Methods and techniques for sculpting various objects, depending on the characteristics of the development of children. Clay sculpting methods

Let's make a reservation right away - by plasticine in this article we mean all types of plastic materials for children's creativity, whether it be modeling dough, clay and any other variety. Due to the variety of materials, parents often get confused and do not know what exactly their child needs. We will try to understand all varieties of plastic materials.

Sculpting, motor skills and child development

Any child from the very early age need to be creative. Thus, the baby establishes contact with the world around him, learns it and learns to express his feelings and thoughts. This process cannot be underestimated.

As a rule, the first attempts at self-expression of the child are manifested in games and attempts to draw. Also, from a certain age, the baby begins to need the development of motor skills. Tactile contact is another way of knowing the world. Moreover, it is closely related to common development child - often lagging babies have certain problems with fine motor skills.

For the full development of the child, it is necessary to give him the opportunity to create something with his own hands. Modeling is ideal as a way to engage a child's tactile senses and fine motor skills.

Varieties of materials for modeling

All varieties of conditional "plasticine" found on sale can be divided into 10 positions. Let's consider each of them in detail.

1. Plasticine of domestic production

Classic plasticine familiar to all of us since childhood. It is available and ubiquitous. Durable enough - you can play with crafts from it for a long time without fear that they will fall apart. Due to its properties, individual elements are easily interconnected, forming a stable composition.

However, classic plasticine has a lot of well-known disadvantages. First of all, it is very solid. A small child will not be able to work with it right away, as the parent must first soften the material, for example, with warm water. For the same reason, it is very difficult to clean dirt from classic plasticine. In addition, we all remember its dull and unremarkable color.

Ordinary plasticine is not suitable for the first modeling experiments, as it is not malleable enough and has a composition that is not recommended for babies. This material can be used from 3 years of age.

2. Plasticine of foreign production

Imported plasticine differs from domestic plasticine in exceptional softness and brightness, which is given to it by natural dyes. It does not stain hands and clothes and is easy to clean. Due to its malleable texture and botanical composition, it is recommended for very young children. A striking and well-known example is Play-Doh.

The disadvantages of imported plasticine are its softness. Crafts are not very durable and fall apart easily. Separate parts do not fit together well.

3. Clay

Clay is soft and pleasant to the touch. It perfectly retains its shape, so crafts can be stored for an unlimited time. This is an inexpensive and affordable material, which, moreover, can be painted.

Cons of clay - any craft requires drying. In addition, drying takes a certain time, during which Small child may lose interest in a newly made toy.

4. Modeling paste

Modeling paste gives a pleasant tactile sensation and resembles clay. However, it does not need to be dried, as it hardens upon contact with air. And, just like clay crafts, pasta crafts can be painted.

Various parts from modeling paste do not stick together, and since the paste dries quickly, the craft may not have time to finish. The material is definitely not suitable for small children.

5. Dough

Popular material, characterized by its softness and suppleness. Absolutely safe - the composition includes flour, salt and water. Sometimes - colored food coloring, if there is no goal to subsequently color the craft. Does not stick to hands, individual parts are easily glued together. The finished product can be saved for memory. The dough is available, it is quite possible to make it at home.

Crafts from the test dry within 12 hours. In addition, they soak when in contact with water.

6. Ball plasticine

Ball plasticine is an excellent material for development fine motor skills. It does not stick to hands and has bright, juicy colors. Most often, this material is used for decorating (gluing) molds, figurines, and especially children's crafts, as it perfectly hides irregularities and flaws in products.

Unfortunately, ball plasticine is recommended only for children who have reached the age of 3 years. At the same time, parents in any case should monitor children working with this material. Crafts from ball plasticine dry for about a day, retaining fragility even after drying. It is difficult to play with such crafts.

Floating plasticine is very soft and pliable, so kids most often work with it. Does not stain clothes and is easy to clean from work surfaces. Stays on the water.

However, working with floating clay is the most elementary level of modeling. This material crumbles easily, and parts from it are poorly connected to each other.

8. Wax clay

Wax plasticine is exceptionally soft and sticks together perfectly. At the same time, crafts from it long time keep their shape. Colors tend to be bright and saturated. Leaves no residue on work area or clothing.

