Presentation of the features of scientific knowledge. Presentation on the topic "methods and forms of scientific knowledge"

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Chapter 3. Methods of the empirical level of scientific knowledge. 3.1 Surveillance.

Observation Unambiguity of purpose, design Consistency in methods of observation Objectivity Possibility of control

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Chapter 3.3.2 Experiment.

Experiment Qualitative Measuring (quantitative) Social Mental

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Chapter 3.3.3 Facts, analysis, synthesis.

Facts Analysis Synthesis

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Chapter 4. Methods theoretical level of scientific knowledge.

Abstraction Analogy Modeling Object Analog Signed Thought Model experiment Deduction Induction

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Chapter 4. 4.1 Method of research.

Method of research (system approach) Studying the phenomenon of integrity and establishing the composition of the whole, its elements; The study of the patterns of connection of elements into a system, i.e. the structure of the object, which forms the core of the system approach; In close connection with the study of the structure, it is necessary to study the functions of the system and its components, i.e. structural - functional analysis of the system; Study of the genesis of the system, its boundaries and connections with other systems.

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Chapter 5. Forms of scientific knowledge

Theory is the most developed form of scientific knowledge, which gives a holistic display of the regular and essential connections of a certain area of ​​reality.

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A problem is a form of knowledge, the content of which is that which is not yet known by man, but which needs to be known.

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A hypothesis is a form of knowledge containing an assumption formulated on the basis of a number of facts, the true meaning of which is not defined and needs to be proven.

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Self Tests

There are two levels in scientific knowledge: 1) empirical and theoretical; 2) innovative and reproductive; 3) dialectical and metaphysical; 4) eclectic and monistic. The empirical level of knowledge includes: 1) analysis of facts; 2) putting forward hypotheses; 3) building a picture of the world; 4) building a theory. The methods of the theoretical level of knowledge do NOT include: 1) a systematic approach; 2) experiment; 3) structural and functional analysis; 4) modeling. Name the forms of scientific knowledge.

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Bibliographic list

Alekseev P.V., Panin A.V. Philosophy. Textbook. M., 1997. Ch. XIV Golubintsev V.O., Dantsev A.A., Lyubchenko V.S. "Philosophy for technical universities". Rostov - n / a.: Phoenix, 2001 Spirkin A.G. Philosophy. Textbook. M., 1999. Ch. XII

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"Spiritual and moral sphere" - What word is missing in the diagram. Religion forms. elite culture. Educational levels of the education system of the Russian Federation. Culture (in narrow senses). The main range of questions tested in the framework of the exam. Are the following statements about the media correct? Find media examples in the list below. The problem of social responsibility of scientists has become especially relevant. Spiritual and moral sphere. Art, its forms and main directions.

"Development of scientific and technological progress" - Many generations of scientists. Electromagnetic field. Astronomy. Electromagnetic nature of the world. The unity of the structure of matter. Unity of the world. primary particles. Biology. Particles of matter. James Clerk Maxwell. fundamental laws. Mechanical picture of the world. NTR and NTP. Technics. Physics and scientific and technological revolution. Technical progress. The meaning of physics. Physics.

"Material and spiritual culture" - Translated from Latin, the term "culture" means "cultivation", "processing". A lathe and a painting, for example, serve different purposes. Culture is constantly changing, is in dynamics, in development. Man in the world Culture Western culture Spiritual Material Eastern culture Culture What is culture The role of culture in our life Outside of culture life is impossible for either a person or society.

"Levels of scientific knowledge" - Scientific theory. theoretical level. Experiment. empirical level. Description. Functions of scientific knowledge. Differences from ordinary knowledge. The science. Hypothesis. Scientific knowledge. Levels of scientific knowledge. Modeling. observation.

"Worldview and Cognition" - Development of projective thinking skills. Myth is a lie. Myth as legend. Truth in the representation of the Russian language and culture. The paths of science. The objectives of the elective course. Myth is like a game. Associations. Myth yesterday and today. Faith and miracles. Educational and thematic planning. Comparative analysis. Spirit and spirituality. The poetry of truth and the truth of poetry. Truth and myth. Myth as metaphor. Myth is like life. Types of linguistic and cultural tasks.

"Schopenhauer" - Fluent in German. The philosopher wrote nine works. He gravitated toward German romanticism. Analysis of the human will. Arthur Schopenhauer. The main philosophical work. Philosopher of pessimism. I neglected the elementary goods. Mention about. Schopenhauer was a misogynist.

