Definition of verbs by tenses. Past Perfect or Past Perfect

A verb is a part of speech that denotes an action or state of an object.

During the night the weather became noisy, the river was agitated, and the torch burned out in the peasant's smoky hut. The children are asleep, the hostess is dozing, the husband is lying on the floor, the storm is blowing; suddenly he hears: someone is knocking on the window. (P.)

The words: knocking, howling, rustling, agitated, burned out, listening- indicate the actions of the subject. The words: sleeping, dozing, lying- indicate the state of the object. The verb answers the questions: /i>what does the object do? what is done with it? The student (what is he doing?) reads the story. The story (what is being done with it?) is read by the students.

Verb change.

A verb, denoting an action, can also indicate the time when the action is performed. The verb has three tenses: present, past and future.

I knock (present tense), knocked (past tense), I will knock, I will knock (future tense).

The verb has 3 persons (1st, 2nd, 3rd) and two numbers: singular and plural.

In the past tense, the verb has no special personal endings, and the person is expressed only by a personal pronoun.

For example: I knocked, you knocked, he knocked. In the past tense, the verb changes according to gender and number: brother knocked (masculine), sister knocked ( feminine), something was knocking (neuter), we were knocking (miozh. number).

Changing the verb according to persons, tenses and numbers is called conjugation.

Verbs can end with -sya or Verbs ending in t-cya (-s) are called recursive. after consonants and th used -sya, and after vowels -s: washes - washes, washed - washed, wash - wash, mine - wash, mine - wash, washed - washed.

The role of the verb in the sentence.

In a sentence, the verb is usually the predicate. The verb predicate denotes the action or state of the object that is the subject in this sentence, and agrees with the subject in number and person, and in the past tense - in number and gender.

We boldly rush to the enemy; after us, the red cavalry rushed into battle; the enemy hastily retreats.

We rush. Predicate rush agrees with the subject we in person and number.

The cavalry rushed off. Predicate rushed consistent with subject cavalry in gender and number.

Indefinite form or infinitive

The verb has a special form, which only names the action, in itself does not indicate either tense, or number, or person, and therefore is called the indefinite form, or infinitive; read, cherish, carry, come. The indefinite form of the verb answers the question: what to do? what to do?

The indefinite form of the verb ends in -ty, -ty: build, carry. There is a special group of verbs with an indefinite form in -who. For verbs in -whose stem in the present tense ends in G or to: I can-can, bake-bake, shore-protect. Here we find alternation G and to with sound h.

Letter b in an indefinite form is preserved in front of the particle -sya: build - build, protect - beware.

Note. The indefinite form of the verb is derived from the verbal noun. Therefore, she does not indicate the time and face. In our language, there are still several words that can be both nouns and verbs, for example: hot oven (n.), pies oven (vb.); big leak (n.), water stopped flowing (v.); old noble nobility (n.), I want to know a lot (v.).

Types of verbs.

Verbs can be imperfective and perfect look.

1. Imperfect verbs show an unfinished action or a repetitive action: work, shout, sleep, buy, take, throw, drop in.

Imperfective verbs form the future tense by means of an auxiliary verb: i Will work.

Note. About verbs denoting only a repetitive action, they say that they belong to the multiple type if there is a verb with a long meaning next to it: read (when reading), walk (poi walk), sit (when sitting).

2. Perfective verbs show the completeness of the action: buy, take, bring, leave, read, write.

Perfective verbs cannot have the present tense; the form of the present tense has for them the meaning of the future: I will buy, I will take, I will start, I will bring, I will leave, I will read, I will write, I will speak.

Note. About verbs of the perfect aspect, which denote an action that happened only once, they say that they refer to the one-time aspect. These are especially the verbs with the suffix -way, which keep it in the past tense: jump when jumping (cf. jumped), spit, when spitting (cf. spat), shout at shouting (cf. shouted).

The formation of verb types.

Most simple verbs are imperfective: carry, write, work. However, give, lie down, sit down, become, child, and a number of verbs ~it: buy, quit, finish, let go, forgive, decide, captivate, deprive, etc. will be perfect.

Note. Some simple verbs have both perfective and imperfective meanings: hurt, marry

This includes many verbs -to and -ovate: telegraph, organize, attack.

Compound verbs with prefixes in the vast majority of cases refer to the perfect form: bring, leave, read, sign, speak, sketch, throw. However, verbs are compound, formed from verbs carry, drive, carry, walk, run, fly, will be mostly imperfect. For example: bring, take away, bring in, enter, leave, etc.; take out, take out, take out, go out (but in & wear, take out, go out etc. will be perfect); to bring in, to demolish (but to bring in a shirt, to demolish boots, etc. will be perfect).

I. From almost every perfective verb, you can form an imperfective verb with the same meaning: give-give, start - start, bring - bring, etc.

The main way to form imperfective verbs from the corresponding perfective verbs is the suffix -yva or -two, and often the root o alternates with a, and the final root consonant in a number of verbs alternates according to: read-read, lubricate - lubricate, sign - sign, rise - rise, jump - bounce, push - push out, smooth - smooth, hang - hang, freeze - freeze, ask - ask, dung - manure, snuggle - snuggle, feed - to feed, accumulate - accumulate etc.

