What arguments can be given. Problems and arguments for an essay on the exam in Russian on the topic: Good

School time is the most beautiful time. But at the end of the training, no one can escape It sounds pretty scary, but if you prepare for it for more than one last night, then it will seem easy, simple and even interesting.

The most difficult, according to students, part of the exam is creative work, since it requires arguments for writing from classical literature. At the exam, the atmosphere is heavy, thoughts instantly fly away from my head. It is for this reason that it is necessary to get acquainted with the main clichés, learn the arguments for the most common topics.

If the above conditions are met, then there will be no problems with writing at all.

The relationship between nature and man

Consider the arguments for an essay on the topic "The relationship of man and the world around us" or "People's attitude to nature as to mother." The theme may sound different, but the meaning is the same.

For this topic, good examples would be works:

• "The Tale of Igor's Campaign". If you remember, then throughout the entire duration of the action, nature helped the heroes, gave signs, warned of danger. In general, she was endowed with human qualities, she tried with all her might to save her from danger.
• The work of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov "Steppe". This work is about a nine-year-old boy Yegorushka, who was in love with the steppe, revived it in his thoughts, rejoiced and yearned with her.
• "War and Peace" is a novel written by the greatest author Leo Tolstoy. Here we can meet two examples at once. Natasha Rostova and Andrei Bolkonsky.
• Arguments for writing this subject are numerous, let's cite one more work - "Tsar-Fish" (Astafiev). This is a story about a poacher, a meeting with one of the fish changes his worldview radically.

Family and family relations

Very often there are also topics of this kind, now we will give arguments for the essay. If it is necessary to single out the role of childhood, then the work “War and Peace” will serve as the best example. Let's remember how Petya Rostov showed all his best features acquired in his home. Shortly before his death, he expressed both kindness and a desire to help in relation to his comrades.

Another good example is The Last Bow. Katerina Petrovna invested the best and most valuable feelings and traits in her beloved grandson.

If the topic sounds different, for example, "The role of the family in shaping the personality," then the arguments for the essay will fit the following:

• "War and Peace". Comparison of the children of the Rostovs and Kuragins.
• "Iron and ice cream." Rita's illness and sister's cruelty.

If it is necessary to highlight the role of the mother:

• "Tales of Italy", where the author clearly and accurately expressed his position on the role of the mother. Mother is everything, it is she who gives all the best and most valuable.
• "Young Guard", where there is a digression dedicated to the mother.
• "Communicated to all living things ..." - the author appeals to his readers with a request to take care of mothers.

Teacher

Arguments for an essay in Russian, dedicated to teachers and their role in our lives, can be found among the following works:

• "Ballroom pianist".
• “French Lessons”, where an incredible teacher taught not only within her subject, but also taught valuable moral qualities.
• The well-known "Little Prince", here the teacher is the Fox, who taught the Little Prince to see good qualities in people.

Personal traits

Arguments for an essay in Russian for an exam can be selected on absolutely any topic. This section is no exception. The most terrible examples of heartlessness are given in the works "Jump into the Coffin" and "Telegram". Yu. Mamleev described a picture where relatives buried a sick old woman alive in order to save themselves from the burden of caring for her, and Paustovsky tells the story of Nastya, who forgot about her loving and only mother.

A vivid example of meanness is given in The Captain's Daughter, Shvabrin became the personification, who spoke badly about Masha, who rejected him, inflicted a vile stab in the back in a duel to Grinev.

The power of a word

In the work of A. S. Pushkin "Dubrovsky" Masha, who loved the protagonist so much, could not break the oath and leave with her beloved. Or the work of the same author "Eugene Onegin", in which Tatyana Larina was the image of fidelity and sincerity, showed her strong character. She was able to reject the feelings of her beloved Onegin, remained faithful to her husband.

