What does the quotation mark at the end of a word mean. Why quotes are needed

Offered for the first time or, conversely, as obsolete and the like.

Story

One of the earliest attempts to establish rules for the use of quotation marks in Slavic languages(and, consequently, in Russian) was undertaken by the 15th-century Slavic scholar Konstantin the Philosopher in chapter 17 of his treatise On Writings. The quotation marks recommended by Konstantin looked in fact the same as modern Christmas trees, and were used to quote phrases from pseudographic writings. Slavic quotation marks, like most additional signs of Slavic writing, have their origins in the practice of writing Greek manuscripts of that time.

The main types of quotes

According to their pattern, the following types of quotation marks are distinguished:

Quotation marks used in Russian

Nested quotes

Example with nested quotes:

Correctly: “My Gypsies are not for sale at all,” Pushkin complained. Not right: “My Gypsies are not for sale at all,” Pushkin complained.

If for technical reasons it is not possible to set quotation marks of another picture, the quotation marks of one picture are not repeated side by side. Therefore, let's say (although not desirable - it's better to separate the quote in some way that allows you to remove the outer quotes) the following option:

Allowed: My Gypsies are not for sale at all,” Pushkin complained.

Quotation marks at the end of a sentence

If, when quoting, the quoted text ends with a period, then the latter is taken out of the text and placed after the closing quote. If the text ends with an ellipsis or a question mark or exclamation mark, and the quote is an independent sentence (and not a member of the sentence in which it is included), then a period after the quote is not put. For example :

English single quotes

An example for indicating the etymology of a Russian word:

Lady high society, exposing the ankle, threw the society of the XVII century. a stronger challenge than today's young lady who appears topless on the beach (from the English. topless‘without top’), i.e. in a bathing suit from only one lower part.

It is also acceptable to separate a word and text in English single quotes with a dash:

Linguistics, from lat. lingua- 'language' .

It is not necessary to preface such a word with an indication of the language, if this already follows from the context:

AT German elements Frieden‘peace’ and kampf‘struggle’ combine as morphemes. If necessary, in German you can distinguish ... color shades, say, with the help of definitions himmelblau‘sky blue’ and dunkelblau'Navy blue' .

The clarification of the meaning of a word can be textually separated from it:

The patient cannot, for example, identify the word carrot, but without difficulty gives a definition of the word knowledge, defining it as 'making oneself mentally familiar with a subject' .

An example of using common and English single quotes:

The phrase "Are you leaving?" in a bus or trolleybus means ‘please let me pass’.

Quotation marks used in other languages

In British English language use 'English single' for first-level quotation marks and 'English double' for 'inside' quotation marks', reversed in American English. Also in English (especially in its American version), a period and a comma are often placed before the closing quote, and not after, as in Russian.

Other uses

In a number popular languages programming and markup (Basic, C, HTML, PHP) quotes on both sides enclose the value assigned to a string (usually double) or character (usually single) variable (despite the fact that the text between the quotes is a "string", the outermost quotes are not included in the string).

In accordance with the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants, when naming varieties plants in English, as well as in Russian, after the name of the genus or species varietal epithet it is recommended to enclose in single quotes ( Rosa‘New Dawn’), or use an apostrophe ( Rosa"New Dawn" [the significance of the fact?] .

Quote codes

Keyboard input

There are alternative keyboard layouts optimized for entering typographic characters, including quotation marks (see, for example, Ilya Birman's typographic layout, official and unofficial versions of which are available for various operating systems). In most text editors, such as the proprietary Microsoft Office, the free OpenOffice and LibreOffice, and many others, it is possible to set the automatic conversion of "simple quotes" to "Christmas trees" or "paws".

X Window System

In the X Window System (which is often used in UNIX-like operating systems, in particular those based on the Linux kernel), to type a French quote character, first press Compose , then twice< или два раза >, depending on which way the quotation marks should be directed.

Windows

In Windows, you need to enable Num Lock , after which typing on the numeric keypad Alt + 0171 , Alt + 0187 for « » , and Alt + 0132 , Alt + 0147 for „ “ respectively. To set the English double closing quote ( ” ) use Alt + 0148 , for single ( ‘ ’ ) are Alt+0145 and Alt+0146 respectively.