Literature: Bakhtin M. Understanding and text// Reader in Philosophy: Textbook. Ed. 2nd, revised and additional. / Comp. Alekseev P.V., Panin A.V. M: Gardarika, S Weber M. Science as a vocation and profession. Science as a vocation and profession. Kanke V.A. Basic philosophical directions and concepts of science. Results of the XX century. Moscow: Logos, p. Carnap R., Hans H., Neurath O. Scientific worldview.Scientific worldview. Kuhn T. Structure of scientific revolutions. Moshkova G.Yu. Personal-psychological prerequisites for scientific creativity and their formation. Personal-psychological prerequisites for scientific creativity and their formation. Sadovnichiy V.A. Wisdom and knowledge in a globalizing world. Wisdom and knowledge in a globalizing world. Shulga E.N. Scientific discovery: a hermeneutic approach. Scientific discovery: a hermeneutic approach.

Science is a special area of ​​human socio-historical activity aimed at producing, systematizing, storing the most accurate knowledge about the world, society and man. 4th century d.c.e. Stage II - the appearance in the XVI-XVII centuries. classical science, contributed to Newtonian mechanics, Cartesian principles, etc. Stage III - post-classical science of the XIX-beginning of XX centuries. was based on quantum mechanics, the theory of relativity, etc. Stage IV - the emergence of post-non-classical science in the II-nd floor. 20th century associated with the processes of globalization, the doctrine of nonlinear systems, etc.

Thomas Kuhn in his work "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" identified common features that characterize scientific discoveries. Based on them, he formulated the principle of scientific creativity: not every new idea is new, not every new creation is new, but only that which implements and approves a new paradigm.

Kazimir Malevich painted Black Square, thus starting a new paradigm in painting. A huge mass of black and red squares, parallelepipeds and other figures that appeared after Malevich are just a multiplication of the paradigm scheme discovered by him.

Each stage in the development of science has its own paradigm: Classical science is associated with the paradigm of mechanics, Laplace's determinism. Non-classical science is associated with the paradigm of relativity, discreteness, quantization, probability and complementarity. Post-nonclassical science is associated with the paradigm of self-organization and formation.

Specificity of scientific knowledge: Systematic, derivation of some provisions from others; the object of scientific and theoretical analysis is not the reality itself, but their mental counterparts - idealized objects; conscious control over the very procedure of cognition; the presence of clear concepts, the fixation of meaning and the development of a special scientific language; the rigor and objectivity of the revealed truths.

Empirical methods: Observation is a purposeful perception of objects, phenomena in their natural form, in immediate reality. Description - fixing information about objects by means of a natural or artificial language. Measurement is a comparison of objects according to some similar properties or sides. An experiment is a scientific experiment in which an object is placed in specially created, controlled conditions. Comparison is a simultaneous correlative study and evaluation of properties and features common to two or more objects.

Theoretical methods: Formalization is the construction of abstract mathematical models that reveal the essence of the studied processes of reality. Axiomatization is the construction of theories based on axioms-statements, the proof of which is not required. Hypothetical-deductive - the creation of a system of deductively interconnected hypotheses, from which statements about empirical facts are derived.

Tasks and stages of scientific activity Tasks:
getting a new
knowledge
new message
knowledge
Stages:
commission
discoveries
registration
discoveries

Types of scientific activity

Science goals:

Science system

Principles of Science:

Structure of scientific knowledge

Paradigm -

Scientific picture of the world

Theory is a form of scientific knowledge that gives a holistic view of the patterns and essential connections of an object

Concept -

Model - an idealized object (their totality and interconnection), correlated with the judgments of a theory or concept

Doctrine is a stable system of views, ideas, principles, which is characterized by a unified approach to the phenomena being studied.

Types of scientific rationality

Historical types of scientific rationality

Classical type of scientific rationality

Non-classical type of scientific rationality

Post-nonclassical type of scientific rationality

Models for the development of scientific knowledge

Critical rationalism

Refutation of scientific knowledge

Theory of scientific revolutions (paradigm model)

Change of paradigms (according to T. Kuhn)

Methodological falsificationism

Structure of the research program

Epistemological anarchism

Principles of epistemological anarchism

Social (sociological) realism

Theory of intelligent networks

Results of scientific activity

Principles for determining the scientific character of a hypothesis

Ways and methods for evaluating scientific activity

IC and IF databases

1) Not every person can become the subject of scientific knowledge, but one who has undergone special specialized training necessary for research activities.

