view. We thought that in this mass of articles something more would finally be said about Ostrovsky and about the significance of his plays than what we saw in the critics mentioned at the beginning of our first article on The Dark Kingdom. In this hope, and in the awareness that our own opinion about the meaning and character of Ostrovsky's works has already been expressed quite definitely, we considered it best to leave the analysis of The Thunderstorm.

But now, again meeting Ostrovsky's play in a separate edition and recalling everything that has been written about it, we find that it will not be superfluous on our part to say a few words about it. It gives us occasion to add something to our notes on The Dark Kingdom, to carry on some of the thoughts that we expressed then, and - by the way - to explain ourselves in short words to some of the critics who honored us with direct or indirect abuse.

We must do justice to some of the critics: they were able to understand the difference that separates us from them. They reproach us for adopting the bad method of considering the author's work and then, as a result of this consideration, saying what it contains and what that content is. They have a completely different method: they first tell themselves that must contained in the work (according to their concepts, of course) and to what extent all due really is in it (again, according to their concepts). It is clear that with such a difference in views, they look with indignation at our analysis, which is likened by one of them to "finding a moral to a fable." But we are very glad that finally the difference is open, and we are ready to withstand any kind of comparison. Yes, if you like, our method of criticism is also like finding a moral conclusion in a fable: the difference, for example, in the application to the criticism of Ostrovsky’s comedies, will only be as great as far as a comedy differs from a fable and as far as human life depicted in comedies is more important and closer to us than the life of donkeys, foxes, reeds and other characters depicted in fables. In any case, it is much better, in our opinion, to analyze the fable and say: “This is what morality it contains, and this morality seems to us good or bad, and this is why,” than to decide from the very beginning: this fable should have such and such morality (for example, respect for parents), and this is how it should be expressed (for example, in the form of a chick that disobeyed its mother and fell out of the nest); but these conditions are not met, the moral is not the same (for example, the negligence of parents about children) or is expressed in a wrong way (for example, in the example of a cuckoo leaving its eggs in other people's nests), then the fable is not good. We have seen this method of criticism more than once in the appendix to Ostrovsky, although, of course, no one will want to admit it, and we will also be blamed, from a sick head on a healthy one, that we are starting to analyze literary works with pre-adopted ideas. and requirements. And meanwhile, what is clearer, didn’t the Slavophiles say: one should portray a Russian person as virtuous and prove that the root of all goodness is life in the old days; in his first plays, Ostrovsky did not observe this, and therefore The Family Picture and His Own People are unworthy of him and are explained only by the fact that he was still imitating Gogol at that time. Didn't the Westerners shout: it is necessary to teach in comedy that superstition is harmful, and Ostrovsky saves one of his heroes from death with the ringing of bells; everyone should be taught that the true good lies in education, and Ostrovsky in his comedy dishonors the educated Vikhorev in front of the ignoramus Borodkin; it is clear that "Don't get into your sleigh" and "Don't live as you like" are bad plays. Didn't the adherents of artistry proclaim: art must serve the eternal and universal requirements of aesthetics, while Ostrovsky, in Profitable Place, reduced art to serving the miserable interests of the moment; therefore, "Profitable Place" is unworthy of art and must be counted among accusatory literature! .. Didn't Mr. Nekrasov from Moscow say: Bolshov should not arouse sympathy in us, and meanwhile the 4th act of “His People” was written in order to arouse sympathy in us for Bolshov; therefore, the fourth act is superfluous! .. (2) And Mr. Pavlov (N. F.) didn’t wriggle, giving to understand such positions: Russian folk life can provide material only for farcical performances; there are no elements in it in order to build something out of it in accordance with the "eternal" requirements of art; it is obvious, therefore, that Ostrovsky, who takes a plot from the life of the common people, is nothing more than a farcical writer... (3) Didn't another Moscow critic draw such conclusions: the drama should present us with a hero imbued with lofty ideas; the heroine of The Storm, on the other hand, is all imbued with mysticism, and therefore unsuitable for drama, for she cannot arouse our sympathy; therefore, "Thunderstorm" has only the meaning of satire, and even then it is not important, and so on and so forth ... (4)

Anyone who followed what was written in our country about the Thunderstorm will easily recall a few more similar critics. It cannot be said that all of them were written by people who are completely mentally poor; how to explain the absence of a direct view of things, which strikes the impartial reader in all of them? Without any doubt, it must be attributed to the old critical routine, which remained in many minds from the study of artistic scholasticism in the courses of Koshansky, Ivan Davydov, Chistyakov and Zelenetsky. It is known that, in the opinion of these venerable theoreticians, criticism is an application to a well-known work of general laws set forth in the courses of the same theoreticians: fits the laws - excellent; does not fit - bad. As you can see, it was not badly conceived for the dying old people: as long as such a principle lives in criticism, they can be sure that they will not be considered completely backward, no matter what happens in the literary world. After all, the laws of beauty are established by them in their textbooks, on the basis of those works in the beauty of which they believe; as long as everything new will be judged on the basis of the laws approved by them, as long as only that which is in accordance with them will be elegant and recognized, nothing new will dare to lay claim to its rights; the old people will be right in believing in Karamzin and not recognizing Gogol, as the respectable people thought to be right, who admired the imitators of Racine and scolded Shakespeare as a drunken savage, following Voltaire, or bowed before the "Messiad" and on this basis rejected "Faust". Routiners, even the most mediocre, have nothing to fear from criticism, which serves as a passive verification of the immovable rules of stupid schoolchildren, and at the same time, the most gifted writers have nothing to hope for from it if they introduce something new and original into art. They must go against all the accusations of “correct” criticism, to spite it make a name for themselves, to spite it found a school and ensure that some new theoretician begins to think with them when compiling a new code of art. Then the criticism humbly recognizes their merits; and until then, she must be in the position of the unfortunate Neapolitans at the beginning of this September - who, although they know that Garibaldi will not come to them tomorrow, but still must recognize Francis as their king until his royal majesty is pleased to leave your capital.