When choosing wax clay, remember that it is suitable for sculpting only the simplest crafts. It is necessary to purchase only those sets in which each piece of plasticine is individually packaged, since the material sticks together easily.

9. Mass for modeling

Modeling mass is one of the most popular and practical materials for children's creativity. It is very soft and plastic, does not stick to hands and surrounding objects. At the same time, finished crafts dry out in 8 hours, after which they can be played for a long time. A curious feature of the material is that up to 12 hours from the moment of contact with air, it can retain plasticity. Even if 8 hours have passed, the craft can be sprinkled with water and the flaws corrected.

With all the advantages, the mass for modeling is quite expensive.

10. Home Sandbox: Kinetic, Living Rainbow Sand

Kinetic sand is famous for its therapeutic effect, which relieves stress in both children and adults. It perfectly develops imagination and fine motor skills. In addition, the baby always has its own small sandbox at hand, regardless of the weather and season. Kinetic sand can have different colors.

The downside of kinetic sand is that you can’t leave a child alone with it. Sand sticks to the hands and, accordingly, can get into the eyes. It is also necessary to lay an oilcloth under the home sandbox, as the sand gets outside it.

Expert opinion

“Choosing the right material for modeling and developing fine motor skills, you need to proceed, first of all, from the age of the baby. It is very important to choose the kind of material that will be safe for the child and will help him develop his abilities.

Specialist of the online store "Daughters and Sons"
Leonovich Julia

findings

Commercially available modeling materials are able to satisfy any wishes of children and their parents. The choice is really impressive, and by understanding all the options better, you can always find the material that suits your child.

Pies can bake very quickly. The secret of how to sculpt pies is very simple - ready-made dough, ready-made filling, 5-8 minutes and you are a chef accepting congratulations. As a ready-made filling, jam, jam, boiled condensed milk, chopped ham, cheese, cheese, boiled potatoes, sausages or sausages - any products that have already undergone heat treatment. Pies with fresh berries and fruits, vegetables or minced meat usually take longer to cook. With one single exception - deep-fried pasties made from thin puff pastry. Raw minced meat is put into chebureks and they are cooked in hot oil in a matter of minutes. But that is a topic for a completely different article.

We will consider several ways, equally simple to implement, but with different time costs. Not always big expenses on time give the most beautiful result. Spectacular puff pastry triangles are cooked for 10 minutes, of which 3 are spent on cutting the dough, the rest of the time you watch the pies through the oven window.

Simple pies on kefir

The easiest option for hearty kefir pies with meat, potato or onion filling. If you don’t even have a semi-finished dough, but have a glass of kefir, flour, an egg, vegetable oil and a little soda, you can already make the simplest kefir pies without yeast. As a filling, boiled potatoes are suitable, fried onion, chopped greens, an egg or a mixture of all of the above components.

Tip: any meat filling recipe wins with ham and cheese.

Cooking time for kefir pies is about 20-40 minutes, depending on the roasting method and the number of pies.

How to make the simplest dough

Mix kefir, egg, a couple of three spoons vegetable oil and add flour until you get a viscous light dough. At the end, add about a quarter teaspoon of soda and mix again. You don’t need to make special frills and weaves from a viscous kefir dough - everything will blur. For simple pies, the simplest elongated shape is optimal. Kefir in this case is the conventional name for a liquid lactic acid product. You can cook on ayran, curdled milk, fermented baked milk, yogurt. The presence of live lactic acid bacteria is important, which ensures the rise and fluffiness of the dough.

How to sculpt kefir pies

• Gather the finished dough into a ball directly in the container in which you mixed it, transfer it to a board sprinkled with flour and make a sausage uniform along the entire length.
• Cut equal pieces from the sausage and roll or knead with your hands into a round cake.
• Place the filling right in the middle. Toppings can be put without regret. The norm of the filling for a hearty pie is a tablespoon with a slide.
• Bring the opposite edges of the cake together and pinch. This will make the cake even. Finish the seam, you don’t have to worry too much about neatness. It is important that the filling is inside and does not fall out.
• Flip the patty seam side down and let rest while you prepare the rest of the patties.
• Meanwhile, preheat the oven to 150 degrees. Grease a baking sheet with oil, put the pies on a baking sheet and bake at 180 degrees for 15 minutes.