In some European layouts, entering Christmas trees is possible using the combinations AltGr + [ and AltGr + ] (American international), AltGr + z and AltGr + x (Canadian international).

MacOS X

In the standard Russian layout of Mac OS X, quotes are typed with the following keyboard shortcuts:

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Notes

1. I. V. Yagich The Book of Konstantin the Philosopher and Grammar about Writings // Reasonings of the South Slavic and Russian antiquity about the Church Slavonic language. - St. Petersburg. : Printing house of the IAN, 1885-1895. - T. 1. - S. 429, 502.
2. Karsky E.F. Slavic Kirillov paleography. - 2nd ed., facsimile. - L., M. (fax.): From the Academy of Sciences of the USSR; from "Nauka" (fax), 1928, 1979 (fax). - S. 227.
3. , with. 129.
4. . // Website Gramota.ru. Retrieved 26 August 2012. .
5. , with. 134-135.
6. Kuznetsov A. M.// Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990. - 685 p. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2.- S. 257-258.
7. Lopatina L. E.// Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990. - 685 p. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2.- S. 469-470.
8. Stepanov Yu. S.// Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990. - 685 p. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2.- S. 175-176.
9. Kubryakova E. S., Pankrats Yu. G.// Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990. - 685 p. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2.- S. 59-60.
10. , with. 26.
11. , with. nine.
12. , with. 27.
13. , with. 22.
14. , with. 117.
15. , with. 47.
16. , on the website of the Academy of the Hebrew Language: the standard form of the main quotation marks is recognized, to choose from, the sign “Merchaot kfulot” (“…”) or “Merchaot bodedot / yechidot” (“…”).
17. , on the website of the Academy of the Hebrew Language: the standard for internal quotation marks is any form of quotation marks that is different from the main quotation marks, for example, "Merchaot bodedotʹ / Yechidot" ("...") as internal quotation marks with "Merchaot kfulot" ("...") as the main quotes.
18. . - Scripta Horticulturae. - International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS), 2009. - Vol. 151. - P. 19. - 204 p. - ISBN 978-90-6605-662-6.
19. Used extremely rarely.
20. The so-called "typewritten" or "programming" is not usually used in typography. Used in typewriters.

Literature

• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
• Zaliznyak A. A.// Proceedings of the International Seminar Dialogue'2007 on computational linguistics and its applications. - M., 2007.
• Kasevich V. B. Introduction to linguistics. 3rd ed. - M .: Publishing house. Center "Academy", 2012. - 240 p. - ISBN 978-5-7695-9013-9.
• Milchin A. E., Cheltsova L. K. Directory of the publisher and author: Editorial ed. edition layout. - M .: Olimp: LLC "Firm" Publishing House "AST", 1999. - 688 p. - ISBN 5-237-02942-6.
  • Milchin A. E., Cheltsova L. K.. - 2nd ed., corrected. and additional - M .: OLMA-Press, 2003. - 800 p. - ISBN 5-224-04565-7.
• Norman B. Yu. Theory of language. Introductory course. 3rd ed. - M .: Flint; Science, 2009. - 296 p. - ISBN 978-5-02-002994-1.

Links

• Lebedev, Artemy.// Leadership (electronic version) / Artemy Lebedev. - May 17, 2004 - § 104.