We are surprised how respectable people dare to recognize such an insignificant, such a humiliating role for criticism. Indeed, by limiting it to the application of the “eternal and general” laws of art to particular and temporary phenomena, through this very thing they condemn art to immobility, and give criticism a completely commanding and police significance. And many do it from the bottom of their hearts! One of the authors, about whom we expressed our opinion, somewhat disrespectfully reminded us that a judge's disrespectful treatment of a defendant is a crime (5) . O naive author! How full of the theories of Koshansky and Davydov! He takes quite seriously the vulgar metaphor that criticism is a tribunal before which authors appear as defendants! He probably also takes at face value the opinion that bad poetry is a sin against Apollo and that bad writers are punished by being drowned in the river Lethe! .. Otherwise, how can one not see the difference between a critic and a judge? People are dragged to court on suspicion of a misdemeanor or a crime, and it is up to the judge to decide whether the accused is right or wrong; But is a writer accused of anything when he is criticized? It seems that those times when the occupation of the book business was considered heresy and a crime are long gone. The critic speaks his mind whether he likes or dislikes a thing; and since it is assumed that he is not a windbag, but a reasonable person, he tries to present reasons why he considers one thing good and the other bad. He does not regard his opinion as a decisive verdict binding on all; if we take a comparison from the legal sphere, then he is more a lawyer than a judge. Having adopted a well-known point of view, which seems to him the most fair, he sets out to the readers the details of the case, as he understands it, and tries to inspire them with his conviction in favor or against the author under consideration. It goes without saying that at the same time he can use all the means he finds suitable, so long as they do not distort the essence of the matter: he can bring you to horror or tenderness, to laughter or tears, to force the author to make confessions that are unfavorable to him or to bring him to the point of being impossible to answer. The following result may come from criticism thus executed: the theoreticians, having mastered their textbooks, may nevertheless see whether the analyzed work agrees with their immovable laws, and, playing the role of judges, decide whether the author is right or wrong. But it is known that in open proceedings there are cases when those present in court are far from sympathetic to the decision that the judge pronounces in accordance with such and such articles of the code: the public conscience reveals in these cases a complete discord with the articles of the law. The same thing can happen even more often when discussing literary works: and when the critic-lawyer properly raises the question, groups the facts and throws on them the light of a certain conviction, public opinion, paying no attention to the codes of piitika, will already know what it needs. hold on.

If we look closely at the definition of criticism by "trial" over the authors, we will find that it is very reminiscent of the concept that is associated with the word "criticism" our provincial ladies and young ladies, and at whom our novelists used to laugh so wittily. Even today it is not uncommon to meet such families who look at the writer with some fear, because he "will write criticism on them." The unfortunate provincials, to whom such a thought once wandered into their heads, really represent a pitiful spectacle of the defendants, whose fate depends on the handwriting of the writer's pen. They look into his eyes, embarrassed, apologize, make reservations, as if they were really guilty, awaiting execution or mercy. But it must be said that such naive people are now beginning to emerge in the most remote backwoods. At the same time, just as the right to “dare to have one’s own judgment” ceases to be the property of only a certain rank or position, but becomes available to everyone and everyone, at the same time, more solidity and independence appear in private life, less trembling before any extraneous court. Now they are already expressing their opinion simply because it is better to declare it than to hide it, they express it because they consider the exchange of thoughts useful, they recognize the right of everyone to express their views and their demands, and finally, they even consider it the duty of everyone to participate in the general movement, communicating their observations. and considerations, which one can afford. From here it is a long way to the role of a judge. If I tell you that you lost your handkerchief on the way, or that you are going in the wrong direction, etc., this does not mean that you are my defendant. In the same way, I will not be your defendant even if you begin to describe me, wishing to give an idea about me to your acquaintances. Entering for the first time into a new society, I know very well that observations are being made on me and opinions are formed about me; but should I therefore imagine myself in front of some kind of Areopagus - and tremble in advance, awaiting the verdict? Without any doubt, remarks about me will be made: one will find that my nose is large, another that I have a red beard, a third that my tie is badly tied, a fourth that I am gloomy, etc. Well, let them notice What do I care about this? After all, my red beard is not a crime, and no one can ask me for an account of how I dare to have such a big nose. So, there’s nothing for me to think about: whether I like my figure or not, this is a matter of taste, and I express my opinion about it. I can't forbid anyone; and on the other hand, it won’t hurt me if my taciturnity is noticed, if I’m really silent. Thus, the first critical work (in our sense) - noticing and pointing out facts - is done quite freely and harmlessly. Then the other work—judgment from facts—continues in the same way to keep the judder perfectly on equal footing with the one he is judging. This is because, in expressing his conclusion from known data, a person always subjects himself to judgment and verification of others regarding the justice and soundness of his opinion. If, for example, someone, on the basis of the fact that my tie is not tied quite elegantly, decides that I am ill-bred, then such a judge runs the risk of giving those around him a not very high concept of his logic. Similarly, if any critic reproaches Ostrovsky for the fact that the face of Katerina in The Thunderstorm is disgusting and immoral, then he does not inspire much confidence in the purity of his own moral feeling. Thus, as long as the critic points out the facts, analyzes them and draws his own conclusions, the author is safe and the work itself is safe. Here you can only claim that when the critic distorts the facts, lies. And if he presents the matter correctly, then no matter what tone he speaks, no matter what conclusions he comes to, from his criticism, as from any free and factual reasoning, there will always be more benefit than harm - for the author himself, if he good, and in any case for literature - even if the author turns out to be bad. Criticism - not judicial, but ordinary, as we understand it - is already good in that it gives people who are not accustomed to focusing their thoughts on literature, so to speak, an extract of the writer and thereby facilitates the ability to understand the nature and meaning of his works. And as soon as the writer is properly understood, an opinion about him will not be slow to form and justice will be given to him, without any permission from the respected compilers of the codes.

True, sometimes explaining the character of a well-known author or work, the critic himself can find in the work something that is not in it at all. But in these cases the critic always betrays himself. If he takes it into his head to give the work being analyzed a thought more lively and broad than what is really put at the foundation of its author, then, obviously, he will not be able to sufficiently confirm his idea by pointing to the work itself, and thus criticism, having shown how it could If a work is analyzed, it will only show more clearly the poverty of its conception and the insufficiency of its execution. As an example of such criticism, one can point, for example, to Belinsky's analysis of "Tarantass", written with the most malicious and subtle irony; this analysis was taken by many at face value, but even these many found that the meaning given to "Tarantas" by Belinsky is very well carried out in its criticism, but it does not go well with the very composition of Count Sollogub (6) . However, such critical exaggerations are very rare. Much more often, another case is that the critic really does not understand the author being analyzed and deduces from his work something that does not follow at all. So here, too, the trouble is not great: the critic's method of reasoning will now show the reader with whom he is dealing, and if only the facts are present in the criticism, the reader will not be deceived by false speculations. For example, one Mr. P - y, analyzing "The Thunderstorm", decided to follow the same method that we followed in the articles about the "Dark Kingdom", and, having outlined the essence of the content of the play, he began to draw conclusions. It turned out, in his opinion, that Ostrovsky in The Thunderstorm had ridiculed Katerina, wishing to disgrace Russian mysticism in her face. Well, of course, having read such a conclusion, you now see to what category of minds Mr. P - y belongs and whether it is possible to rely on his considerations. Such criticism will not confuse anyone, it is not dangerous to anyone ...