Art

The arguments for the essay on the Russian USE on this problem are numerous:

• If you specifically highlight the music, then the "Dome Cathedral" is a good and vivid example. Here the author (V. Astafiev) is convinced that only music can save a person from decay.
• "The Old Cook", where K. Paustovsky led a story about a blind cook, whom music helped to return to the past and recall the most beautiful pictures of nature.
• Two works of Leo Tolstoy at once - "Albert" and "War and Peace". The first is about a talented musician who had a special gift: to warm the souls of listeners with his music, they felt something indescribable. In the second work, the object of influence on a person is Natasha Rostova, who amazed everyone with her singing.
• The role of reading and literature in our lives is reflected in the works of R. Bradbury "451 degrees Fahrenheit" and "Memoirs". The first one says that you can see little in life, but know a lot, because we get ninety-nine percent of our knowledge from a book. In the second, the hero admits that he received his education not in a college or university, but in a library.

It is not necessary to read all the works from the school curriculum in order to write an essay well within the framework of the unified state exam in the Russian language. The texts proposed by the developers raise "eternal problems", issues related to human behavior in war, as well as the impoverishment of the native language. There are books that, if read carefully, will free you from having to study dozens of creations. Life compiled a list of "saving" literature.

If you really seriously read all 10 books that we are going to talk about, then you will pass the exam - you will select arguments for any problem, but you can also read only a few works from the list, if you have associative thinking, and you can "twist" any fact from the work in your favor. For example, you should choose who is closer to you: Sholokhov or Tolstoy? It is not necessary to read both epic novels (that is, "The Quiet Flows the Don" and "War and Peace"), since the problems in them overlap. It is enough to know the storylines of one of the books really well.

At the same time, do not forget that there should be two arguments, which means that examples from one work cannot be dispensed with.

1. "War and Peace" by Leo Tolstoy

On the example of the stories of three families against the backdrop of the war with Napoleon, many eternal problems are shown - this is the manifestation of the best (or worst) qualities of a person at critical moments (Pierre Bezukhov, Andrei Bolkonsky), the inexperience of a young soul (Natasha Rostova) and the influence of the environment on the formation of personality (Anatole and Helen Kuragin, Andrei and Marya Bolkonsky, Natasha, Nikolai, Peter and Vera Rostov), ​​choosing a path or searching for the meaning of life (Pierre Bezukhov, Andrei Bolkonsky). Tolstoy also speaks of mercy in the person of, for example, Natasha Rostova, of duty - in the person of the Bolkonskys, of windiness and cowardice - Anatol Kuragin, Natasha Rostova. The author does not forget about the problem of social stratification, the thirst for power - these are two opposite worlds of the Kuragin and Rostov families.

In almost every chapter of the novel, in every episode, one can find arguments for a particular problem in the examination text.

2. Quiet Flows the Don by Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

In the epic novel dedicated to the life of the Cossacks during the Civil War, one of the central themes is female love and its depth (Natalya and Aksinya). Also, the most important problem raised by Sholokhov is the choice of a path by a person. These are the torments of Grigory Melekhov (both in the war and in his personal life). The classic speaks of the endless pursuit of happiness in spite of any obstacles (the love story of the main characters), as well as human lust, the influence of instincts on human life (the wife of the elder brother Gregory). The theme of fate, inevitability, atonement for sins can be traced through the whole work. Sholokhov, talking about the Melekhov family, also speaks of duty to his parents, confrontation between different generations and betrayal.

3. Any book in George Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series

Regardless of whether you are a fan of a series or a series of science fiction works, the reality created by the American writer is so global that it embodies all the joys and vices of human life, or, as Balzac would say, "human comedy." The history of the opposition of houses (influential families) for the throne reveals the most terrible sides of the human soul - Martin talks about the rules of fair and dishonest war, about the problem of injustice, hatred and self-interest in society, about incest, greed and mercy, about the problem of duty to the family and the state, about dishonor, regardless of social wealth, about swagger, about the presence of a competitive spirit between family members. It doesn't even make sense to list everything and indicate specific heroes - there are many of them, and there are vices and virtues in each of the characters in the cycle. You will find an argument for almost any issue in the history of Westeros. Even the opposition to progress and rejection of the new can be told by the example of the story of the experiments on the Mountain.