An excerpt characterizing Quotes

When Anna Mikhailovna went with her son to Count Kirill Vladimirovich Bezukhy, Countess Rostova sat alone for a long time, putting a handkerchief to her eyes. Finally, she called.
“What are you, dear,” she said angrily to the girl, who kept herself waiting for several minutes. You don't want to serve, do you? So I will find a place for you.
The countess was upset by the grief and humiliating poverty of her friend and therefore was not in a good mood, which was always expressed in her by the name of the maid "dear" and "you".
“Guilty with,” said the maid.
“Ask the Count for me.
The count, waddling, approached his wife with a somewhat guilty look, as always.
- Well, Countess! What a saute au madere [saute in Madeira] of grouse will be, ma chere! I tried; I gave a thousand rubles for Taraska not for nothing. Costs!
He sat down beside his wife, valiantly leaning his hands on his knees and ruffling his gray hair.
- What do you want, countess?
- Here's what, my friend - what do you have dirty here? she said, pointing to the vest. "That's sauté, right," she added, smiling. - Here's the thing, Count: I need money.
Her face became sad.
- Oh, Countess! ...
And the count began to fuss, taking out his wallet.
- I need a lot, count, I need five hundred rubles.
And she, taking out a cambric handkerchief, rubbed her husband's waistcoat with it.
- Now. Hey, who's there? he shouted in a voice that only people shout, confident that those whom they call will rush headlong to their call. - Send Mitenka to me!
Mitenka, that noble son, brought up by the count, who was now in charge of all his affairs, entered the room with quiet steps.
“That’s what, my dear,” said the count to the respectful young man who entered. “Bring me…” he thought. - Yes, 700 rubles, yes. Yes, look, don’t bring such torn and dirty ones as that time, but good ones, for the countess.
“Yes, Mitenka, please, clean ones,” said the countess, sighing sadly.
“Your Excellency, when would you like me to deliver it?” Mitenka said. “If you please, don’t worry, don’t worry,” he added, noticing that the count had already begun to breathe heavily and quickly, which was always a sign of anger. - I was and forgot ... Will you order to deliver this minute?
- Yes, yes, then bring it. Give it to the Countess.
“What gold I have this Mitenka,” added the count, smiling, when the young man left. - There is no such thing as impossible. I can't stand it. Everything is possible.
“Ah, money, count, money, how much grief they cause in the world!” said the Countess. “I really need this money.
“You, countess, are a well-known winder,” said the count, and, kissing his wife’s hand, went back into the study.
When Anna Mikhailovna returned again from Bezukhoy, the countess already had money, all in brand new paper, under a handkerchief on the table, and Anna Mikhailovna noticed that the countess was somehow disturbed.
- Well, my friend? the countess asked.
Oh, what a terrible state he is in! You can't recognize him, he's so bad, so bad; I stayed for a minute and did not say two words ...
“Annette, for God’s sake, don’t refuse me,” the countess suddenly said, blushing, which was so strange with her middle-aged, thin and important face, taking out money from under her handkerchief.
Anna Mikhaylovna instantly understood what was the matter, and already bent down to deftly embrace the countess at the right time.
- Here's Boris from me, for sewing a uniform ...
Anna Mikhaylovna was already embracing her and crying. The Countess was crying too. They wept that they were friendly; and that they are kind; and that they, girlfriends of youth, are occupied with such a low subject - money; and that their youth had passed ... But the tears of both were pleasant ...