Another way to form imperfective verbs is to change the suffix -and- to suffix -I-(or -a- after hissing) with the same changes in the final root consonants as in the previous case: meet - meet, peel - peel, generate - generate, illuminate - illuminate, arrange - design, get ahead - get ahead, load - load, finish, finish, decide, decide, surround - surround etc.

The third way to form imperfective verbs is the suffix -a-, and the root e or I (a after hissing) often alternates with and: erase - erase, die - die, subtract - subtract, light - light, hush - hush, start - start.

2. The fourth way to form imperfective verbs is the suffix -va-, used when the root of the verb ends in a vowel: break-break, ripen-ripen, give (ladies) - give (give), find out (learn) - learn (learn).

Notes.

• 1. In some cases, a completely different verb serves as an imperfect aspect to a perfect aspect verb: take - take, say - speak, buy - buy, put - put, etc.
• 2. For some verbs, the imperfective aspect differs from the perfective aspect only in the place of stress: scatter (scatter) - scatter (scatter): cut (cut) - cut (cut); know (know) - know (know)

II. From simple verbs of the imperfective form, the perfective form is formed either by means of the suffix -well-(one-time verbs): jump - jump, shout - shout etc. or through the so-called "empty" prefixes that do not change the basic meaning of the word: o- (ob-), po-, s-, on-, etc.: to grow stronger - to get stronger, to please - to please, to destroy - to destroy, to do - to do, to write - to write, etc.

However, from most simple verbs of the imperfective form, the perfective form is not formed: bite, sit, sleep, lie down etc. This also includes verbs greet, attend, attend and some others.

The alternation of vowels in the formation of species.

Sometimes the formation of species is associated with the alternation of vowels in the root: die - die, lock up - lock up, throw away - throw away, ignite - ignite.

Table of alternation of vowels in the roots of the verb in the formation of species.

Verb tenses.

The present tense of the verb means that the action takes place simultaneously with the moment of speech, that is, when it is spoken about.

1. The wind walks on the sea and the boat drives. He runs himself in the waves on swollen sails. (P.) 2. And the caravans of ships sail under the scarlet flag from the midday seas along the concrete canal.

The present tense is also used to denote an action that is performed constantly, always. 1 The plant reaches for the light source. 2. A person breathes with lungs. 3. The northern shores of the USSR are washed by the waters of the Arctic Ocean.

The past tense means that the action happened before the moment of speaking. They defeated the chieftains, dispersed the governor, and in the Pacific Ocean they finished their campaign.

The future tense means that the action will take place after the moment of speaking. 1. And if the enemy wants to take away our living joy in a stubborn battle, then we will sing a battle song and stand with our chest for our Motherland. 2. We are enemies Soviet power we beat, we beat and we will beat.

Two stems of the verb.

There are two stems in the verb: the stem of the indefinite form and the stem of the present tense.

To highlight the basis of the indefinite form, it is necessary to discard the suffix from the verb of the indefinite form -ty, -ty, for example: write-ty carry.

The stem of the present tense is distinguished if the personal ending is discarded from the verb of the present tense or the future simple, for example: write-ut, carry-ut, say-ut.

All verb forms are formed from these two stems.

Changing verbs for persons and numbers.

Verbs in the present and future tense change in person and number.

The first person of the verb shows that the action is performed by the speaker himself: I work, I read, I study.

The second person of the verb shows that the action is performed by the one to whom the speaker is speaking: you work, you read, you study.

The third person of the verb shows that the action is performed by the one they are talking about: he, she works, reads, studies.

In plural all of these forms show that the action refers to more than one person: work (we), work (you), work (they).

Present tense.

Personal endings.

Verbs with endings: -eat (-eat), ~et (et), -eat (-eat), -ete (-ete) 3 -ut (-yut) are called verbs of the first conjugation.

Verbs with endings -ish, -yoke, -im, ~ite, -at, (-yat) are called verbs of the second conjugation.

At reflexive verbs a particle is added to the personal ending -sya (-s). I study, I study, I teach, I study, I teach, I study, well, I drink - I bathe, I bathe - I bathe, I bathe - I bathe,

Note. When conjugating some verbs, there is an alternation of consonants in front of personal endings: shore - you save (m - f); teku - you flow (k - n) - in the verbs of the first conjugation; I wear - you wear (w - s); I drive - you drive (w - h); I sit - you sit (w-d); twist - twist (h - t); sad? - you are sad (u - st): I love - you love (6l-"6); I catch - you catch (ate - in); sculpt - sculpt (pl - n); feed - feed (ml - m); graph - graph (fl - f) - in the verbs of the second conjugation.

Spelling of personal verb endings.

In the ending of the 2nd person singular of the verb after w a letter is written b: you carry, you give, you hurry, you stand.

The letter b is preserved in the 2nd person singular in those cases when a particle is attached to the end of the verb -ss-rushing, studying, swimming.

3. It is necessary to distinguish the indefinite form of verbs into - be 3rd person singular and plural present tense -tsya. It must be remembered that b written only in the indefinite form: he can(what to do?) work(indefinite form), but is he(what is he doing?) labors(3rd person).

Spelling of verbs of the first and second conjugations.

Verbs of the 1st and 2nd conjugation differ by ear if the stress falls on personal endings.