Kefir pies do not even have to be cooked in the oven. They can be fried on both sides in a frying pan in oil. Fried pies are especially delicious immediately after cooking.

Yeasted or yeast-free pie dough

There is a difference in temperature conditions and baking time for yeast and yeast-free dough. Yeast-free dough can be safely placed in a preheated oven as much as possible without the slightest damage to the quality of the final product.

Yeast dough constantly needs time to “rest”. The dough is rolled out - let it rest for half an hour. The pies are molded - let them rest. Transferred to a baking sheet - rest again. If the dough is not allowed to rest, it will be “naughty” and the pies will turn out to be completely “not like that”. Yeast dough is placed in the oven, heated to a maximum of 120-150 degrees. Otherwise, it will not have time to rise. As you understand, yeast pies require a lot of attention.

Is the form of the test important?

The shape of the dough and the way the patties are made are actually very important for palatability. The dough is baked in different ways, the filling is kept inside or creeps out onto a golden crust. Everyone in childhood wondered why a puff is tastier than a regular bun and why a sausage in a dough is tastier if the dough is wound in a strip? Indeed, when winding a strip of dough, the contact of the meat filling and the bun increases, the strip is better saturated with aroma.

Sausages in dough

If you are cooking sausages or sausages in the dough, wind the dough with a spiral strip, twisting it slightly. This applies to both puff and yeast dough. Twisting will prevent the dough from rising too much. A huge bun with a sausage lost in the depths is not very attractive.
Cooking sausages in dough from ready-made puff pastry takes about 15-25 minutes.

Puff pastry triangles

The most economical way to sculpt pies from ready-made puff pastry is triangles. Pros - no trimmings, maximum cooking speed, some elegance appearance. Elegance and beauty can be easily enhanced with cuts and notches that allow puff pastry to open up magnificently in notched places.

Tip: make incisions of a simple shape - you can't go wrong.

How to make puff pastry pies:

• Defrost puff pastry and roll out with a rolling pin. It is more convenient to immediately roll out a layer of dough than each square in turn. If there is no rolling pin, any smooth glass bottle will do.
• Cut the dough into squares or rectangles. Perfect accuracy is not needed, it is not necessary to measure the sides of the square with a ruler.
• In the middle of each square, put the filling - cheese, ham, cottage cheese or just a spoonful of jam.
• Fold the triangle in half and lightly pinch the edges. You don't need to pinch the edges of the puff pastry.
• Apply a notch to the triangles, which will give the baking originality. Put on a baking sheet and send to the oven. Cooking time in a preheated oven is about 7-10 minutes.

How to make square pies

Square pies can be sculpted from puff yeast and yeast-free, plain or shortcrust pastry. Any dense dough makes excellent square envelopes. The main requirement for the filling of square pies is that it should be dense enough, not spread or crumble.

• Roll out and cut the dough into squares, as in the previous recipe.
• Put the filling in the middle, preferably rolled into a ball.
• Raise the edges of the square and pin at the top.

Before baking, grease the pies with butter or a beaten egg - you get a delicious crust.

The pinching often diverges, and the patty opens. It is important that the pie looks appetizing even when opened. The requirements for the filling are due precisely to this property.

The same method looks good on large meat pies. Pinching up allows you to put a lot of filling into the cake. A pie with chicken or fish is best sculpted in this way.

Large pies are baked for a long time, at least 20-30 minutes.

How to make pies like croissants

An ordinary croissant is molded quite simply. A triangle of puff pastry is rolled up like a tube around the hypotenuse - the longest side. Let's consider other, more intricate options that do not require significant effort.

Notched bagel

A rectangular or rounded piece of puff pastry is cut halfway with noodles. This can be done with scissors, a knife, a pizza roller.
In the uncut half, wrap the filling and twist to the end. The resulting notched bagel can be bent in an arc or circle.