Countess Rostova with her daughters and already with a large number guests sat in the living room. The count ushered the male guests into his study, offering them his hunter's collection of Turkish pipes. Occasionally he would come out and ask: has she come? They were waiting for Marya Dmitrievna Akhrosimova, nicknamed in society le terrible dragon, [a terrible dragon,] a lady famous not for wealth, not for honors, but for her directness of mind and frank simplicity of address. Marya Dmitrievna was known by the royal family, all of Moscow and all of St. Petersburg knew, and both cities, surprised at her, secretly laughed at her rudeness, told jokes about her; yet everyone, without exception, respected and feared her.
In an office full of smoke, there was a conversation about the war, which was declared by the manifesto, about recruitment. No one has yet read the Manifesto, but everyone knew about its appearance. The count was sitting on an ottoman between two smoking and talking neighbors. The count himself did not smoke or speak, but tilting his head, now to one side, then to the other, he looked with evident pleasure at the smokers and listened to the conversation of his two neighbors, whom he pitted against each other.
One of the speakers was a civilian, with a wrinkled, bilious, and shaven, thin face, a man already approaching old age, although he was dressed like the most fashionable young man; he sat with his feet on the ottoman with the air of a domestic man, and, sideways thrusting amber far into his mouth, impetuously drew in the smoke and screwed up his eyes. It was the old bachelor Shinshin, cousin countess, an evil tongue, as they said about him in Moscow drawing rooms. He seemed to condescend to his interlocutor. Another, fresh, pink, officer of the Guards, impeccably washed, buttoned and combed, held amber near the middle of his mouth and with pink lips slightly pulled out the smoke, releasing it in ringlets from his beautiful mouth. It was that lieutenant Berg, an officer of the Semyonovsky regiment, with whom Boris went to the regiment together and with which Natasha teased Vera, the senior countess, calling Berg her fiancé. The Count sat between them and listened attentively. The most pleasant occupation for the count, with the exception of the game of boston, which he was very fond of, was the position of the listener, especially when he managed to play off two talkative interlocutors.
“Well, father, mon tres honorable [most respected] Alfons Karlych,” said Shinshin, chuckling and combining (which was the peculiarity of his speech) the most popular Russian expressions with exquisite French phrases. - Vous comptez vous faire des rentes sur l "etat, [Do you expect to have income from the treasury,] do you want to receive income from the company?
- No, Pyotr Nikolaevich, I only want to show that in the cavalry there are much fewer advantages against the infantry. Now consider, Pyotr Nikolaitch, my position...
Berg always spoke very precisely, calmly and courteously. His conversation always concerned only him alone; he was always calmly silent while talking about something that had no direct relation to him. And he could remain silent in this way for several hours, without experiencing or producing in others the slightest confusion. But as soon as the conversation concerned him personally, he began to speak at length and with visible pleasure.
“Consider my situation, Pyotr Nikolaevich: if I were in the cavalry, I would receive no more than two hundred rubles a third, even with the rank of lieutenant; and now I get two hundred and thirty,” he said with a joyful, pleasant smile, looking at Shinshin and the count, as if it were obvious to him that his success would always be the main goal of the desires of all other people.
“Besides, Pyotr Nikolaevich, having transferred to the guards, I am in the public eye,” Berg continued, “and vacancies in the guards infantry are much more frequent. Then, think for yourself how I could get a job out of two hundred and thirty rubles. And I’m saving and sending more to my father,” he continued, blowing the ring.
- La balance y est ... [The balance is established ...] The German threshes a loaf on the butt, comme dit le roverbe, [as the proverb says,] - shifting amber to the other side of his mouth, said Shinshin and winked at the count.
The Count laughed. Other guests, seeing that Shinshin was talking, came up to listen. Berg, not noticing either ridicule or indifference, continued to talk about how, by being transferred to the guards, he had already won a rank in front of his comrades in the corps, as in war time a company commander can be killed, and he, remaining senior in the company, can very easily be a company commander, and how everyone in the regiment loves him, and how pleased his dad is with him. Berg apparently enjoyed telling all this, and seemed unaware that other people might also have their own interests. But everything he said was so sweetly sedate, the naivety of his young selfishness was so obvious that he disarmed his listeners.
- Well, father, you are both in the infantry and in the cavalry, you will go everywhere; I predict this for you, - said Shinshin, patting him on the shoulder and lowering his legs from the ottoman.
Berg smiled happily. The count, followed by the guests, went out into the drawing-room.