You go, you go, you go, you go, you go-1st conjugation.

Hurry, hurry, hurry, hurry, hurry-:2nd conjugation.

If the stress falls on the stem, then the personal endings of the verbs of the 1st and 2nd conjugations almost do not differ by ear. For example: stabbing - sawing, stabbing - sawing. In such cases, the conjugation of the verb is determined by its indefinite form.

Of the verbs with unstressed personal endings, the 2nd conjugation includes:

1. All verbs with unstressed personal endings that have an indefinite form in ~it, for example: build - build, build; love, love, love (except for the verb shave, shave, shave).

2. Seven verbs in -et: look, see, depend, hate, offend, endure, twirl.

3. Four verbs on -at: hear, breathe, hold, drive.

These verbs have no present tense suffixes in the 1st person of the singular -e-, -a-: look - look, see - see, breathe - breathe, hear - hear. Compare: blush - blush(verb of the 1st conjugation, suffix -e- is present in the base) and answer - answer(also of the 1st conjugation, with the suffix -o- in the base).

All other verbs with unstressed endings belong to the 1st conjugation.

Note. Prefixed verbs belong to the same conjugation as the non-prefixed verbs from which they are derived: sleep - sleep, endure - carry. (I. Utkin.)

Irregular verbs.

Verbs want and run are called heterogeneous. They are conjugated partly according to the 1st, partly according to the 2nd conjugation;

Singular Plural.

I want to run we want to run

do you want to run do you want to run

he wants / runs they want to run

Verbs are specially conjugated eat and give:

I eat ladies we eat we give

you eat give you eat give

he eats will give they eat will give

Verbs derived from these verbs are also conjugated: eat, eat, give out, give away, etc.

Note. In Old Russian, the auxiliary verb to be was also conjugated in a special way: I am, we are seme, you are, you are, he is, they are

In the modern literary language, only forms of the 3rd person have been preserved: there is less essence.

Past tense.

The verb in the past tense has no personal endings: I read, you read, he read (compare with present tense endings: I read, you read, he reads).

The verb in the past tense in the singular changes by gender: the ship has sailed, the boat has sailed, the ship has sailed.

AT masculine no generic ending, c. the feminine gender ending is -a, average -o: took, took-a, took-o.

In the plural, the past tense verb does not change by gender and has the ending -i. Compare: the students read-and - the students read-and.

The past tense is formed by adding the suffix -l to the stem of the indefinite form: run-t-bezyua-l, walk-t - walk-l, build-t - build-l. Before suffix -l the vowel that stands in an indefinite form before –t: see-saw, hear-heard.

In the masculine gender, after a consonant sound at the end of a word, the suffix -l drops out: crawled - crawled, carried, carried, carried - carried, wiped - wiped.

Reflexive verbs in the past tense have a particle at the end -sya or -s: took, took care: took, took care; took care of; took care of.

Notes.

• 1. For verbs ending in an indefinite form in -sti and -ch, the past tense is formed from the stem of the present tense, and the final t and d omitted: row - row-y - row, row ~ whether; cherish - shore - shore, shore-whether; stove - bake-y-pek, bake-shi; weave - weave-y - weave-l, weave-whether; lead - ved-at - ve-l, ve-li. For imperfective verbs with an indefinite form in -ku-t, the past tense is formed with the omission of the suffix -well-: soh-well-be - soh, soh-whether: cold-well, cold, cold-whether.
• 2. The change of the past tense verb by gender, and not by person, is explained by the origin of the past tense. It originated from a particular complex shape past tense, which was a combination of a verbal adjective (participle) with a suffix -l and the auxiliary verb to be. The verbal adjective changed by gender and number, and the auxiliary verb by person: did eat (i.e. I did) did thou (i.e. you did), did eat (i.e. he did), did eat (i.e. she did).

Later auxiliary verb be started skipping. The past tense began to be denoted by one word, i.e., a verbal adjective, which retained its generic endings.

verbal adjectives in -l in the Old Russian language could be not only short, but also complete. The remainder of the full are such adjectives as former (compare the verb was), mature (compare mature), skillful (compare skillful), etc.

Future tense

The future tense is simple and complex. For verbs of the perfective form, the future tense is simple: do - do, decide - decide. The future compound occurs in imperfective verbs: do - I will do, decide - I will decide.

The future simple consists of one word and has the same personal endings as the present tense: do, decide - do, decide; do, decide; will decide.

The future compound is formed from the future tense of the verb be and the indefinite form of the conjugated verb: I will do, I will decide. Verb be, with which the future tense is formed, is called in this case an auxiliary verb.

The use of tenses.

In our speech, we sometimes use one tense in the meaning of another.

1. The present tense is sometimes used in the sense of the past: the past is told as if it is now passing before one's eyes. This helps to visualize what is being said. I was returning home from the station last night, walking down a dark street. I'm in a hurry. Suddenly I see: at the nearest lantern something is getting dark.

2. The present tense is used in the meaning of the future. For greater liveliness, we speak of the future as if it were already taking place. Often I paint myself a picture of my future life: I finish school, enter a university, study in the winter, and in the summer I will certainly go on an excursion.

3. We use the future simple tense in the sense of the past when we talk about what has been repeated many times.

I remember that my old comrade would come to me in the evening, sit down beside me and begin to talk about his travels to the far north.