2) Scientific knowledge is specifically focused on the discovery of laws and phenomena that are still unknown. The knowledge obtained in this way is substantiated, systematically organized, expressed using an artificial language.

3) In scientific knowledge, a specialized language is used - in comparison with the language of everyday communication, it is characterized by a higher degree of unambiguity of words and expressions, greater compactness, accuracy and consistency of rules.

The specifics of scientific knowledge

4) Scientific knowledge involves the use of specialized tools: special material means (reagents, experimental facilities, control devices, etc.), information processing and communication tools, vehicles, power plants, etc.

5) Scientific knowledge is regulated by a certain set of methods and other types of normative knowledge (principles, ideals, norms, etc.).

6) The immediate goal and highest value of scientific knowledge is objective truth.

7) Scientific knowledge is aimed at predicting future events, states and properties of the objects under study. Science strives to create a reserve of knowledge for future forms of practical exploration of the world.

The structure of scientific knowledge

Three main levels:

Empirical

Theoretical Metatheoretical

Specificity of empirical knowledge

Empirical research is directed at its core to the study of phenomena and the relationships between them.

Empirical research is based on the direct practical interaction of the researcher with the object under study. The means of empirical research include means of observation, measurement and experiment (instruments, experimental setups, special equipment and premises, etc.).

The specifics of theoretical knowledge

At the level of theoretical knowledge, the essential connections of the object are singled out in their pure form. The essence of an object is the interaction of a number of laws that this object obeys.

direct practical interaction with objects; object is studied indirectly. This is achieved by presenting the subject of research in the form of a system of abstract ideal objects, in which the phenomena and processes of interest to the researcher are presented in their pure form by excluding the real conditions for their existence (for example, a material point in mechanics, an absolutely rigid body in physics, an ideal gas in thermodynamics, almost all mathematical objects).

Specificity of metatheoretical knowledge

All the diversity of knowledge is united in integrity. This is ensured not only by the relationship between the meta-theoretical foundations of science (the scientific picture of the world, the ideals and norms of scientific research, the philosophical foundations of science). The metatheoretical foundations of science act as a system-forming block of scientific knowledge.

Functions of the metatheoretical foundations of science:

Determination of the strategy of scientific research in a certain historical era, taking into account the dominant type of scientific rationality;

Systematization of existing scientific knowledge;

Ensuring the inclusion of scientific knowledge in the culture of the corresponding historical era.

Forms of empirical knowledge

Observation data- reflect the very presence of the objects under study, their properties, types of relationships with other objects in

providing for the statement of reliable, objective information. The transition from observation data to empirical fact involves the following operations:

Finding stable content in observational data;

The need to interpret the stable content revealed in the observations.

Forms of theoretical knowledge

A problem is a form of theoretical knowledge, the content of which is a contradictory situation in the field of scientific knowledge that needs to be solved.

A hypothesis is a form of theoretical knowledge containing a scientific assumption about the essential characteristics and deep necessary connections of the studied phenomena and processes.

Theory is a form of scientific knowledge containing generalizing abstract constructs and a set of concepts and laws that reproduce an object in the form of a structured set of idealized objects and their relations in a certain way.

Forms of metatheoretical knowledge

Scientific picture of the world- a form of scientific knowledge expressing the features of the systemic organization of the studied reality. It is formed as a result of the synthesis of knowledge obtained in various sciences, and contains general ideas about the world, developed at the appropriate stages of the development of science.

Ideals and norms of scientific research . They express the values ​​and goals of science, answering the questions: why are certain cognitive actions needed, what type of knowledge should be obtained as a result, in what way to obtain this knowledge.

Philosophical foundations of science. They include philosophical ideas and principles that substantiate both the ideals and norms of science, and meaningful representations of the scientific picture of the world, and also ensure the inclusion of scientific knowledge in culture. It is primarily a representation

about general premises and general orientation

cognitive processes.

The concept of the method of scientific knowledge

A method is a combination of various techniques, operations and means of practical and theoretical development of reality.

The scientific method has the following characteristics:

1) clarity or public availability;

2) lack of spontaneity in application;

4) fruitfulness or the ability to achieve not only the intended, but no less significant side results;

5) reliability or the ability to provide the desired result with a high degree of certainty;

6) economy or the ability to produce results with the least cost and time.