Quite another thing is the criticism that approaches the authors, as if they were peasants brought into the recruiting presence, with a uniform measure, and shouts now “forehead!”, then “back of the head!”, Depending on whether the recruit fits the measure or not. There the reprisal is short and decisive; and if you believe in the eternal laws of art printed in a textbook, then you will not turn away from such criticism. She will prove to you on the fingers that what you admire is no good, and what makes you doze off, yawn or get a migraine, this is the real treasure. Take, for example, though "Thunderstorm": what is it? A daring insult to art, nothing more - and this is very easy to prove. Open the "Readings on Literature" by the distinguished professor and academician Ivan Davydov, compiled by him with the help of the translation of Blair's lectures, or look at least at the Cadet course of literature by Mr. Plaksin - the conditions for an exemplary drama are clearly defined there. The subject of the drama must certainly be an event where we see the struggle of passion and duty, with the unfortunate consequences of the victory of passion or with happy ones when duty wins. In the development of the drama, strict unity and consistency must be observed; the denouement should flow naturally and necessarily from the tie; each scene must certainly contribute to the movement of the action and move it to a denouement; therefore, there should not be a single person in the play who would not directly and necessarily participate in the development of the drama, there should not be a single conversation that does not relate to the essence of the play. The characters of the characters must be clearly marked, and gradualness must be necessary in their discovery, in accordance with the development of the action. The language must be commensurate with the situation of each person, but not deviate from the purity of the literary and not turn into vulgarity.

Here, it seems, are all the main rules of drama. Let's apply them to the Thunderstorm.

The subject of the drama really represents the struggle in Katerina between a sense of duty of marital fidelity and passion for the young Boris Grigorievich. So the first requirement is found. But then, starting from this demand, we find that the other conditions of exemplary drama are violated in The Thunderstorm in the most cruel way.

And, firstly, The Thunderstorm does not satisfy the most essential internal goal of the drama - to inspire respect for moral duty and show the detrimental consequences of being carried away by passion. Katerina, this immoral, shameless (according to the apt expression of N. F. Pavlov) woman who ran out at night to her lover as soon as her husband left home, this criminal appears to us in the drama not only in a rather gloomy light, but even with some kind of the radiance of martyrdom around the brow. She speaks so well, she suffers so plaintively, everything around her is so bad that you have no indignation against her, you pity her, you arm yourself against her oppressors, and in this way you justify vice in her face. Consequently, the drama does not fulfill its lofty purpose and becomes, if not a harmful example, then at least an idle toy.

Further, from a purely artistic point of view, we also find very important shortcomings. The development of passion is not sufficiently represented: we do not see how Katerina's love for Boris began and intensified and what exactly motivated it; therefore, the very struggle between passion and duty is indicated for us not quite clearly and strongly.

The unity of the impression is also not observed: it is harmed by the admixture of an extraneous element - Katerina's relationship with her mother-in-law. The intervention of the mother-in-law constantly prevents us from focusing our attention on the inner struggle that should be going on in Katerina's soul.

In addition, in Ostrovsky's play we notice a mistake against the first and fundamental rules of any poetic work, unforgivable even for a novice author. This mistake is specifically called in the drama - "duality of intrigue": here we see not one love, but two - Katerina's love for Boris and Varvara's love for Kudryash (7) . This is good only in light French vaudeville, and not in serious drama, where the attention of the audience should not be entertained in any way.

The plot and denouement also sin against the requirements of art. The plot is in a simple case - in the departure of the husband; the denouement is also completely accidental and arbitrary: this thunderstorm, which frightened Katerina and forced her to tell her husband everything, is nothing more than a deus ex machina, no worse than a vaudeville uncle from America.

The whole action is sluggish and slow, because it is cluttered with scenes and faces that are completely unnecessary. Kudryash and Shapkin, Kuligin, Feklusha, the lady with two lackeys, Dikoy himself - all these are persons who are not essentially connected with the basis of the play. Unnecessary faces constantly enter the stage, say things that do not go to the point, and leave, again it is not known why and where. All the recitations of Kuligin, all the antics of Kudryash and Dikiy, not to mention the half-mad lady and the conversations of city dwellers during a thunderstorm, could have been released without any damage to the essence of the matter.

In this crowd of unnecessary faces, we almost do not find strictly defined and finished characters, and there is nothing to ask about the gradualness in their discovery. They are to us directly ex abrupto, with labels. The curtain opens: Kudryash and Kuligin are talking about what a scolder Dikaya is, after that he is also Dikaya and swears behind the scenes ... Also Kabanova. In the same way, Kudryash from the first word makes himself known that he is "dashing at girls"; and Kuligin, at the very appearance, is recommended as a self-taught mechanic who admires nature. Yes, they remain with this until the very end: Dikoi swears, Kabanova grumbles, Kudryash walks at night with Varvara ... And we do not see the full comprehensive development of their characters in the whole play. The heroine herself is depicted very unsuccessfully: apparently, the author himself did not quite clearly understand this character, because, without exposing Katerina as a hypocrite, he forces her, however, to utter sensitive monologues, but in fact shows her to us as a shameless woman, carried away by sensuality alone. There is nothing to say about the hero - he is so colorless. Dikoi and Kabanova themselves, the characters most in the genre "e of Mr. Ostrovsky, represent (according to the happy conclusion of Mr. Akhsharumov or someone else of that kind) (8) a deliberate exaggeration, close to libel, and give us not living faces, but "the quintessence of deformities" of Russian life.