The future tense in the meaning of the past is also used in combination with the word happened. In winter, it used to be that on a dead night we would lay a daring troika ... (P.)

4. We use the future simple in the meaning of the past when we talk about something that happened unexpectedly. I went closer to the girl, and she screamed.

Impersonal verbs.

A special group of verbs are impersonal verbs.

Impersonal verbs mostly denote natural phenomena (darkness, freezing) or various states and experiences of a person (fever, unwell, I remember, I think).

In a sentence, impersonal verbs are predicates, but they represent an action without an actor. With them there is not and cannot be a subject.

Impersonal verbs do not change in persons and numbers. They have in the present and future tense only one form of the 3rd person singular, and in the past tense only the neuter form: evening - evening, dusk - dusk, fever - fever.

Note. Impersonal verbs like feverish, shivering, freezing, were once private. This was in those distant times, when people still did not know how to fight with nature, believed in the existence of supernatural forces, good and evil, and explained by the action of these mysterious forces both various natural phenomena and the human condition. When they spoke feverish, freezing they thought that both fever and frost were the effects of some special mysterious force, some supernatural being.

Transitive and intransitive verbs.

Verbs, according to their meaning and how they are connected in a sentence with other words, are divided into two groups: transitive and intransitive.

Transitive verbs denote an action that passes to another object, the name of which is in accusative no suggestion: I take (what?) a book, I see off (who?) my sister.

The rest of the verbs are intransitive: I lie down, I sleep, I walk, I run, I do (what?), I hope (for what?).

Notes.

• 1. Transitive verbs can be used in an intransitive sense. Then after them it is impossible to raise the question of whom? what? Compare: The boy draws a dog (the verb draws a transitive one) and Brother draws well (that is, he draws well in general, knows how to draw well; here the verb draws is used in an intransitive sense).
• 2. After transitive verbs with negation, not the name of the object on which the action passes, may not be in the accusative case, but in the genitive: read a book, but did not read books, saw mountains, but did not see mountains. In the genitive case, the name of the object is also in the event that the action of the transitive verb does not apply to the entire object, but to its part: he drank water (that is, part of the water), tried kvass, bought sugar. This is only possible with perfective verbs.

Meaning of reflexive verbs.

Reflexive verbs formed from any transitive verb are intransitive: raise (transitive) - rise (intransitive), wash (transitive) - wash (intransitive), meet (transitive) - meet (intransitive).

Note. There are some verbs that are not reflexive: I walk, I sleep, I drink. There are, on the contrary, such verbs that are used only as reflexive: afraid, laughing, admiring, working.

Particle -sya in reflexive verbs has several meanings. The most important of them are the following.

a) Particle -sya denotes only the intransitivity of the action, i.e., such an action that is not directed to any object: the dog bites, the horse rushes, the sea is rough, the fog rises.

b) Particle -sya gives the verb a proper reflexive meaning: it indicates that the action returns to the actor himself. Compare: bathe (whom?) the child and bathe (i.e., bathe oneself).

c) Particle -sya gives the verb a reciprocal meaning: it indicates that the action takes place between two or more actors or items. With these verbs, you can ask with whom? with what? For example: meet(with whom? - with a friend), fight, fight.

d) Particle -sya gives the verb a passive meaning .. With these verbs, you can ask questions by whom? how? For example: Rocks (subject) are eroded (with what?) by water. Compare: Water erodes rocks.

e) Particle -sya gives the verb an impersonal meaning. At the same time, she indicates that the action is performed as if by itself, in addition to someone else's will. These verbs can be used to ask questions. to whom? what? For example: can’t sleep (who?) to me (compare: he doesn’t sleep), he doesn’t feel like it, I think.

Note. Origin of verbs -sya. In the Old Russian language, after transitive verbs, a short form of wines could be used. pad. units h. reflexive pronoun sya (i.e., yourself). For example, bathe(i.e. wash yourself). Previously, sya was a separate member of the sentence and could stand in different places in the sentence, that is, in Old Russian one could say: I want to wash myself (I want to wash myself).

Later, the pronoun xia turned from an independent word into a particle, began to be used only after the verb, and, finally, merged with it into one word. At the same time, the verb became intransitive from transitive. ¦

Compare: wash (whom? or what?) and wash (yourself), dress (whom? or what?) and dress (yourself).

Inclinations.

The verb has three moods - indicative, subjunctive and imperative.

The indicative mood of the verb denotes an action that happened, is happening or will actually happen: I read - I read - I will read; read - read. The indicative mood has three tenses: present, past and future.

The subjunctive (or conditional) mood denotes an action that is possible or desirable. The subjunctive mood is formed from the past tense by adding a particle would: Would you come home early. If yesterday was good weather we would go boating.

The particle would be both after the verb and before it, and can also be separated from the verb in other words: If the best rider on the fastest horse rode along our borders, he would spend about two years on this unprecedented run in the world.

The imperative mood denotes an order, a command, as well as a request, a wish. Imperative verbs are used in the 2nd person singular and plural: carry - carry, work - work, cook - cook.

The formation of the imperative mood.

The imperative mood is formed from the basis of the present tense in two ways.

For some verbs, the ending is added to the basis of the present (future) tense -and: go-ut-go, sit-yat - sit, take out-ut-take out, scream-ut - shout.