4. "Crime and Punishment" by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky

One of the most important works of the school curriculum is a story about "little people", "trembling creatures". The novel also raises a wide range of issues - the duality of the soul, the presence in every person of two poles - good and evil, atonement for sins, choosing the path (again the main characters, Marmeladov), life priorities and the formation of personality, the role of religion in human life, greed and cynicism (an old pawnbroker, Svidrigailov), a change in the perception of the world depending on the inner experiences of a person (St. Petersburg), guilt, the inevitability of punishment, extremism, etc. Most of the problems of the novel are shown through the personalities of the main characters - Rodion Raskolnikov and Sonya Marmeladova.

5. "Thunderstorm" Alexander Nikolayevich Ostrovsky

A play dedicated to social and everyday problems (as well as "Dowry"), shows a dark world in which there is no place for bright emotions. They simply perish under the onslaught of human "simplicity", hatred, conservatism and ignorance. In the work, one can find arguments on the themes of betrayal (Katerina’s betrayal of her husband), restlessness of the human soul, constant search for a new one (also Katerina), social stratification, following traditions and rejection of youth by the old generation (Kabanikha and Katerina, Tikhon), rock (Countess and the omen of death ), feelings of guilt, suppression of the word of reason by the heart, lies in the circle of loved ones, teenage maximalism, theft among the rich class (Wild), power, the vicissitudes of love, relationships between fathers and children, and so on.

6. "Abroad" by Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin

You can give arguments from the satirical work of the classic on the topics of patriotism (love for the Motherland, rejection of someone else's, albeit better), confrontation between the West and the East, Russia and Europe, the poor and the rich (a conversation between a Russian and a German boy), feelings of the crowd, consumer society, oblivion traditions, the human factor in relationships, professional duty, the peculiarities of the mentality of different peoples, and so on.

7. "The Captain's Daughter" by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin

It is also important to read a small work of our luminary, because this story (by the way, this argument can also be taken from the novel "War and Peace") raises the problem of the role of the individual in history (Emelyan Pugachev and Catherine II). It is also impossible not to say about mercy (again the empress), human behavior in a critical situation, duty to the state, parental strictness (in the person of Father Pyotr Grinev), betrayal (Shvabrin and Grinev), possessiveness (Shvabrin), social inequality and, of course, about love - the captain's daughter and Grinev.

8. "The Russian language is on the verge of a nervous breakdown" by Maxim Anisimovich Krongauz

As with Game of Thrones (the first part), you don't have to read it - you can watch the movie. Not everyone loves The Great Gatsby - it’s boring for some, but the film turned out to be very dynamic (especially since some moments from the novel were not realized on the screen - for example, Gatsby’s life in his youth, an episode with his family). The classic of the jazz era raises the problems of intolerance of the rich to the problems of people of low "class", the difference between love and falling in love, the thirst for power and money, the "little man". The author also talks about true friendship, dreams and hopes. The latter, according to Fitzgerald, are often empty.

10. All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque

About humility, military duty, the despair of the one who lost loved ones, the inevitability of death, equality before the war and the death of all people (regardless of wealth, pedigree and occupation), friendship and indifference in war to things important in peacetime, says Remarque. In a small work, one can find arguments on almost any military issue.

Argumentation of one's own opinion on the problem.

What is an argument?

In the essay, you must express your opinion on the formulated problem, agreeing or disagreeing with the position of the author, as written in the task of part C. In your answer, you must give two arguments based on knowledge, life or reading experience.

note

It is not enough just to formally state your opinion: I agree (disagree) with the author. Your position, even if it coincides with the author's, should be formulated in a separate sentence.

For example: Thus, the author seeks to convey to the reader the idea that nature has long needed the help of each of us. I fully agree with the author and also believe that humanity should reconsider its consumer attitude towards nature.