Variant of the puff croissant in the shape of the sun

Artek butter pies can be molded with minimal time. Put a piece of butter on a rounded puff pastry. You can sprinkle with sugar, cinnamon, grated poppy seeds or put curd filling.
Fold the circle in half, preferably slightly uneven, so that one half protrudes more. Make several rays - cuts and slightly expand the resulting pie. Such pies are baked almost instantly - in 7-10 minutes.

How to make a rose shaped pie

For the base, you need a dense and elastic dough. Can be puff. As initial form you can take a circle or a square. Make a notch, not reaching the middle, put the filling in the center and wrap it with dough petals, stretching and arching the shape. Form a rosette, brush with oil and bake at 180 degrees until done. Readiness can be checked with a toothpick - if the toothpick with which you pierced the pie is dry, without traces of dough, you're done.
For a beautiful result, experience and skill are required. If you went to art school- you will definitely succeed.

envelope

Making a rose is not for everyone. Now we will show how to sculpt pies that will be received by the household with a bang and surpass any options in terms of ease of manufacture.

Cut the puff pastry into a triangle. Place a little jam, marmalade, or other filling in the center of each triangle. A piece of cheese or a spoonful of cottage cheese is a great option. Bend the sharp corners of the triangle overlap. Ready! No need to pinch, sculpt. This is the easiest way to sculpt pies without any effort at all.
The result is quite presentable and original. If you put cheese, ham, a slice of tomato inside, and sprinkle coarsely ground pepper on top, you get an amazing mini pizza.

Many people think that secret knowledge how to sculpt pies is transmitted exclusively from a caring mother or grandmother. Making pies was a sacred act and took the whole evening. Pies, loaves, buns, puffs were baked for holidays and celebrations. Meanwhile, pies are great food on the road. Good pies usually keep fresh for as long as 3 days. The filling inside the shell of the dough does not dry out and does not crumble. With the help of a supply of pies, you can provide tasty and nutritious food, for example, in the country or on a hike. If the pies are the same size, there is no problem with the distribution of portions.

A man who knows how to cook pies is valued by ladies worth its weight in gold. A basket of croissants, the preparation of which will take at least half an hour, can break any impregnable beauty.

Making pies is easy, especially if you use store-bought dough. The original additions of pies look especially appetizing. Curiosity is one of strengths a person, and a pie is always a mystery.

Sculpting methods:

1.sculptural way. The child presents a conceived image, takes a piece of clay or plasticine that is suitable in color and size, and kneads it. He remembers the most general outlines of the image and tries to give the material the same shape.

2.constructive way. The image is created from separate parts, like a constructor.

The child conceives an image, imagines what parts it consists of, and begins to sculpt.

3.Combined method. Combines two methods - constructive and sculptural. Large parts are made in a sculptural way, and small ones in a constructive way.

4.Modular molding. Using this method, you can very quickly and easily create any image from several or many identical parts - modules.

5.Modeling on the form. Sometimes ready-made durable forms (jars, bottles, boxes, etc.) are used for modeling. They serve as a solid and comfortable base and help to avoid unnecessary work.

Children begin to master modeling methods from a young age under the guidance of a teacher with the simplest techniques: tearing off, rolling, connecting, flattening a spherical shape between the palms, sculpting simple objects (balls, sticks).

Basic modeling techniques:

Before you start modeling from, you should learn its basic techniques, such as rolling, rolling, flattening, pinching, pulling and smoothing, etc. Mastering them will help create the necessary shapes and give the figures the appropriate position.

rolling down . Put a piece of plasticine between the palms, press a little and perform circular movements to make a ball. The ball must be rotated periodically so that it becomes round.

rolling . Allows you to turn a plasticine ball into an egg or a cylinder. Roll up the ball and transform it into a cylinder with straight hand movements. The egg will turn out if you put your hands obliquely relative to each other and roll out.

flattening . To get a cake or a disk, first roll the ball, then squeeze it strongly between the palms, or press it against the table with the palm of your hand.

Topping . Gives a certain texture to the surface of the product, which is necessary when making small details on a large model. To do this, they grab a little plasticine with joined fingers and release it, giving it the desired shape.

Pullback. It is similar to the previous technique, but after the plasticine is captured, it is pulled back and a new element or part is formed.

smoothing down. It is used to create a smooth transition from one part to another when connecting and for rounding. It is performed with fingers or a stack. At the same time, you can remove excess plasticine.