In other verbs, the imperative mood is formed without an ending and is equal to the basis of the present tense. The stem of such verbs in the imperative mood ends:

1) to a soft consonant (in writing b): throw (kin-ut), drop (throw-yat), hit (hit-yat), cook (ready-yat);

2) to hissing (on a letter b): cut (dir-ut), hide (hide-ut), comfort (comfort-at);

3) on th; read, write, draw.

In the 2nd person plural. number is added ending -te: go-go, quit-quit, read-read, hide-hide.

The imperative mood from reflexive verbs in the code has a particle -sya or -s: Look after - look, look; look - look, look. Throw - throw, throw; rush - rush, rush. Drop it, drop it, drop it; throw - throw, throw.

Sometimes a particle is attached to the imperative -ka. This particle usually softens the order, gives it the character of a friendly address. Let's go and pick chestnuts in the garden. Come here

Note. To express the 1st person plural. numbers of the imperative mood, the usual forms of the 1st person plural are used. numbers of the present or future tense with imperative intonation: Let's go. We will decide. Let's sit down. These forms are also used with the ending -te: Let's go. Decide. Let's sit down. They then either indicate that the command is addressed to several persons, or denote a polite appeal to one person.

To express the 3rd person of the imperative mood, the usual form of the 3rd person is used in conjunction with particles let, let, yes: Long live the muses, long live the mind! (P.) Long live the sun, let the darkness hide! (P.) Let the face burn like the dawn in the morning.

Changing inclinations.

In Russian, one mood can be used in the meaning of another.

The imperative mood is often used in the meaning of the subjunctive mood and the union if. The subject can be in any number and person and usually comes after the predicate. If he had said earlier, everything could have been arranged. (Compare: If he had said earlier...) If we were five mules late, he would have left. (Compare: If we were five minutes late...)

In other cases, on the contrary, subjunctive has the meaning of the imperative mood. You should rest a little. Would you like someone to sing to us. Such turns express a request, advice, a polite offer.

Often in the meaning imperative mood the indefinite form of the verb is used. Be silent / Sit still! Keep quiet/ This use of the indefinite form expresses an insistent and strict command.

Verb suffixes.

From nouns, verbs are formed using suffixes -oe- (at), -ev- (at). In the present tense, these suffixes are replaced by suffixes -yes, -yu-: conversation-talk - talk, grief - grieve - grieve.

Verbs are formed from adjectives and nouns using the suffix -e-(t) (in the present, tense -e-yu): white - turn white - turn white (with the meaning of becoming white), gray-haired - gray-haired (with the meaning of becoming gray-haired), beast - grow wild - beast (with the meaning of become beast) or using the suffix -i-(t) (in the present tense - / o): white - whiten - whiten (with the meaning of making white), litter - litter-litter (with the meaning of making litter).

Verbs are also formed from nouns with the help of the suffix -a-(t): carpenter - carpentry; wise guy - to be smart (with a change to h).

Suffixes -ir-(at), -izir-(at) occur mostly with verbs of foreign origin: telegraph, register, agitate, collectivize, organize.

Spelling of verb suffixes.

To distinguish between unstressed suffixes -ov-(at), -ev-(at) from suffixes -yv-(at), -iv-(at), must form 1st person singular. numbers of the present (future) time.

If the verb is in the 1st person singular. present tense numbers ending in -yu-, -yuyu-, then й in an indefinite form, and in the past tense it is necessary to write -ovate (-oval), -evat (-eval): I advise, advised, advise; mourn, mourn, mourn.

If the verb is in the 1st person singular. the number of the present tense ends in -Ivayu, -ivayu-, then in an indefinite form ", and in the past tense it is necessary to write -yat (-yval), -yvat (-yval): show - show, showed; arrange - arrange, arrange

Notes.

• 1. This does not include several verbs that end in e-vayu, e-vat: I sow, I start, I put on, I warm, I sing, I overcome. In these verbs, the suffix is ​​-va-, and e belongs to the root. Compare sow and sow-ea-t, start and start-va-t, etc.
• 2. In addition, you need to remember the following verbs ending in -evayu, -evat, where e belongs to the suffix: eclipse - eclipse, get stuck - get stuck, intend - intend, overwhelm - overwhelm, exhort-exhort.

Particle spelling ns verbs

Negation not written separately with the verb.

The exception is those verbs that are not used without not. For example: resent, hate.

If verbs missing and lacking denote a lack of something, they are written together: My comrade lacks (i.e., he does not have) the ability to get down to business right away. He lacks (i.e., he does not have) endurance in his work.

Verb not enough- in the sense of not reaching anything - is written separately: The child does not reach the table with his hand:

Verb lacks- in the sense of not taking, it is written separately: Our dog barks at strangers, but no one is grabbed by the legs

verb tense expresses the relation of the action denoted by the verb to the time of its implementation. Forms stand out past, present and future tense.

In most cases, the use of forms of time is determined by the attitude to the moment of speech; this use of them is called absolute time.

In relatively rare cases, the starting point for the use of tenses is not the moment of speech, but other starting points, for example, the time of other actions reported in the speech. This is called the relative use of tenses. In additional (explanatory) clauses of a complex sentence, the tense of verbs is determined by the relation to the time of the action of the main part:

My brother said that he sent (sends, sends) the book I need.