Then your position must be supported by two arguments. In this part of the work, you must strictly follow the rules for constructing a reasoning text. Argumentation is the presentation of evidence, explanations, examples to justify any thought in front of the listeners (readers) or the interlocutor.

Arguments are evidence given in support of the thesis: facts, examples, statements, explanations - in a word, everything that can confirm the thesis.

Illustrating the Argument

An important element of the argument are illustrations, i.e. examples that support the argument.

Argument collection:

Arguments worth two points

Kinds of Arguments

There are various classifications of arguments. For example, they distinguish between logical arguments - these are arguments that appeal to human reason, to reason (scientific axioms, laws of nature, statistics, examples from life and literature), and psychological arguments - arguments that evoke certain feelings, emotions in the addressee and form a certain attitude to the described person, object, phenomenon (emotional conviction of the writer, appeal to universal values, etc.).

The main thing that the writer of the essay should know is that the arguments you use “have different weights”, that is, they are evaluated by different points.

Some arguments are worth one point, while others are worth two points.

Note that two-point arguments always include a reference to the author and the title of the work. In addition, when talking about a literary text, it is not enough just to mention the author and the title of the work ( L.N. Tolstoy reflects on the problem of patriotism in the novel “War and Peace”), it is also necessary to indicate specific characters, their actions, words, thoughts that demonstrate the connection of the work of art you mention with the problem considered in the source text.

For example: M. Gorky wrote very emotionally and expressively about the problem of humanism in the story "Old Woman Izergil". Danko, the hero of one of the legends, sacrificed his life to save his people. He appeared just when people needed help, and led them, desperate and embittered, through the forest to freedom. The feat of Danko, who tore out his heart from his chest in order to illuminate the path to freedom, is a stunning example of true humanism, boundless love for people.

As an argument, estimated at 2 points, proverbs, sayings, aphorisms can be considered, but only if they are accompanied by explanations, your reflections on their content. For example: It is no coincidence that folk wisdom affirms the unconditional value of friendship: “Do not have a hundred rubles, but have a hundred friends”; “An old friend is better than two new ones”, “Seek a friend, and if you find it, take care of it” ... Indeed, true friends are ready to share grief and joy with you, to come to the rescue in difficult times. It is friends who let us know that we are not alone in this world.

I must say that any example from fiction, scientific or journalistic literature should be “framed” by your reasoning, emphasizing the connection of the given example with the problem you are considering.

When giving an example from journalistic literature, also do not forget, in addition to the author's name, to indicate the title of the note, article, essay and, if possible, the name of the publication in which this material was published.

TV journalist Oleg Ptashkin reflects on the problem of the influence of television on modern Russian society in the article "Tresh-TV", published on the website www.gazeta.ru. According to the author, modern television in Russia is experiencing an acute crisis - a crisis of ideas and meaning. Those who create TV programs do not think about the public good at all. The journalist is concerned that modern media promote lack of spirituality and immorality, accustom to the idea that a normal life for the sake of family, children, success in work is the lot of losers. The author is convinced that the main task of modern television is education: it should teach to honor the family, parents, and cultural traditions. Only then will television contribute to the revival of spirituality.

Everything that was said earlier applies to examples from the scientific literature.

People who do not shy away from life's difficulties, who boldly face the truth, are the masters of their own destiny. The historian Lev Gumilyov in his work "Ethnogenesis and the Biosphere of the Earth" called such people passionaries. Among them are many great historical figures, famous military leaders, fighters for freedom and human rights, and each of them has contributed to the development of society.

In search of weighty arguments, some students boldly come up with the names of "famous publicists" or the names of non-existent works, sometimes attributing them to famous writers. For example: In one of his works "Nature", the Russian writer I. S. Turgenev reflects on the relationship between nature and man.

The critic Belinsky in his article "On Humanity" wrote that people should help each other.

You can also cite the story of A. Pristavkin "The War of Russians and Chechens" as an example.

Rest assured that all such “opuses” will be qualified as factual errors, which means that not only will you not earn points for argumentation, but you will also lose 1 point for violation of factual accuracy.