Cutting . Dividing the bar with a stack or cutter into separate pieces.

Compound . Attaching and gently pressing parts to each other. In this case, it is necessary to measure the force and prevent deformation of the parts.

Practical skills is the knowledge of practical work techniques. Children acquire practical skills through the development of various techniques and methods of modeling: rolling, rolling, flattening, indentation, pulling off small parts and details of the image; modeling in parts and from a whole piece. Mastering the technique of modeling contributes to the development of hand movements. Thanks to this, children get the opportunity to convey more subtle features of the shape of the object (bulges, indentations). Studies show that motor functions form the basis for the formation of ideas about the form, size, space.

Materials knowledge children get when using various materials in modeling: different types of clay, plasticine, gypsum. They learn about the properties of these materials, compare them, analyze them. Knowledge of properties is necessary for the development of technological skills. essence technological skills consists in the correct selection of techniques, methods and tools for processing certain materials, methods for their decorative processing.

In modeling classes, a child must clearly learn to understand the sequence of making a product, whether it is a folk toy or a decorative souvenir, or a sculptural work. The child must understand that each operation in the manufacture has its place: first, the process of creating and refining the form takes place, then elaboration and decoration.

Object modeling

Story modeling

Decorative molding in kindergarten.

Constructive- the simplest of them. The object is molded from separate parts. For example, a bird: first, the body, head, stand are molded, and then all parts are connected and give the figure characteristic features. Children use the constructive method of modeling in junior group kindergarten. This method will be used in all age groups, but the number of parts increases, and the methods of connecting parts become more complicated.

Plastic-

Combined-

Basic modeling techniques

Sculpting techniques

Description

Pinching off

flattening

Squeezing a piece to flatten it. A small piece is flattened with two fingers - thumb and forefinger. The middle piece is pressed down with the palm of your hand and a flat surface.

rolling down

indentation

sharpening

rolling

Compound

Topping

Literature.

5. Miloserdova N.E. Teaching preschoolers the technique of modeling. M.: TsPO, 2008

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"Basic methods and techniques in modeling in different age groups"

Basic methods and techniques in modeling in different age groups

Modeling is necessary for the development of sensations, perceptions and visual representations in children. It is believed that vision is the leading one in the cognition of objects of the real world, but at the first stages of the formation of an image in children, the support for vision is the touch of an object.

THEM. Sechenov noted that “hands determine the bodily shape of objects differently than eyes, and determine it more fully due to the fact that we can apply the palms of our hands to the side surfaces of objects, which are always more or less hidden from the eyes, and to the back, which are no longer completely inaccessible to the eyes. . With our hands we feel objects from all sides, and in these definitions a very important role is played by a various change in the shape of the palmar surface, which makes it possible to feel angles, bulges, depressions, etc.

In modeling, the child must reflect the material properties of bodies - their volume, shape, density, texture. This is possible only when there are already tactile traces in the child's experience, since the visual reflection of these qualities of the object, unlike the tactile one, is indirect.

Warm up hard plasticine before training in a container with hot water from the tap (but do not pour boiling water).

When working with plasticine, not thin sheets of paper, but thick cardboard should be used as a basis, so that it does not deform when performing pressing, lubricating, smoothing the surfaces of objects created.

So that the picture does not lose its attractiveness over time, the base with or without a pre-drawn outline should be covered with tape. This will help to avoid the appearance of greasy spots, it is easier to work on a slippery surface and with the help of a stack it is easier to remove excess plasticine without leaving marks.

There must be a cloth hand napkin on the child’s desktop so that he can use it at any time, and after the work done, first wipe his hands with a napkin and then wash them with soap and water.

Working with plasticine requires physical effort, so in the process of doing it, children need rest in the form of physical exercises and warm-ups.

At older preschool age, when children have mastered all the traditional methods of working with plasticine, modeling on a frame can be offered; a three-core wire can be used as a basis.