The grammatical reference point of time here is the verb of the main part “reported”, in relation to which the action of the verb of the subordinate part is performed, is being performed or will be performed. “He wrote that he works”: the present tense of the verb “works” indicates the coincidence of the time of the action not with the moment of speech, but with the time of the action expressed by the verb “wrote”.

Imperfective verbs have all three forms of tense (I decide - I decided - I will decide).

Perfective verbs denoting actions limited by the limit, are used only in the past and future (simple) tense (I decided - I will decide), but they do not have a present tense.

Past tense denotes an action that precedes the moment of speech. It is formed by adding a formative suffix to the stem of the infinitive -l-: write - pi-sa-l, chita-t - read-l, kol-t - kol-l.
When forming forms of the past tense, some features are observed:

If the basis of the past tense ends in r, k, x, z, s, b, then when forming a verb male the suffix -l- drops out: guarded, baked, dried, carried, carried, rowed, but remains in the feminine and neuter gender, as well as in the plural: guarded, baked, dried, carried, carried, guarded.

Verbs for - heret in the past tense lose the second in full vowel combination e, and in the masculine gender they do not have the suffix -l-: erase - erased, die - died.

Verb go and derivatives from it form the past tense from another basis - shed - with the loss of the root d: walked, walked, walked, came, came, came.

The past tense allows the verb to change in numbers. In its turn, singular can easily be inclined by birth. It should also be noted that verbs in the past tense in the plural do not change by person.

Verbs in the form present time denote an action that is happening at the moment of speaking, for example: I am looking for a meeting with you. Verbs in the present tense change in person and number.

From verbs perfect look forms of the present tense are not formed: the concept of completeness, effectiveness, characteristic of perfective verbs, is incompatible with the concept of the present tense.

Only verbs have present tense forms imperfect form . These forms are formed with the help of personal endings, depending on whether the verb belongs to I or II conjugation.

I conjugations: -u (-u), -eat, -et, -eat, -ete, -ut (-yut)
II conjugations: -u (-u), -ish, -it, -im, -ite, -at (-yat)

An example of a verb I conjugation:

1st person → I am walking, we are walking
2nd person → you walk, you walk
3rd person → he walks, they walk

An example of a verb II conjugation:

1st person → I drive, we drive
2nd person → you carry, you carry
3rd person → he carries, they carry

The present tense has the following meanings:

shows that the action expressed by the verb coincides with the moment of speech: the Caucasus is under me. Again, solemnly and wisely, an old coniferous forest rustles over me (V. Belov);

denotes action permanent, timeless; The earth revolves around the sun.; In communicating vessels, the surface of the liquid is set at the same level.;

denotes an action that passes into a property. Compare: a boy reads a book and student Petrov reads Pushkin well; birds fly in the garden and swallows fly faster than sparrows.

is used instead of the past to give liveliness to the story and make the reader (listener) as if a witness to the event depicted: I was walking down the street yesterday and I see. This is the so-called real narrative (picturesque, historical);

The present tense is used in the sense of the future, if we are talking about an action that must certainly take place; Tomorrow I pass the last exam and leave to rest. The use of the present tense in this function is usually characteristic of verbs of motion - to run, to go, to go. Sometimes the forms of the present tense convey the picture imaginary by the author: One more day of this accursed hell - and here you have a hungry winter, typhus, cattle are falling, children are dying (A. N. Tolstoy).

Future tense denotes an action (process) forthcoming or subsequent in relation to the moment of speech. It has two forms: synthetic (simple) and analytical (complex). These forms differ from each other both in their structure and in their meaning.

The synthetic form is characteristic of perfective verbs (I will write, I will tell, I will read), the analytical form is characteristic of imperfective verbs (I will write, I will tell, I will read).

The future tense of the analytical form is formed from the personal forms of the future tense of the verb be and infinitive (necessarily imperfect form). Acting as a service component, an auxiliary verb be forms with infinitive one grammatical form.

The future compound always denotes an unlimited, limitless action that will take place after the moment of speech and cannot be used in the meaning of another tense: We will continue to consistently defend the cause of peace.

The form of the future tense from perfective verbs is simple: it coincides with the present tense form of imperfective verbs: read, read, read, read, read, read; build, build, build, build, build.

The future of the synthetic form (from perfective verbs) has a variety of meanings:

its main meaning is the expression of upcoming (future) actions that have a limit, completeness: We will get everything, understand and open: the cold pole and the blue vault (V. Lebedev-Kumach);

denotes an action that turns into a property: Whatever task you give him, he will definitely solve (it is impossible to say solves or solved). The future tense in this sense is often used in proverbs: Tell the truth - the truth will help out. On a crooked road you will break your legs.

denotes a repeated action (in descriptions next to the present):
A storm covers the sky with darkness (present tense),
Whirlwinds of snow twisting,
Like a beast she will howl
That will cry like a child (A. Pushkin);

with negation does not mean the impossibility of action in the present: will not read quickly (cannot read quickly), will not say simply (cannot say simply), will not see at a distance (cannot see at a distance);

used in the meaning of the past tense: During the day she mostly dozed off. He sits in an armchair in front of the table ... and takes a nap (present tense). Then he shudders, wakes up, looks out the window and for a long time, without any conscious thought, does not take his (present tense) eyes off the endless distance (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin).