Arguments worth one point

Arguments rated 1 point, as a rule, are easier to pick up, therefore their “specific weight” is lower. Most of them are based in one way or another on our life experience, our observations of our lives, the lives of other people or society as a whole.

Examples from life. Despite the fact that the graduate's life experience is not yet very great, in his life or the life of others, you can find examples of good or bad deeds, manifestations of friendly feelings, honesty, kindness or callousness, selfishness.

Be careful with arguments of this type, because, as our experience of checking essays shows, most of them are simply invented by students and the persuasiveness of such arguments is very doubtful. For example:

From my own experience I was convinced of the dangers of cheap literature. After reading one of these books, my head hurt a lot. This is a book about a thief-loser. Brad is terrible! Indeed, I was afraid that I would get brain cancer after reading this book. Terrible feeling!

I will give an example from my personal life: people are sitting on the street without housing, without food, absolutely without anything. They sit and ask for money for some food.

Unfortunately, my poor life experience does not allow me to express my extensive opinion on this issue.

Especially often in such unfortunate arguments various relatives, friends and acquaintances appear, with whom extremely instructive stories happen. For example:

I know one person who overlooked (?!) the illness and death of his father. Now his children do not help him.

My grandfather told me that his dad was in the detachment in 1812 (?!) when troops under the command of Napoleon began to attack Moscow.

A good example of the problem of this text are some of my classmates. Obviously, they were brought up too little, and they were not accustomed to work from childhood, so they do nothing.

Much less common are examples from life that can be considered suitable arguments:

I was convinced that there are not only indifferent people. Two years ago, trouble came to our family - there was a fire. Relatives, neighbors, acquaintances, and even just people who knew about our trouble, helped us as much as they could. I am very grateful to everyone who did not remain indifferent and helped me and my family in difficult times.

Observations on the life of people and society as a whole look more convincing, since individual facts in such examples are generalized and drawn up in the form of certain conclusions:

I believe that empathy and compassion are instilled in people from childhood. If the child was surrounded by care and affection, then, having matured, he will give this kindness to others.

However, arguments of this type may look curious and not the most convincing:

Probably, all mothers and grandmothers are fond of women's novels. Women read all sorts of books, and then suffer from why they do not have the same as in the book.

Suggestive examples are reflections of what might happen under certain conditions:

I can't imagine my life without books: without textbooks that help us explore the world, without fiction, revealing the secrets of human relationships and forming moral values. Such a life would be incredibly poor and boring.

“Blind faith has evil eyes,” the Polish writer Stanisław Jerzy Lec once said.

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky reflected on the essence of writing talent: “Talent is the ability to say or express well where mediocrity will say and express badly.” “For others, nature is firewood, coal, ore, or a dacha, or just a landscape. For me, nature is the environment from which, like flowers, all our human talents have grown, ”wrote Mikhail Prishvin.

Remember that the persons whose statements you refer to must really be authoritative in one area or another. For example, the Dutch philosopher Benedict Spinoza generally doubted the significance of such arguments, believed that "reference to authority is not an argument."

At their core, proverbs and sayings are a kind of reference to authority. The strength of these arguments lies in the fact that we appeal to the authority of popular wisdom. Remember that a simple mention of proverbs, sayings, winged words, not accompanied by your reflections on their content, is estimated at 1 point.

It is no coincidence that Russian proverbs affirm the value of the experience of older generations: “A parent's word is not said to the wind; He who honors his parents never perishes."

References to films, which have recently been frequently found in essays, most often testify to a narrow outlook, to a small reader's experience. We are convinced that examples of friendship, humane treatment of people or heroic deeds can always be found not only in the films "Avatar" or "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", but also on the pages of fiction.

It seems to me that the fate of the heroine of the film by V. Menshov "Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears" can serve as an excellent confirmation of the author's idea that a person should strive to fulfill his dream. Katerina worked at a factory, raised a child herself, graduated from the institute in absentia and as a result achieved success - she became plant director. Thus, each of us is able to achieve the realization of his dream. It is only necessary to bring its realization closer with every step, with every deed.