There was that time before a dinner party when the assembled guests do not start a long conversation in anticipation of a call for an appetizer, but at the same time find it necessary to stir and not be silent in order to show that they are not at all impatient to sit down at the table. The owners glance at the door and occasionally exchange glances with each other. From these glances, guests try to guess who or what else they are waiting for: an important late relative or food that has not yet ripened.
Pierre arrived just before dinner and sat awkwardly in the middle of the living room on the first chair that came across, blocking everyone's way. The countess wanted to make him talk, but he naively looked around him through his glasses, as if looking for someone, and answered all the questions of the countess in monosyllables. He was shy and alone did not notice it. Most of the guests, who knew his history with the bear, looked curiously at this big, fat and meek man, wondering how such a lump and modest could do such a thing with the quarter.
- Have you just arrived? the Countess asked him.
- Oui, madame, [Yes, ma'am,] - he answered, looking around.
- Have you seen my husband?
- Non, madam. [No, ma'am.] - He smiled quite inappropriately.
- You seem to have recently been in Paris? I think it's very interesting.
- Very interesting..
The countess exchanged glances with Anna Mikhailovna. Anna Mikhailovna realized that she was being asked to take this young man and, sitting down beside him, she began to talk about her father; but, like the countess, he answered her only in monosyllables. The guests were all busy with each other. Les Razoumovsky… ca a ete charmant… Vous etes bien bonne… La comtesse Apraksine… [The Razumovskys… It was delightful… You are very kind… Countess Apraksina…] was heard from all sides. The Countess got up and went into the hall.
— Marya Dmitrievna? – I heard her voice from the hall.
“She’s the best,” a rough female voice was heard in response, and after that Marya Dmitrievna entered the room.
All the young ladies and even the ladies, except for the oldest ones, stood up. Marya Dmitrievna stopped at the door and, from the height of her corpulent body, holding high her fifty-year-old head with gray curls, looked around the guests and, as if rolling up, unhurriedly straightened the wide sleeves of her dress. Marya Dmitrievna always spoke Russian.
“Dear birthday girl with children,” she said in her loud, thick voice that overwhelms all other sounds. “Are you an old sinner,” she turned to the count, who was kissing her hand, “do you miss tea in Moscow?” Where to run the dogs? But what, father, to do, this is how these birds will grow up ... - She pointed to the girls. - Whether you like it or not, you need to look for suitors.
- Well, what, my Cossack? (Marya Dmitrievna called Natasha a Cossack) - she said, caressing Natasha with her hand, who approached her hand without fear and cheerfully. - I know that the potion is a girl, but I love it.
She took out pear-shaped yakhon earrings from her huge reticule and, giving them to Natasha, who was beaming and flushed with a birthday, immediately turned away from her and turned to Pierre.
– Eh, eh! kind! come here,” she said in a mockingly quiet and thin voice. - Come on, my dear...
And she rolled up her sleeves menacingly even higher.
Pierre came up, naively looking at her through his glasses.
"Come, come, dear!" I told your father the truth alone, when he happened to be, and then God commands you.
She paused. Everyone was silent, waiting for what was to come, and feeling that there was only a preface.
- Okay, nothing to say! good boy! ... The father lies on the bed, and he amuses himself, he puts the quarter on a bear on horseback. Shame on you, dad, shame on you! Better to go to war.
She turned away and offered her hand to the count, who could hardly help laughing.
- Well, well, to the table, I have tea, is it time? said Marya Dmitrievna.
The count went ahead with Marya Dmitrievna; then the countess, who was led by a hussar colonel, the right person with whom Nikolai was supposed to catch up with the regiment. Anna Mikhailovna is with Shinshin. Berg offered his hand to Vera. Smiling Julie Karagina went with Nikolai to the table. Behind them came other couples, stretching across the hall, and behind them all alone, children, tutors and governesses. The waiters stirred, chairs rattled, music played in the choir stalls, and the guests settled in. The sounds of the count's home music were replaced by the sounds of knives and forks, the voices of guests, the quiet footsteps of waiters.
At one end of the table, the countess sat at the head. On the right is Marya Dmitrievna, on the left is Anna Mikhailovna and other guests. At the other end sat a count, on the left a hussar colonel, on the right Shinshin and other male guests. On one side of the long table, older youth: Vera next to Berg, Pierre next to Boris; on the other hand, children, tutors and governesses. From behind the crystal, bottles and vases of fruit, the count glanced at his wife and her high cap with blue ribbons and diligently poured wine to his neighbors, not forgetting himself. The Countess, also, because of the pineapples, not forgetting her duties as a hostess, cast significant glances at her husband, whose bald head and face, it seemed to her, sharply differed in their redness from gray hair. There was a regular babble at the ladies' end; voices were heard louder and louder on the male, especially the hussar colonel, who ate and drank so much, blushing more and more that the count already set him as an example to other guests. Berg, with a gentle smile, spoke to Vera about the fact that love is a feeling not earthly, but heavenly. Boris called his new friend Pierre the guests who were at the table and exchanged glances with Natasha, who was sitting opposite him. Pierre spoke little, looked at new faces and ate a lot. Starting from two soups, from which he chose a la tortue, [turtle,] and kulebyaki, and up to grouse, he did not miss a single dish and not a single wine, which the butler in a bottle wrapped in a napkin mysteriously protruded from his neighbor’s shoulder, saying or “drey Madeira, or Hungarian, or Rhine wine. He substituted the first of the four crystal glasses with the count's monogram, which stood in front of each device, and drank with pleasure, looking more and more pleasantly at the guests. Natasha, who was sitting opposite him, looked at Boris, as girls of thirteen look at the boy with whom they had just kissed for the first time and with whom they are in love. This same look of hers sometimes turned to Pierre, and under the look of this funny, lively girl he wanted to laugh himself, not knowing why.
Nikolai was sitting far away from Sonya, next to Julie Karagina, and again, with the same involuntary smile, he spoke something to her. Sonya smiled smartly, but apparently she was tormented by jealousy: she turned pale, then blushed, and with all her might listened to what Nikolai and Julie were saying to each other. The governess looked around uneasily, as if preparing herself for a rebuff, if anyone thought of offending the children. The German tutor tried to memorize the categories of foods, desserts and wines in order to describe everything in detail in a letter to his family in Germany, and was very offended by the fact that the butler, with a bottle wrapped in a napkin, surrounded him. The German frowned, tried to show that he did not want to receive this wine, but was offended because no one wanted to understand that he needed wine not to quench his thirst, not out of greed, but out of conscientious curiosity.