Finally, the language with which the characters speak surpasses all patience of a well-bred person. Of course, merchants and philistines cannot speak in elegant literary language; but after all, one cannot agree that a dramatic author, for the sake of fidelity, can introduce into literature all the vulgar expressions in which the Russian people are so rich. The language of dramatic characters, whoever they may be, may be simple, but always noble and should not offend educated taste. And in Groz, listen to how all the faces say: “Shrill man! what are you doing with a snout! It kindles the whole interior! Women can’t work up their bodies in any way! ” What are these phrases, what are these words? Involuntarily, you will repeat with Lermontov:

From whom do they paint portraits?
Where are these conversations being heard?
And if they did,
So we don't want to listen to them (9) .

Perhaps "in the city of Kalinovo, on the banks of the Volga," there are people who speak in this way, but what do we care about that? The reader understands that we did not use special efforts to make this criticism convincing; that is why it is easy to notice in other places the living threads with which it is sewn. But we assure you that it can be made extremely convincing and victorious, it can be used to destroy the author, once taking the point of view of school textbooks. And if the reader agrees to give us the right to proceed with the play with prearranged requirements as to what and how in it must to be - we do not need anything else: everything that does not agree with the rules adopted by us, we will be able to destroy. Extracts from the comedy will appear very conscientiously to confirm our judgments; quotations from various learned books, from Aristotle to Fischer (10), which, as you know, constitute the last, final moment of aesthetic theory, will prove to you the solidity of our education; ease of presentation and wit will help us to captivate your attention, and you, without noticing it, will come to full agreement with us. Only let not for a moment a doubt enter your head in our full right to prescribe duties to the author and then judge him, whether he is faithful to these duties or has been guilty of them ...

But herein lies the misfortune that not a single reader can now escape such a doubt. The contemptible crowd, formerly reverently, open-mouthed, listening to our broadcasts, now presents a deplorable and dangerous spectacle for our authority, the spectacle of the masses, armed, in the beautiful expression of Mr. Turgenev, with the "double-edged sword of analysis" (11) . Everyone says, reading our thunderous criticism: “You offer us your “storm”, assuring us that what is in The Thunderstorm is superfluous, and what is needed is lacking. But the author of The Thunderstorm probably thinks quite the contrary; let us sort you out. Tell us, analyze the play for us, show it as it is, and give us your opinion about it on the basis of itself, and not on some outdated considerations, completely unnecessary and extraneous. In your opinion, this and that should not be; or maybe it fits well in the play, so then why shouldn’t it?” This is how every reader now dares to resonate, and this insulting circumstance must be attributed to the fact that, for example, N. F. Pavlov's magnificent critical exercises on The Thunderstorm suffered such a decisive fiasco. In fact, everyone rose up against the criticism of The Thunderstorm in Nashe Vremya - both writers and the public, and, of course, not because he took it into his head to show a lack of respect for Ostrovsky, but because in his criticism he expressed disrespect to the common sense and good will of the Russian public. Everyone has long seen that Ostrovsky has largely departed from the old stage routine, that in the very conception of each of his plays there are conditions that necessarily carry him beyond the known theory, which we pointed out above. The critic who does not like these deviations should have begun by noting them, characterizing them, generalizing them, and then directly and frankly raising the question between them and the old theory. This was the duty of the critic not only to the author being analyzed, but even more so to the public, which so constantly approves of Ostrovsky, with all his liberties and evasions, and with each new play becomes more and more attached to him. If the critic finds that the public is deluded in their sympathy for an author who turns out to be a criminal against his theory, then he should have begun by defending that theory and by giving serious evidence that deviations from it cannot be good. Then he, perhaps, would have managed to convince some and even many, since N. F. Pavlov cannot be taken away from the fact that he uses the phrase quite adroitly. And now what did he do? He did not pay the slightest attention to the fact that the old laws of art, while continuing to exist in textbooks and taught from gymnasium and university departments, had long since lost their sanctity of inviolability in literature and in the public. He boldly began to break down Ostrovsky on the points of his theory, by force, forcing the reader to consider it inviolable. He found it convenient only to sneer about the gentleman, who, being Mr. Pavlov’s “neighbor and brother” in terms of his place in the first row of seats and in terms of “fresh” gloves, dared, however, to admire the play, which was so disgusting to N. F. Pavlov. Such a contemptuous treatment of the public, and even of the very question which the critic took up, naturally must have aroused the majority of readers rather against him than in his favour. Readers let the critics notice that he was spinning with his theory like a squirrel in a wheel, and demanded that he get out of the wheel onto a straight road. Rounded phrase and clever syllogism seemed to them insufficient; they demanded serious confirmations for the very premises from which Mr. Pavlov drew his conclusions and which he presented as axioms. He said: this is bad, because there are many characters in the play that do not contribute to the direct development of the course of action. And they stubbornly objected to him: why can't there be persons in the play who do not directly participate in the development of the drama? The critic assured that the drama is already devoid of meaning because its heroine is immoral; readers stopped him and asked the question: what makes you think that she is immoral? And what are your moral concepts based on? The critic considered vulgarity and smut, unworthy of art, and the night meeting, and Kudryash's daring whistle, and the very scene of Katerina's confession to her husband; he was again asked: why exactly does he find this vulgar and why secular intrigues and aristocratic passions are more worthy of art than petty-bourgeois passions? Why is the whistling of a young lad more vulgar than the poignant singing of Italian arias by some secular youth? N. F. Pavlov, as the top of his arguments, decided condescendingly that a play like The Thunderstorm was not a drama, but a farcical performance. And then they answered him: why are you so contemptuous of the booth? Another question is whether any slick drama, even if all three unities were observed in it, is better than any farcical performance. Regarding the role of the booth in the history of the theater and in the development of the people, we will argue with you. The last objection has been developed in some detail in the press. And where was it distributed? It would be nice in Sovremennik, which, as you know, has a Whistle with him, therefore he cannot scandalize with Kudryash's whistle and in general should be inclined to any farce. No, thoughts about the farce were expressed in the "Library for Reading", a well-known champion of all the rights of "art", expressed by Mr. Annenkov, whom no one will reproach for excessive adherence to "vulgarity" (12) . If we have correctly understood Mr. Annenkov's thought (for which, of course, no one can vouch for), he finds that modern drama with its theory has deviated further from the truth and beauty of life than the original booths, and that in order to revive the theater, it is necessary first to return to farce and start the path of dramatic development again. These are the opinions that Mr. Pavlov came across even in respectable representatives of Russian criticism, not to mention those who are accused by well-meaning people of contempt for science and of the denial of everything lofty! It is clear that here it was no longer possible to get away with more or less brilliant remarks, but it was necessary to begin a serious revision of the grounds on which the critic was affirmed in his sentences. But as soon as the question moved to this ground, the critic of Nashe Vremya turned out to be untenable and had to hush up his critical rantings.