(It can be noted that confirmation of the author’s thought could also be found in the fate of Alexander Grigoriev, the hero of the novel “Two Captains” by V. Kaverin, or cite as an example Alexei Meresyev from the work of B. Polevoy “The Tale of a Real Man”, or recall Assol from novel of the same name by A. Green.)

Argument structure

When writing an essay, it should be remembered that between the thesis and two arguments confirming your position, there should be a clear connection, which is usually expressed by the so-called "logical transitions" - statements that connect the known information of the text with the new one. In addition, each argument is accompanied by a "micro-conclusion" - a statement that sums up some thoughts.,

Failure to follow this structure (in fact, any paragraph of coherent text is built according to this scheme) often leads to logical errors.

Common Argumentation Errors

What does an expert check?

The expert highlights that part of the text of the essay that performs the function of argumentation. Then he establishes the conformity of the argument with the asserted (the argument must prove exactly what is being asserted), assesses the degree of persuasiveness, which can manifest itself both in strict logic and in emotional evaluativeness, figurative expression.

The expert determines the number of arguments, as well as the correspondence of the argument to the semantic function: the given example should not only act as a bright narrative or descriptive microtext, but also prove or refute this or that statement.

The maximum score (3) according to the K4 criterion is given for the work in which the examinee expressed his opinion on the problem formulated by him (agreeing or disagreeing with the position of the author), argued it (given at least 2 arguments, one of which is taken from the artistic, publicistic or scientific literature).

Students aiming for higher education at prestigious universities are aware of the need to achieve high scores in compulsory subjects. As you know, this is impossible without performing a task of type C - an open-type task with a detailed answer. The numbers speak for themselves here: the maximum amount for completing tasks of a high level of complexity is one third of the total points (20 points out of a possible 60).

Tasks of type C in the Unified State Examination in the Russian language are an essay-reasoning on the text given for analysis. This type of assignment should not only reveal the actual knowledge of students, but also demonstrate their creative, analytical abilities, qualities of mind and intellectual level, show the store of knowledge, erudition, breadth of outlook and citizenship of the examinee.

In practical terms, part C tests the level of communication skills:

• maturity of judgments in the interpretation of the text;
• the ability to formulate their own statements;
• ability to use means of expression;
• compliance with the norms of the literary language, including spelling and punctuation.

Sources of substantiation of one's own opinion (arguments) can be:

Natural evidence - testimonies of witnesses, documents, expert examination data, etc. Such arguments include a reference to a generally significant experience, testimonies of the author of the essay, references to authority, proverbs, sayings, examples from fiction.

Logical proofs (arguments "to the logos" or arguments to reflection) are arguments that appeal to human reason, to reason.

Sensual arguments (arguments for pathos), designed to evoke certain emotions, create the right attitude towards the described person, object, phenomenon.

The use of examples from fiction as a way of arguing one's own opinion stands apart from others, because, firstly, it allows one to get the maximum score for this criterion, and secondly, despite this, it is quite rare in the works of graduates.

For the literary argumentation of the exam, the reader's experience of the examinee is involved, which may include:

• quotes;
• similar actions of literary heroes and situations;
• character traits of a literary hero;
• the plot of a literary work;
• conflict of a literary work;
• different points of view of the authors on the problem.

Unfortunately, today's school graduates often lack a sufficient cultural and literary outlook, and the motivation for cognitive activity is very low. Schoolchildren often avoid using their reading experience for fear of making a factual error or not at all finding suitable examples in their literary baggage.

For most teachers, it is obvious that the practice of memorizing possible topics of essays and lists of possible literary arguments for them, as many self-study sites for the exam offer, is vicious and harmful. In our opinion, one should proceed from the fact that the USE is, first of all, a comprehensive exam, created precisely in order to reveal the knowledge base accumulated over the years of study, and the ability to use it competently, that is, to reason, analyze, come to reasoned conclusions. Therefore, if this baggage, roughly speaking, is empty, then memorizing various lists, even with the outstanding intellectual abilities of the examinee, will only lead to confusion in thoughts and gross factual errors.