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Good afternoon, dear student! With my students, we began to study, perhaps, one of the most difficult topics in the Russian language - verbs and their tenses. The fact is that in some languages ​​of the world there are only a few times, in Russian there are 3 of them - this is the past tense, present and future. In order to correctly understand and use them in our speech and writing, we will consider all three tenses in more detail.

present tense

Present tense verbs in Russian answer the question: what is he doing? For example,

Katia in a hurry Kate is in hurry on her way to work.

What is Katya doing? - in a hurry - she is now, at the moment in a hurry, which means that the present time.

Every week parents are going to the dacha Every week parents go to dacha.

What are the parents doing? - go, every week shows us that the action takes place regularly, that is, in the present tense. Please always pay attention to keywords , they can serve as a clue to you what time to use at one time or another.

In the present tense, the endings in the conjugation depend on their conjugation. If you have forgotten what conjugation is and whether it is worth learning, I recommend reading this topic. It will help you understand the difficulties in using present tense verbs.

Future tense

What will you do? What do we do? What will we do? What will you do? For example:

When will holiday, I I will go to Moscow I will go to Moscow, when the holidays will come.

What will the holidays do? - they will begin, they have not yet begun, this time has not come, which means that we understand that the conversation is about the future tense.

What will I do? - I will go, the person is not going anywhere yet, but he is already planning his trip to Moscow, which means we are talking about the future tense.

In Russian, the future tense is of two types, you can find, for example, such a verb:

I draw this picture and I will give Mom I will draw this picture and will present it to my Mom. What will I do? - draw, give

But you can also see this phrase, and it will also be in the future tense:

I am going to draw this picture tomorrow and will present it to my Mom.

What will I do? - I will draw, the action did not happen, he plans to do it, therefore this is the future tense.

But how then to figure out which form should be used in a particular case? The fact is that the verbs of the future tense are simple and complex. Simple verbs in the future are formed from perfective verbs (which answer the questions what will I do? What will you do?)

I'll make up, I'll clean, I'll take it, I'll tell you, I'll sing- they all answer questions of the perfect kind. Where feature to help you remember this form is to add the letter -c at the beginning of the question:

What will I do? I will remove

Compound future tense verbs are formed from imperfective verbs with the help of the verb be+ infinitive or initial form verb - this is the form that is in the dictionary, open the Russian dictionary and you will see that the verb: I guessed it is in the form of an infinitive: guess.

Let's look at examples with compound verbs:

Ivan is going to watch a serial every day, as he is planning to pass the Russian language exam.

Verb " be", in turn, changes according to faces:

I will (paint)
You will (paint)
They will (paint)
He/She will (paint)
We will (paint)
You will (paint)

Verbs in the future tense change for person and number, but genus cannot be determined in the future!
There are a number of verbs that do not form the 1st person singular form. Here are some of them:

To win
To convince
To feel
To find oneself in

When they are used, the word completely changes in the future tense, for example:

I will find myself in..
I want to make sure I want to convince
I will be the winner [Ya stanu pabeditelem] I will be the winner

Past tense

Basically, past tense verbs are formed from the indefinite form of the verb (which is in the dictionary) and the addition of the suffix -l, for example:

clean - clean L(what did you do?) to clean - was cleaning

Watch - see L(what did you do?) to look - looked

Knowing this rule, you will already have a hint and you will be able to form the past tense verb without any problems. Depending on the gender, one or another ending may appear at the end:

He looked- she looked- they looked

But there are verbs that are formed in the past form not according to this rule, for example, without adding the suffix -l in the masculine gender:

Carry - carried (masculine, past tense) to carry - was carrying, but in other forms of the genus: carried, carried they were carying, she was carrying.

When there is an alternation in a word (when letters interchange each other), for example, when forming past form letters h / / g, h / / k can alternate in those verbs that end in -ch:

stereo whose- guarded (masculine, past tense: what did you do?) to watch over - was watching over, but in the feminine and plural, an ending is added depending on the person: guarded, guarded she was watching over, they were watching over.

Remember, please, that with past tense verbs we cannot determine the person, only gender and number.

In fact, the article is planned even a little wider: I will tell you how to accurately recognize the aspect tense and voice of a verb in a sentence.

Any form of the verb English language described in 3-4 words that express time, view and pledge . For example:

Present Simple Active
Past Perfect Continuous passive

To correctly determine the form of the verb, use the diagram above. In addition, it is recommended to read the articles: and.

At school, they usually talk about 12 / 16 / 26 (underline as appropriate) “English language times” ... However, in fact, this temporary forms verb. There are three tenses in English. Like ours: Past (Past), Present (Present) and Future (Future).

* Strictly speaking, there are two grammatical tenses in English, but today's article is not about that. If you are interested in discussing this, write comments or take a look at.

• Times Past: verbs did, was, were, had or any verb in the second form (V2, Ved).
• Present Time Indicators: verbs do, does, am, is, are, have, has or any verb in the first form (V1, Vs).
• Future times: will.

** would, could, might belong to a special group: .

Step 2: Define the View

It's a little more complicated here. Conventions: V1 - the first form of the verb, V2 - the second form of the verb, V3 - the third form of the verb, Ving - the verb with the ending -ing.