The article “A Ray of Light in the Dark Kingdom” is about the work of Ostrovsky “Thunderstorm”, which, undoubtedly, has become a classic in Russian literature. In the first part, the author speaks of a deep understanding of the life of a Russian person by Ostrovsky himself. He then tries to make a deep analysis of the articles written by other critics about the personality of Ostrovsky, while noting the fact that in these articles there is no direct look at many things that are basic.
In the field, the author makes a certain comparison of the work "Thunderstorm" to the accepted standards of drama. Dobrolyubov considers the principle established in literature about the subject of a dramatic work, expressed by the main event itself, as well as a description of the struggle between duty and passion, summing up an unfortunate end in the finale if passion triumphs, and vice versa - a happy one if it turned out to be stronger for a long time. In addition, the drama should represent a single action written in beautiful literary language. Dobrolyubov notes the fact that, according to the goal set out in it, The Thunderstorm does not fit the concept of drama, which should certainly make you feel some respect for duty in all its moral sense while exposing a harmful passion for passion. In The Thunderstorm, we can see her main character in not sufficiently dark tones and gloomy colors, although according to all the rules established for the drama, she is a “criminal”, but in Ostrovsky we are forced to feel compassion for her and this very shade of martyrdom that arises from the reader, discussed in detail in Dobrolyubov's article. Ostrovsky was able to vividly express how Katerina suffers and speaks beautifully, we see her in the most gloomy surroundings and involuntarily begin to justify the vice, rallying against her tormentors. As a result, the drama does not carry its main semantic load, does not fulfill its purpose. The action itself in The Thunderstorm flows somehow slowly and uncertainly. There are no stormy and bright scenes, and the piling up of many actors leads to the "sluggishness" of the whole work. The language itself does not withstand criticism, because it does not allow even the most patient, well-mannered reader to withstand.

Dobrolyubov specifically cites this comparative analysis of The Thunderstorm for compliance with established standards, since he comes to the conclusion that a ready-made, standard idea of \u200b\u200bwhat should be in the work does not allow creating a true reflection of things. What would you say about a man who meets a pretty girl and starts saying that her body is not as good as Venus de Milo? - This is how Dobrolyubov puts the question, speaking about the standardization of the approach to a literary work. Truth is in truth and life, and not in dialectical attitudes. It is impossible to say that a person is evil by nature and, therefore, it cannot be said that in a book good must always triumph or vice lose.

Dobrolyubov notes that for a long time writers were assigned a very small role in the movement of a person to his roots - the primordial principles. He recalls the great Shakespeare and says that it was he who was the first to raise humanity to a new level, which was simply inaccessible before him. After that, the author moves on to other critical articles about Groz. He mentions Apollon Grigoriev, who speaks of the main merit of Ostrovsky in the nationality of his work. Dobrolyubov asks the question, what does this “nationality” itself consist of? The author answers the question himself and says that Mr. Grigoriev does not give us an explanation of this concept, and therefore this statement itself can only be considered as funny, but no more.

In the rest of the article, Dobrolyubov says that Ostrovsky's works themselves are "plays of life." He considers life as a whole and does not deliberately try to punish the villain or make the righteous happy. He looks at the state of things and makes either sympathize or deny, but does not leave anyone indifferent. It is impossible to consider superfluous those who do not participate in the intrigue itself, for it would not be possible without them.

Dobrolyubov analyzes the statements of the so-called secondary persons: Glasha, Curly, and many others. He tries to understand their inner state, their world and how they see the reality around them. He considers all the subtleties of the "dark kingdom" itself. He says that the life of these people is so limited that they do not notice that there is another reality around. We see the author's analysis of Kabanova's concern about the future of the old traditions and practices.

Further, Dobrolyubov notes the fact that The Thunderstorm is the most decisive work of all written by Ostrovsky. The very relationships and tyranny of the dark kingdom are brought to the most tragic consequences of all possible. However, almost all those familiar with the work itself noticed that some kind of breath of novelty can be traced in it - the author decides that this is hidden in the background of the play, in the “unnecessary” people on the stage, in everything that suggests the imminent end of the old order and tyranny . Yes, and the death of Katerina - it opens up a new beginning on the background we have designated.

There could not have been an article by Dobrolyubov without an analysis of the image of the main character - Katerina. He describes this given image as a kind of shaky, not yet decisive "step forward" in all of Russian literature. The life of the Russian people requires the appearance of more resolute and active ones, says Dobrolyubov. The very image of Katerina is saturated with natural understanding and intuitive perception of the truth, it is selfless, because Katerina would rather choose death than life under the old order. It is in the very harmony of integrity that the mighty strength of the character of the heroine lies.

In addition to the image of Katerina, Dobrolyubov examines in detail her actions, their motives. He notices that she is not a rebel by nature, she does not demand destruction and does not show biased discontent. She is more of a creator who wants to love. It is these inclinations that explain her desire in her own mind to somehow ennoble everything. She is young and the desire for tenderness and love is natural for her. However, Tikhon is so obsessed and downtrodden that he will not be able to understand these feelings and desires of Katerina themselves. He himself says about this: "Something Katya, I don't understand you ...".

Ultimately, in considering the image of Katerina, Dobrolyubov finds that in her Ostrovsky embodied the very idea of the Russian people, which he speaks about rather abstractly, comparing Katerina with a flat and wide river, which has a flat bottom, and it flows around the stones it meets smoothly. This river itself makes noise only because it is necessary by the natural nature of things and nothing more.

In the analysis of Katerina's actions, Dobrolyubov comes to the conclusion that her and Boris's escape itself is the only right decision. Katerina can escape, but Boris's dependence on his relative shows that he himself is the same as Tikhon, only more educated.
The finale of the play is tragic and encouraging at the same time. Getting rid of the shackles of the dark kingdom, albeit in this way, is the main idea of the work itself. Life itself in this gloomy realm is not possible. Even Tikhon, when they pull out the corpse of his wife, shouts that she is now well, and wonders: - “But what about me?”. This cry itself and the finale of the play give an unambiguous understanding of the full power and truth of the finale. Tikhon's words make you think not about the usual love affair and the gloom of the finale, but about a world in which the living envy the dead.
In the final part of the article, the author addresses the reader with the words that he will be pleased if the readers find Russian life and strength decisive, and also calls to feel the importance and legitimacy of this matter itself.