The teacher is faced with the question of how to provide pupils with the necessary arsenal of literary arguments for writing an essay for the exam.

First of all, the teacher must conduct systematic work, controlling the reading of works from. Schoolchildren, starting from the 5th grade, need to instill a skill and carry out various control activities in order to consolidate their knowledge of the actual material of literary works.

In addition, it is necessary to familiarize students with the proposed list of problems and topics underlying the texts of Part C. Such a list is quite simple to compile on the basis of didactic and methodological materials for preparing for the Unified State Examination of previous years, similar materials are often found on various sites and forums, dedicated to the exam.

List of topics for preparing for the essay-reasoning of the exam

Material from the USE portal.

• The problem of the soul, the inner world.
• The problem of the role of art in human life.
• The problem of the relationship between man and nature.
• The problem of ecology.
• Kindness problem.
• The problem of servility, bribery, corruption.
• Mercy problem.
• The role of books in human life.
• The problem of reading in modern society.
• The problem of development and preservation of the Russian language.
• The problem of speech culture.
• The problem of the development of science and technology.
• The problem of modern education.
• The role of friendship in human life.
• The role of love in human life.
• The problem of historical memory.
• The problem of memory of the Great Patriotic War.
• The problem of intergenerational relationships.
• The problem of patriotism in the modern world.
• The problem of the Russian national character.
• The role of television in modern society.
• Internet problem.
• The role of advertising in modern society.
• The role of faith in human life.
• The problem of moral choice.
• The problem of choosing a life path.
• Man and the Universe.
• Loneliness problem.
• The problem of duty and honor.
• The problem of human dignity.
• The problem of talent and genius.
• The problem of tolerance in the modern world.

In the future, the teacher needs to rely on a similar list when teaching argumentation and replenishing the argumentation base of students. There are many methodological developments aimed at the formation of this skill in the teacher's arsenal. Here are just a few of them:

Exercise "Choose an example"

Task: find examples from the reader's experience to the given theses, for example:

• The world is a mirror that shows each person his own reflection. (W. Thackeray)
• A bone thrown to a dog is not mercy. Mercy is a bone shared with a dog when you are as hungry as he is. (D. London)
• Teaching is only light, according to the popular proverb, it is also freedom. Nothing frees a person like knowledge... (I.S. Turgenev)

Exercise "Continue the discussion"

Task: continue the discussion by choosing a literary image to illustrate thoughts.

• The pursuit of good on the planet can unite billions of people, all local and international organizations that respect human rights, protect nature and life on earth in general.
• ... Strength is not in strength, but in thought and its clear expression, and therefore they are more afraid of the expression of independent thought than of armies, arrange censorship, bribe newspapers ...

Drawing up your own "piggy bank of arguments" of the Unified State Examination

Compiling and memorizing such a base of arguments is qualitatively different from memorizing ready-made lists. The essence of this method lies in the accumulation of illustrative arguments formulated by schoolchildren. "Piggy bank" is compiled in the form of a table. After identifying the problem and the idea of ​​the work studied in the lesson of literature, the students recall the material covered with similar problems and reflect this in the table. It is also recommended to include here the main quotes, literary and artistic associations related to the topic under study.

An example of such a table (based on the materials of I.M. Kuznetsova)

M. Bulgakov's novel "The Master and Margarita"

In conclusion, I would like to quote the famous words of the ancient Greek philosopher Menander: "A language that is wise with knowledge will not stumble." Indeed, in order to learn how to correctly argue their own opinion, students must have a system of value orientations based on knowledge of world history, culture and literature. And the creation of such a system in the minds of pupils is the main task of the teacher, and the successful completion of Part C in the Unified State Examination in the Russian language is nothing more than a successful “side effect”.