It is believed that vision is the leading one in the cognition of objects of the real world, but at the first stages of the formation of an image in children, the support is the touch of an object. THEM. Sechenov noted that “hands determine the bodily form of objects differently than eyes, and determine it more fully due to the fact that we can apply the palms of the hands to the side surfaces of objects, which are always more or less hidden from the eyes, and to the back, which the eyes are no longer completely available." What can give a better idea of ​​an object than by itself, to create this object from a nondescript piece of clay or plasticine, to make it recognizable and attractive. This explains the great interest of kids of different ages in modeling.

Literature.

1. Beloshistaya A.V., Zhukova O.G. - M: ARKTI, 2007.

2. Davydova G.N. Plasticineography for kids. M.: "Scriptorium 2003", 2008.

3. Davydova G.N. Plasticineography. Animal painting. M.: "Scriptorium 2003", 2008.

4. Lykova I.A. Visual activity in kindergarten. M .: "Karapuz - didactics", 2007.

5. Miloserdova N.E. Teaching preschoolers the technique of modeling. M.: TsPO, 2008.

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Sculpting is a kind of visual activity in which objects are transferred in volume, three-dimensional, with the help of soft plastic materials (clay, plasticine, dough). Sculpting from hard materials is called sculpting.

In kindergarten, plasticine and clay are mainly used.

Sculpting begins at the age of 2. Type of modeling - subject.

AT middle group- plot modeling, two items (for example, a gingerbread man met a hare).

AT senior group- decorative molding that requires decoration.

AT preparatory group- all types of modeling.

First comes acquaintance child with the material and its properties . The child masters plastic materials and makes new "discoveries". He explores not only the properties, but also the scope of his influence on the material. It turns out that he can tear off, pinch off, unscrew from a whole piece a small piece of clay or plasticine, which is easily changed as a result of certain actions. To do this, you need to crush it, or flatten it, or roll it up, or stretch it out, or do something else. You can press it against another piece, and it will not fall, it will hold on, it is easily smeared on paper or on a board. You can scratch or draw something on it, and then smooth it over, and the scratched drawing will disappear. In experimentation, the child acts as a kind of researcher, independently influencing different ways on the surrounding objects and phenomena for the purpose of their knowledge and development.

After familiarization with plastic materials next steps in mastering sculpting can be small or large, even "jumping ". The child makes them independently with the delicate help and support of an adult. Each child has his own pace and his own “track”, even if it is trampled in kindergarten next to other children.

Common to all children, a fundamentally important achievement - appearance in the molding of the image . Figurative beginning - specificity of any kind artistic activity, including moldings.

How to create a cylindrical shape and how it can be modified

"Sausage" or a roller is the first form that a child can mold on their own as early as 1-1.5 years.

In the future, he improves his skill - rolls out long and short, thick and thin, one-color and multi-color rollers. And, of course, he sculpts for a reason, but because these are pencils, sticks, carnations, sweets, a fence, trees and much more. By the age of 2.5-3 years, the child begins to be more attentive to the form and tries to convey it more accurately. He modifies the cylinder in all ways available to him and turns it into a bagel, then into a snail, then into a pyramid.

How to get a cylindrical shape

roll out a piece of plasticine (clay, dough) in the palms of your hands with longitudinal movements back and forth;

roll out a piece of plasticine with one palm on a hard surface with direct movements;

roll out a piece of plasticine with the tips of two fingers (thumb and forefinger); with this method, very small cylinders and thin flagella are obtained.

How to convert the shape of a cylinder

roll into a ring (bagel, bagel, pyramid rings, wheels, hoop);

twist into a spiral (balls, snail, flower, snake);

flatten into a ribbon (leaf, scarf);

roll into a cone (carrot, cap);

twist or weave 2-3 "sausages" (braid, plant, column).

How to create a spherical shape and how you can change it

The ball is another form that the child masters in early childhood. Kids are happy to mold sweets, berries, apples and "treat" their toys with them. It should be noted that the technique of obtaining a ball is more complicated than creating a cylindrical shape, since it requires more accurate and coordinated coordination of the movements of both hands.

How to get a spherical shape

roll out a piece of plasticine (clay, dough) in a circular motion;

roll out a piece of plasticine with one palm on a hard surface;

roll out a piece of plasticine with the tips of two fingers; with this method, very small balls are obtained (“eyes”, “nose”, etc.).