Please note that this is only a summary of the literary work "A Ray of Light in the Dark Kingdom". This summary omits many important points and quotations.

". At the beginning of it, Dobrolyubov writes that "Ostrovsky has a deep understanding of Russian life." Further, he analyzes articles about Ostrovsky by other critics, writes that they "lack a direct look at things."

Then Dobrolyubov compares The Thunderstorm with dramatic canons: "The subject of the drama must certainly be an event where we see the struggle of passion and duty - with the unfortunate consequences of the victory of passion or with happy ones when duty wins." Also in the drama there must be a unity of action, and it must be written in high literary language. The Thunderstorm, however, “does not satisfy the most essential goal of the drama - to inspire respect for moral duty and show the detrimental consequences of infatuation with passion. Katerina, this criminal, appears to us in the drama not only in a rather gloomy light, but even with the radiance of martyrdom. She speaks so well, she suffers so plaintively, everything around her is so bad that you arm yourself against her oppressors and thus justify vice in her face. Consequently, the drama does not fulfill its high purpose. The whole action is sluggish and slow, because it is cluttered with scenes and faces that are completely unnecessary. Finally, the language with which the characters speak surpasses all the patience of a well-bred person.

Dobrolyubov makes this comparison with the canon in order to show that an approach to a work with a ready-made idea of what should be shown in it does not give a true understanding. “What to think of a man who, at the sight of a pretty woman, suddenly begins to resonate that her camp is not the same as that of the Venus de Milo? The truth is not in dialectical subtleties, but in the living truth of what you are talking about. It cannot be said that people are evil by nature, and therefore one cannot accept principles for literary works such as, for example, that vice always triumphs and virtue is punished.

“The writer has so far been given a small role in this movement of mankind towards natural principles,” writes Dobrolyubov, after which he recalls Shakespeare, who “moved the general consciousness of people to several steps that no one had climbed before him.” Further, the author turns to other critical articles about the "Thunderstorm", in particular, by Apollon Grigoriev, who claims that Ostrovsky's main merit is in his "nationality". "But Mr. Grigoriev does not explain what the nationality consists of, and therefore his remark seemed to us very amusing."

Then Dobrolyubov comes to the definition of Ostrovsky’s plays as a whole as “plays of life”: “We want to say that for him the general atmosphere of life is always in the foreground. He does not punish either the villain or the victim. You see that their position dominates them, and you only blame them for not showing enough energy to get out of this position. And that is why we do not dare to consider as unnecessary and superfluous those characters in Ostrovsky's plays who do not directly participate in the intrigue. From our point of view, these faces are just as necessary for the play as the main ones: they show us the environment in which the action takes place, draw the position that determines the meaning of the activity of the main characters of the play.

In "Thunderstorm" the need for "unnecessary" persons (secondary and episodic characters) is especially visible. Dobrolyubov analyzes the remarks of Feklusha, Glasha, Dikoy, Kudryash, Kuligin, etc. The author analyzes the internal state of the heroes of the “dark kingdom”: “everything is somehow restless, not good for them. In addition to them, without asking them, another life has grown up, with other beginnings, and although it is not yet clearly visible, it already sends bad visions to the dark arbitrariness of tyrants. And Kabanova is very seriously upset by the future of the old order, with which she has outlived a century. She foresees their end, tries to maintain their significance, but she already feels that there is no former reverence for them and that they will be abandoned at the first opportunity.

Then the author writes that The Thunderstorm is “Ostrovsky's most decisive work; the mutual relations of tyranny are brought in it to the most tragic consequences; and for all that, most of those who have read and seen this play agree that there is even something refreshing and encouraging in The Thunderstorm. This “something” is, in our opinion, the background of the play, indicated by us and revealing the precariousness and the near end of tyranny. Then the very character of Katerina, drawn against this background, also blows on us with a new life, which opens up to us in her very death.

Further, Dobrolyubov analyzes the image of Katerina, perceiving it as "a step forward in all our literature": "Russian life has reached the point where there is a need for more active and energetic people." The image of Katerina is “steadily faithful to the instinct of natural truth and selfless in the sense that death is better for him than life under those principles that are repugnant to him. In this wholeness and harmony of character lies his strength. Free air and light, contrary to all the precautions of perishing tyranny, burst into Katerina's cell, she yearns for a new life, even if she had to die in this impulse. What is death to her? It doesn't matter - she does not consider life to be the vegetative life that fell to her lot in the Kabanov family.

The author analyzes in detail the motives of Katerina's actions: “Katerina does not at all belong to violent characters, dissatisfied, loving to destroy. On the contrary, this character is predominantly creative, loving, ideal. That's why she tries to ennoble everything in her imagination. The feeling of love for a person, the need for tender pleasures naturally opened up in a young woman. But it will not be Tikhon Kabanov, who is “too hammered to understand the nature of Katerina’s emotions: “I can’t make out you, Katya,” he tells her, “you won’t get a word from you, let alone affection, otherwise it’s like that yourself climb." This is how spoiled natures usually judge a strong and fresh nature.

Dobrolyubov comes to the conclusion that in the image of Katerina Ostrovsky embodied a great folk idea: “in other works of our literature, strong characters are like fountains that depend on an extraneous mechanism. Katerina is like a big river: a flat bottom, good - it flows calmly, large stones met - it jumps over them, a cliff - it cascades, they dam it - it rages and breaks in another place. It boils not because the water suddenly wants to make noise or get angry at obstacles, but simply because it is necessary for it to fulfill its natural requirements - for the further flow.

Analyzing the actions of Katerina, the author writes that he considers it possible for Katerina and Boris to escape as the best solution. Katerina is ready to run away, but here another problem comes up - Boris's financial dependence on his uncle Diky. “We said a few words about Tikhon above; Boris is the same, in essence, only educated.

At the end of the play, “we are pleased to see Katerina's deliverance - even through death, if it is impossible otherwise. Living in a "dark kingdom" is worse than death. Tikhon, throwing himself on the corpse of his wife, pulled out of the water, shouts in self-forgetfulness: “It’s good for you, Katya! But why did I stay in the world and suffer! “The play ends with this exclamation, and it seems to us that nothing could be invented stronger and more truthful than such an ending. Tikhon's words make the viewer think not about a love affair, but about this whole life, where the living envy the dead.