• Simple: the sentence contains only V1, V2 or will + V1.
• Continuous: corresponds to the structure to be + Ving.
• perfect: corresponds to the structure to have + V3.
• Perfect Continuous: matches the structure: to have + been + Ving

The above forms are characteristic of the active voice. Go to step 3 to reveal the passive voice.

Step 3: determine the deposit

Structures for the active voice are written above. Passive voice formula: to be + V3. You can try to determine the pledge without formulas. In the case of the passive voice, an action is performed on the object, and not the object itself performs it.

• Simple Passive: am/is/are/was/were/will be + V3
• Continuous Passive: being+V3.
• Perfect Passive: have/has/had/will have + been + V3.
• Perfect Continuous Passive: not used.

Practicing and learning with examples

1) I don't eat much ice cream. — Present Simple Active, because contains do + V1.
2) I was sleeping in the tent yesterday at 12 o'clock. — Past Continuous Active, because contains was + Ving.
3) The shop was being visited yesterday at 12 o'clock. — Past Continuous Passive, because contains was + being + V3.
4) What have you been doing? — Present Perfect Continuous Active, because contains have + been + Ving.
5) The missing kids have been found. — Present Perfect Passive, because contains have + been + V3.
6) They will be swimming tomorrow at 7 o'clock. — Future Continuous Active, because contains will + be + Ving.

I tried to cover everything difficult cases. Pay special attention to examples 4 and 5. If something does not fit into the scope of this article, and you still cannot determine the tense of the verb in English, then either you misunderstood something, or you came across: an infinitive, participle, or gerund.

How to determine the past tense of a verb? Answer to question asked you get from the submitted article. In addition, we will tell you about how the past tense of a verb is formed in English.

General information about verbs

Before you talk about what the past tense of a verb is, you should find out what it is in general.

A verb is a part of speech denoting the state or action of an object, as well as answering the questions “what to do?” or “what to do?”. It should be specially noted that they change according to inclinations, they are transitive and intransitive, they can refer to the perfect or imperfect form.

Verb tenses in Russian

This part of speech can be put in the following tenses:

• the present;
• future;
• past.

Past tense of the verb

The part of speech that stands in shows that this or that action has taken place up to the present moment. However, when describing past situations or events in life, the present is often used instead of the past tense.

How to form a verb in the past tense? We find out together

The past tense of a verb in Russian is formed from the initial form (that is, the infinitive) by adding the suffix -l- (ran, wanted, talked, helped, etc.). However, this rule has exceptions. So, verbs that are in an indefinite form, an imperfect form and ending in -thread, -ty or -ch, are converted into the past tense (in the masculine singular) without using the aforementioned suffix (cut - strig, etc.).

Do verbs in the past tense change?

The past tense of the verb makes it possible for the given to change in numbers. In turn, the singular can easily be declined by gender. It should also be noted that verbs in the past tense in the plural do not change by person.

Past tense verb forms by meaning

Verbs in the past tense can have perfect and aoristic meanings (only the perfect form). Let's consider them in more detail:

Verbs in the past tense can have the following grammatical meanings (only imperfective):

• An unlimited single specific action that was performed before the moment of speech. For example: Times under New Year girls guessed.
• An action that is repeated all the time until the moment of speech. For example: Annushka clasped her hands each time, and her eyes lit up with delight.
• An action that is constantly happening. For example: Impenetrable forests stretched almost to the river itself.
• generalized fact. For example: Someone asked you.

Past tense: English verbs

As mentioned above, the past tense is the form of the verb, indicating an action that has already been taken. In English, this change of words is called "Past Tenses". It should also be noted that such time differs in duration and quality. In other words, in English there is a simple past tense called "Past Simple", a long past tense called "Past Continuous", and a past perfect called "Past Perfect". Let's consider each of the forms in more detail.

past simple

Such a tense expresses absolutely any action that took place in the past. Past Simple is formed quite simply: if the word refers to irregular verb, then for this you need to take its second form from the table. In the event that the verb is correct, then it is added to it. If it is necessary to raise a question, then the auxiliary word did should be used.

By the way, the past tense of the verb to be has 2 conjugations, namely were and was. As a rule, were is used together with nouns only in the plural, and was in the singular. In this case, with the pronoun you (translated as you or you), only were must be used.

Past continuous

This form differs from the previous one in that in this case the action of the past is shown in the process. As a cheat sheet, it is recommended to remember that the presented verb will have imperfect species. It should also be noted that for the formation of Past Continuous, only knowledge of the following forms of the verb to be is required: were and was.

Past Perfect or Past Perfect

For the formation of such a time, an ideal knowledge of all forms and correct ones will be required). It should also be noted that for the Past Perfect, it is imperative to have. By the way, the past tense is of the following form: had.

It should also be noted that the Past Perfect also includes such time as the Past Perfect Continuous, which has the following Russian meaning: past perfect tense. For its formation, it is necessary to use to be, which should be put in the form of the Past Perfect tense, that is, had been.

Summing up

Knowing the basics of the formation of past tense verbs in Russian and English, you can not only correctly deliver speech during personal communication with foreigners or your compatriots, but also write a competent letter to them.