At the male end of the table the conversation became more and more lively. The colonel said that the manifesto declaring war had already been issued in Petersburg, and that the copy, which he himself had seen, had now been delivered by courier to the commander-in-chief.
- And why is it difficult for us to fight with Bonaparte? Shinshin said. - II a deja rabattu le caquet a l "Autriche. Je crains, que cette fois ce ne soit notre tour. [He has already knocked down arrogance from Austria. I'm afraid our turn would not come now.]
The colonel was a stout, tall and sanguine German, obviously a campaigner and a patriot. He was offended by Shinshin's words.
“And then, we are a fat sovereign,” he said, pronouncing e instead of e and b instead of b. “Then, that the emperor knows this. He said in his manifesto that he cannot look indifferently at the dangers threatening Russia, and that the security of the empire, its dignity and the holiness of alliances,” he said, for some reason especially leaning on the word "unions", as if this was the whole essence of the matter.
And with his infallible, official memory, he repeated opening remarks manifesto ... "and the desire, the only and indispensable goal of the sovereign, which is to establish peace in Europe on solid grounds - they decided to move now part of the army abroad and make new efforts to achieve" this intention ".
“Here’s why, we are a worthy sovereign,” he concluded, instructively drinking a glass of wine and looking back at the count for encouragement.
- Connaissez vous le proverbe: [You know the proverb:] “Yerema, Yerema, if you would sit at home, sharpen your spindles,” said Shinshin, wincing and smiling. – Cela nous convient a merveille. [This is by the way for us.] Why Suvorov - and he was split, a plate couture, [on the head,] and where are our Suvorovs now? Je vous demande un peu, [I ask you] - he constantly jumped from Russian to French, he said.
“We must fight until the day after the drop of blood,” said the colonel, banging on the table, “and die rrret for our emperor, and then everything will be fine.” And to argue as much as possible (he especially drew out his voice on the word “possible”), as little as possible,” he finished, again turning to the count. - So we judge the old hussars, that's all. And how do you judge, young man and young hussar? he added, turning to Nikolai, who, hearing that the matter was about the war, left his interlocutor and looked with all his eyes and listened with all his ears to the colonel.
“I completely agree with you,” answered Nikolai, flushing all over, turning the plate and rearranging the glasses with such a determined and desperate look, as if at the present moment he was in great danger, “I am convinced that the Russians must die or win,” he said, himself feeling as well as others, after the word had already been said, that it was too enthusiastic and pompous for the present occasion and therefore awkward.

If you need put in quotation marks or parenthesize part of an expression already in quotation marks / brackets, remember two simple principles of double brackets and double quotes:

* Russian is not mathematics, signs don't add up, that is, you do not need to put double brackets or quotes (one figure) at the end;

* to facilitate the perception and understanding of the text it's better to make quotes inside quotes and brackets inside brackets of different pattern. In this case, the reader will understand exactly where one expression in brackets/quotes ends and how it relates to another.

What means "brackets and quotation marks of various patterns" And what is this drawing?