In conclusion, Dobrolyubov addresses the readers of the article: “If our readers find that Russian life and Russian strength are called by the artist in The Thunderstorm to a decisive cause, and if they feel the legitimacy and importance of this matter, then we are satisfied, no matter what our scientists say. and literary judges.

What do you think about when you re-read what Dmitry Ivanovich Pisarev wrote about Alexander Nikolayevich Ostrovsky's Thunderstorm? Perhaps, the fact that literature follows geniuses ... The golden Russian literature of the 19th century, which began with a breakthrough at the international level in poetry, by the middle of the century made it in prose as well, serving as a "beam of light" for the entire Russian society. This, of course, is about the non-verse works of Pushkin, Gogol, Ostrovsky.

Civic message of the article

The article about Pisarev's "Thunderstorm" is a citizen's response to the landmark play of the century before last. Written in 1859 by Alexander Nikolayevich Ostrovsky, the play in five acts occupies a special place in golden Russian literature. This dramatic work served as a powerful stimulus for the further development of realism. Evidence of this was the assessment given to the play by critics. It testifies to a real pluralism of opinions. And the truth was really born in the dispute! In understanding this, it is important to know that the article “Motives of Russian Drama”, in which Pisarev placed his review of “Thunderstorm”, was written as a response to another critical article by the famous literary critic Nikolai Dobrolyubov. The article, with which Pisarev argued, was called brightly - "A ray of light in a dark kingdom." We will try to present to the readers our analysis of the above-mentioned work by Dmitry Pisarev. It occupies a special place in Russian literature. Ostrovsky managed to adequately continue in Russian dramaturgy the realism laid down by Griboyedov in Woe from Wit.

Fundamental disagreement with Dobrolyubov on the play "Thunderstorm"

Dmitri Ivanovich was undoubtedly a fine connoisseur and, undoubtedly, starting to work, he deeply familiarized himself with the article of the outstanding literary critic Dobrolyubov, whom he knew and respected. However, obviously, following the wisdom of the ancients (namely, “Socrates is my friend, but the truth is dearer”), Pisarev wrote his review about Ostrovsky’s drama “Thunderstorm”.

He realized the need to express his point of view, because he felt: Dobrolyubov tried to show Katerina as a "hero of the times." Dmitry Ivanovich fundamentally disagreed with this position, and, moreover, it is quite motivated. Therefore, he wrote his article "Motives of Russian Drama", where he criticized the main thesis in the work of Nikolai Alexandrovich Dobrolyubov that Katerina Kabanova is "a ray of light in a dark kingdom."

Kalinov as a model of Russia

Undoubtedly, in the article Pisarev expressed his thoughts about the "Thunderstorm", clearly realizing that Dobrolyubov gave such a "dark" characteristic formally to one county town, but in fact to all of Russia in the middle of the 19th century. Kalinov is a small model of a huge country. In it, public opinion and the whole course of city life are manipulated by two people: a merchant, unscrupulous in the methods of enrichment, Savel Prokofyich Dikoy, and a hypocrite of Shakespearean proportions, merchantwoman Kabanova Marfa Ignatyevna (in common people - Kabanikha).

In the 60s of the century before last, Russia itself was a huge country with a population of forty million and developed agriculture. The railway network was already in operation. In the near future, after Ostrovsky wrote the play (more precisely, since 1861, after the signing of the Manifesto by Emperor Alexander II, which abolished serfdom), the number of the proletariat increased and, accordingly, an industrial boom began.

However, the suffocating atmosphere of pre-reform society shown in Ostrovsky's play was really true. The product was in demand, suffered ...

The relevance of the ideas of the play

Using simple argumentation, in a language understandable to the reader, Pisarev creates his review of the Thunderstorm. He accurately reproduces the summary of the play in his critical article. How else? After all, the problematic of the play is urgent. And Ostrovsky did a great deed, wishing with all his heart to build a civil society instead of a “dark kingdom”.

However, dear readers… So to speak, hand on heart… Can our society today be called “the kingdom of light, goodness and reason”? Did Kuligin's Ostrovsky monologue write in vain: “Because we will never earn more with honest labor. Bitter, fair words...

Katerina is not a "beam of light"

Pisarev's criticism of The Thunderstorm begins with the formulation of a conclusion about the recklessness of Dobrolyubov's conclusion. He motivates him by citing arguments from the author's text of the play. His polemic with Nikolai Dobrolyubov is reminiscent of a pessimist's summary of the conclusions drawn by the optimist. According to the reasoning of Dmitry Ivanovich, the essence of Katerina is melancholy, there is no real virtue in her, characteristic of people who are called "bright". According to Pisarev, Dobrolyubov made a systematic mistake in the analysis of the image of the main character of the play. He gathered all her positive qualities into a single positive image, ignoring the shortcomings. According to Dmitry Ivanovich, a dialectical view of the heroine is important.

The main character as a suffering part of the dark kingdom

The young woman lives with her husband Tikhon with her mother-in-law, a wealthy merchant who has (as they say now) "heavy energy", which is subtly emphasized by Pisarev's critical article. The Thunderstorm, as a tragic play, is largely due to this image. The boar (as they call her in the street) is pathologically obsessed with the moral oppression of others, with constant reproaches, she eats them, "like rusty iron." She does this in a sanctimonious way: that is, constantly trying to make the household "act in order" (more precisely, following her instructions).

Tikhon and his sister Varvara adapted to their mother's speeches. Particularly sensitive to her nit-picking and humiliation is her daughter-in-law, Katerina. She, who has a romantic, melancholic psyche, is really unhappy. Her colorful dreams and dreams reveal a completely childish worldview. It's nice, but not a virtue!

Inability to cope with oneself

At the same time, Pisarev's criticism of The Thunderstorm objectively points to Katerina's infantilism and impulsiveness. She does not marry for love. Only the majestic Boris Grigoryevich, the nephew of the merchant Diky, smiled at her, and - the deed is ready: Katya hurries to a secret meeting. At the same time, having become close to this, in principle, a stranger, she does not think at all about the consequences. “Is the author really depicting a “light beam ?!” - Pisarev's critical article asks the reader. "Thunderstorm" displays an extremely illogical heroine, unable not only to cope with circumstances, but also to cope with herself. After betraying her husband, being depressed, childishly frightened by a thunderstorm and the hysteria of a crazy lady, she confesses to her deed and immediately identifies herself with the victim. Banal, isn't it?