Used materials:

1. Narushevich A.G. We formulate, comment, argue (The main stages of work on an essay on the Unified State Examination in the Russian language): Lecture for students) // Russian language. - No. 12. — 2006
2. Kuznetsova I.M. Teaching the skills of reasoning judgments in accordance with the requirements of the Unified State Examination // http://festival.1september.ru/articles/622703/

What arguments can be drawn from the work "War and Peace" as much as possible

1. The problem of guilt. The problem of remorse
2. 1. Love for the Motherland - Tolstoy's favorite heroes do not speak lofty words about
   love for the motherland, they do things in the name of e: Natasha Rostova, without hesitation, persuades her mother to give carts to the wounded near Borodino,
   Prince Andrei Bolkonsky is mortally wounded on the Borodino field.
   An example of true patriotism is Pierre Bezukhov, who, with his own money, equips a militia of a thousand people, himself participates in the battle of Borodino, and remains in Moscow to kill Napoleon.
   Episodes of the battle of Borodino, abandonment by the inhabitants of Smolensk, partisan war
   2. Responsibility of a person for the life of others - Kutuzov, striving to preserve the Russian army in the war of 1805-1806, council in Fili. Images of Kutuzov, Napoleon, Alexander I.
   A person who is aware of his responsibility to his homeland, people, who knows how to understand them at the right time, is truly great. Such is Kutuzov, such are ordinary people in the novel, who do their duty without lofty phrases.
   3. Fathers and children-Relationships in the Bolkonsky family: children do not always understand their father, but behind the severity lies great love and concern for them.
   The atmosphere of the Rostov family: openness, Natasha's trusting relationship with her mother.
   4. Education of a person - Education in the Bolkonsky family: pride, honor, understanding of life
   Education in the Rostov family: kindness, sincerity, openness
   Education in the Kuragin family: opportunism, striving for wealth, selfishness.
   5. Self-sacrifice - Sonya's refusal from Nikolai for the sake of the well-being of the Rostov family, Sonya in the epilogue.
   6. Compassion, sensitivity, mercy - Natasha, caring for the wounded Prince Andrei,
   Having been taken prisoner, Pierre Bezukhov met a simple soldier Platon Karataev there. Plato, despite his sufferings, lived lovingly with everyone: with the French, with his comrades. It was he who, with his mercy, helped Pierre gain faith and taught him to appreciate life.
   7. Man and power-Napoleon: pleasure, intoxication with power. The death of the uhlans while crossing the Neman, indifference to people
   Alexander the First: soldiers are cannon fodder to satisfy ambitions (Schöngraben, Austerlitz), inability to make strategically important decisions.
   8. The impact of art on a person - Natasha's singing, the impact on others (Denisov's love), Natasha's dance with her uncle.
   9.Man and nature-Sky Austerlitz Old oak Moonlit night in Otradnoy Andrey and Pierre on the ferry.
   10. Callous and callous attitude towards people - Soullessness of officers Zherkov, Nesvitsky towards soldiers, the desire to curry favor.
   11. Russian language - In high society, preference is given to French, distorting Russian words with French.
   12. Devotion of animals to man - Dog Karataeva, who followed him in captivity.
   13. Heroism - Soldiers on the Borodino field, Tushin's battery, the feat of Prince Andrei.
   14. Search for the meaning of life - Pierre's Way, joining a secret society, the honest life of Prince Andrei, his reflections before his death.
   15. A small man - Confused, humiliated Tushin is afraid of excuses in front of his superiors so as not to let his superiors down.
3. Harmonious microsocial relations are the guarantor of the stability of the macrosociety :) Conceptually, understanding can be divided: into the sphere of philosophy and psychology, if in a global understanding, then Peace is a war in remission, and War is a conflict resolution, with the aim of creating a new world ... The eternal ones work: white and black fights, but gray ones are also intertwined. The grays run back and forth all the time, and then, at the end, they die of hopelessness, while the whites and blacks remain to fight again and each for his own World ... and so on for a thousand years, and maybe more))))))