How to convert the shape of a ball

stretch slightly on both sides and roll out an ovoid or ellipse (kinder surprise, balloon, melon);

pull on one side (pear, matryoshka);

roll out and, if necessary, bend (banana, cucumber); flatten between the palms into a disk (wheel, cake);

roll into a cone (ice cream, pyramid);

some shapes, such as a cone, can be created from both a cylinder and a ball;

flatten on one side into a hemisphere (gingerbread, beetles);

make an indentation with your fingers or a pencil (mushroom cap, cup, vase).

The shapes of a ball, a cylinder and their derivative forms are a kind of “alphabet” of modeling, on the basis of which the child begins to “read” and independently create any “works”, gradually mastering the modeling technique.

There are 3 sculpting methods:

1. constructive - the object is divided from separate parts, then fastened together;

2.sculptural (plastic) - modeling from a single piece, by transformation;

3. combined - a combination of constructive and plastic methods.

The modeling technique is available to preschool children in all its richness and variety of ways and techniques. It should be borne in mind that the classification of methods is rather arbitrary, transitions from one method to another and the addition of the main method to one or more others in the manufacture of one craft are possible.

Constructive way

With this method of modeling, the image is created from separate parts, as from the details of the designer (hence the name). The child conceives an image, mentally imagines what parts it consists of, and begins to sculpt. In a constructive way, all children begin to sculpt very early - already at 2-3 years old - and often they themselves "discover" it for themselves.

Most often in the modeling of young children, the following options are observed:

combining identical forms (beads, fence, well, sausages);

the union of similar forms that differ in size (pyramid, turret, lighthouse, snowman, tumbler);

Union various forms(fungus, butterfly, bird, cheburashka).

sculptural way

This method is sometimes also called plastic or molding from a whole piece . The child presents a conceived image, takes a piece of plasticine or clay that is suitable in color and size, and kneads it. He remembers the most general outlines of the image and tries to give the material the same shape. This may be the shape of an elongated egg, if some kind of animal is conceived or you want to fashion an alien from outer space; a cake, if a lamp is molded, etc. In this common basis the child creates an image by pulling out separate, smaller parts (but not tearing them off) and trying to convey characteristics (long neck, mane, wriggling tentacles, hanging or, conversely, protruding ears). He models the base shape with a variety of movements: pulls, bends, twists, crushes, presses down, pinches, etc. where you need it - top, sides, bottom.

Combined method

This way combines two methods: constructive and sculptural . It allows you to combine the features of modeling from a whole piece and from individual parts. As a rule, large parts are made in a sculptural way, while small ones are created separately and attached to the sculptural form. By the age of 5-8, children prefer this particular method as more accessible and versatile in terms of their capabilities.

Ways to design and decorate the image

Many are used in molding. auxiliary methods and techniques . They are smaller in movement, diverse in terms of the possibility of modeling the image. It is they who make each image unique. Most often, children use the following auxiliary methods and techniques in modeling.

Pull back from the main form, small details - beak, ears, tail, etc., give them the necessary shape and position - they sharpen, flatten, bend. Pinching the edge or some part of the form - tail and fins, mane, skirt, flower petals. Plucked finger movements allow you to convey relief and texture, depict individual details, create decor, and convey movement. Bend the edges of the form - the neck of the vase, the sides of the plates, the leaves, thereby enhancing the similarity of images with real objects and conveying their functionality. Use a stack and other devices - caps of felt-tip pens, lids, sticks, seals. With the help of a stack, you can do a lot: convey the features of the surface of certain images - cut through “feathers”, “scales”, “fur” with strokes; apply a pattern in the form of straight, wavy, intersecting lines; make cuts or cuts and thus obtain paws, wings, etc .; draw intricate details, such as facial features. Via small household items can be done prints in the form of circles, spots, etc.

Complement the fashioned image with various elements from other materials. Shells, fish, magical birds, jewelry, butterfly wings are decorated with beads, eyes for insects and birds are made from individual beads, buttons are used for eyes, hats and other small details, and also as a basis for brooches, feathers and shavings - for combined crafts.