On the advice of mother, Tikhon beats her "a little", "for the sake of order". However, the bullying of the mother-in-law herself becomes an order of magnitude more sophisticated. After Katerina learns that Boris Grigorievich is going to Kyakhta (Transbaikalia), she, having neither will nor character, decides to commit suicide: she throws herself into the river and drowns.

Katerina is not a "hero of time"

Pisarev reflects philosophically on Ostrovsky's The Thunderstorm. He wonders if in a slave society a person who is not endowed with a deep mind, who does not have a will, who does not educate himself, who does not understand people - in principle, can become a ray of light. Yes, this woman is touchingly meek, kind and sincere, she does not know how to defend her point of view. (“She crushed me,” Katerina says about Kabanikh). Yes, she has a creative, impressionable nature. And this type can really charm (as it happened with Dobrolyubov). But this does not change the essence ... "Under the circumstances set forth in the play, a person cannot arise -" a ray of light "!" - says Dmitry Ivanovich.

Maturity of the soul is a condition of adulthood

Moreover, the critic continues his thought, is it really a virtue to capitulate before petty, completely surmountable life difficulties? This obvious, logical question is asked by Pisarev about Ostrovsky's Thunderstorm. Can this be an example for a generation whose destiny is to change slave Russia, which is oppressed by local "princes" like Kabanikhi and Diky? At best, such a suicide can only cause, however, as a result, strong-willed and educated people should fight against the social group of the rich and manipulators!

At the same time, Pisarev does not speak derogatoryly about Katerina. "Thunderstorm", the critic believes, it is not in vain that she portrays her image so consistently, starting from childhood. The image of Katerina in this sense is similar to the unforgettable image of Ilya Ilyich Oblomov! The problem of her unformed personality is in her ideally comfortable childhood and youth. Her parents didn't prepare her for adulthood! Moreover, they did not give her a proper education.

However, it should be recognized that, unlike Ilya Ilyich, if Katerina were in a more favorable environment than the Kabanov family, she would most likely have taken place as a person. Ostrovsky justifies this ...

What is the positive image of the main character

This is an artistically holistic, positive image - Pisarev tells about Katerina. "Thunderstorm" in its reading leads the reader to the realization that the main character really has an internal emotional charge, characteristic of a creative person. It has the potential for a positive attitude towards reality. She intuitively feels the main need of Russian society - human freedom. She has a hidden energy (which she feels but hasn't learned how to control). Therefore, Katya exclaimed the words: “Why are people not birds?”. It was not by chance that the author conceived such a comparison, because the heroine subconsciously wants freedom, similar to that felt by a bird in flight. That freedom, to fight for which she does not have enough mental strength ...

Conclusion

What conclusions does Pisarev draw with his article “Motives of Russian Drama”? "Thunderstorm" depicts not a "hero of time", not a "beam of light". This image is much weaker, but not artistically (everything is just right here), but by the maturity of the soul. The "hero of time" cannot "break" as a person. After all, people who are called "rays of light" are more likely to be killed than broken. Katherine is weak...

Both critics also have a general line of thought: Pisarev's article on The Thunderstorm, like Dobrolyubov's article, interprets the title of the play in the same way. This is not only an atmospheric phenomenon that scared Katerina to death. Rather, it is about the social conflict of a lagging non-civil society that has come into conflict with the needs of development.

Ostrovsky's play is a kind of indictment. Both critics showed, following Alexander Nikolaevich, that people are powerless, they are not free, they are, in fact, subordinate to the Boars and the Wild. Why did Dobrolyubov and Pisarev write about The Thunderstorm so differently.

The reason for this is, undoubtedly, the depth of the work, in which there is more than one semantic “bottom”. It has both psychologism and sociality. Each of the literary critics comprehended them in their own way, set priorities differently. Moreover, both one and the other did it with talent, and Russian literature only benefited from this. Therefore, it is completely stupid to ask the question: “Pisarev wrote more precisely about the play“ Thunderstorm ”or Dobrolyubov?”. Definitely worth reading both articles...

Publicist N.A. Dobrolyubov in his article analyzes the play "Thunderstorm" by A.N. Ostrovsky, noting from the very first lines that the playwright perfectly understands the life of a Russian person. Dobrolyubov mentions several critical articles about the play, explaining that most of them are one-sided and have no basis.

This is followed by an analysis of the signs of drama in the work: the conflict of duty and passion, the unity of the plot and the high literary language. Dobrolyubov admits that The Thunderstorm does not fully reveal the danger that threatens everyone who blindly follows passion, not listening to the voice of reason and duty. Katerina is presented not as a criminal, but as a martyr. The plot was described as overloaded with superfluous details and characters, absolutely superfluous from the point of view of the storyline, and the language of the heroes of the play was outrageous for an educated and well-mannered person. But the publicist notes that often the expectation of compliance with a certain standard makes it difficult to see the value of a particular work and its essence. Dobrolyubov recalls Shakespeare, who managed to raise the level of general human consciousness to a previously unattainable height.

All Ostrovsky's plays are very vital, and none of the characters, seemingly not involved in the development of the plot, can be called superfluous, since they are all part of the situation in which the main characters are. The publicist analyzes in detail the inner world and reflections of each of the secondary characters. Just like in real life, in the plays there is no intention to necessarily punish the negative character with misfortune, and reward the positive character with happiness in the end.

The play has been called the playwright's sharpest and most decisive work; in particular, Dobrolyubov notes the integral and strong character of Katerina, for whom death is better than vegetation. However, there is nothing destructive or evil in her nature; on the contrary, she is full of love and creation. It is interesting to compare the heroine with a wide full-flowing river: violently and noisily breaking through any obstacles in its path. The publicist considers the escape of the heroine with Boris to be the best outcome.

The article does not mourn her death; on the contrary, death seems to be a liberation from the “dark kingdom”. This idea is confirmed by the last lines of the play itself: the husband, bending over the body of the dead, will cry out: “Good for you, Katya! And why did I stay in the world and suffer!

The significance of The Thunderstorm for Dobrolyubov lies in the fact that the playwright calls the Russian soul to a decisive cause.