How to format double brackets

Let's start with brackets. The main brackets are round (like these). Brackets of the second level are most often square ones - [like these]. And the double brackets will look like this: … (… […])… , … ([…]…)… or …(… […] […] …)…

For example, "I like the work of the group" Nox Arcana "(written Nox Arcana [from Latin -" secret night "])".

How to format double quotes

Quotes have the same basic scheme, but there are some subtleties. There are several types of quotation marks, and different countries different traditions. We most often use "Christmas trees", "paws", "computer quotes" and some others. In printed publications and documents "first level" quotation marks are Christmas trees (on our site we also use them). However, many Internet resources use direct computer quotation marks as the main quotation marks. In fact, this is not so important (although it is more correct and solid to use Christmas trees), the main thing is that the selected drawing should follow the text sequentially.

Second level quotation marks, as a rule, “legs” protrude - they look good with Christmas trees, as they are quite “contrasting”: you won’t confuse them. But with straight computer quotes, paws in some fonts may not look so good, so check that the reader can figure out how one quote expression is located relative to another and the phrase as a whole. Again - having adopted for yourself some kind of second-level quotes, use it consistently.

A few examples:

“We went to the cinema “At the House” and watched the film “Rest in the Country” there. Good movie," said a friend.

LLC "Company" Scolopendra "".

The price tag read: "Juice" Mountain ash and watermelon "."

Punctuation is one of the most difficult sections of the Russian language, not only for foreigners, but also for Russians themselves. Today's topic will be devoted to such a punctuation mark as quotation marks. We will find out why quotation marks are needed and how to use them correctly in writing.

Some facts about the origin of quotation marks

Quotation marks are a relatively young punctuation mark. They appeared in Russian punctuation approximately in late XVIII century. However, before that (from about the 16th century), quotation marks were used as a musical sign. It is also interesting where the word "quotation marks" came from. Here, the opinions of linguists differ, but most scientists agree that this word comes from the verb "kavykat". Translated from one of the southern Russian dialects, this word means "to limp", "to hobble". Why such a strange association? Everything is simple - in the same dialect, "kavysh" means "gosling" or "duckling". Hence the "quotation marks" are squiggles, traces of goose or duck feet.

Types of quotation marks and their use in Russian punctuation

In total, there are several types of quotation marks, and they are named after the name of the country from which they originated, as well as by similarity with objects. The first of the two types of quotation marks used in Russian is called the French “Yolochki”, the second type of quotation marks, also used in Russian written speech, is called the German “paws”. More about the rules for using Christmas trees and paws a little lower, but for now we’ll talk about two more types of quotation marks that are not customary to use in Russian punctuation, but, nevertheless, many mistakenly use them. These are English ‘single’ and ‘double’ quotes. According to the norms of Russian punctuation, only French Christmas trees and German paws can be used. Herringbones are used as regular quotation marks, and paws are used as "quotes 'within' quotation marks", as well as when writing text by hand.

Rules for using quotation marks in a sentence

Let's introduce one more definition of quotation marks. We call quotation marks a paired punctuation mark, with the help of which certain types of speech and word meanings are distinguished in writing. What are these types of speech? First, these are quotes from some sources. In Russian, in many cases it is more literate to use quotation marks instead of the copyright sign - (c). Secondly, with the help of quotation marks, direct speech is highlighted in the text. If we talk about words in quotation marks, then there are also two rules for their formulation. Firstly, the names of various organizations, enterprises, firms, brands, varieties, etc. are distinguished with quotation marks. Secondly, with the help of quotation marks, you can give the word an indirect, that is, figurative meaning, including the opposite and / or ironic. For example, the word "clever" in quotation marks can mean a person who is either stupid or has committed some kind of ridiculous or thoughtless act. We are sure that now it will not be difficult for you to write an essay on the topic "Why quotes are needed." Read about other punctuation marks in our other articles!

How to put double quotes in Russian? >>

1. HERE IS AN EXAMPLE OF QUOTATION MARKS VOICE "GET OUT OF ATEL AND FIRST GRIND ARMS"

   reference to the game "dead island"

2. Second option
3. (2) thank you option
4. Actually, it’s correct in Russian - the first lower ones, the second upper ones, but this is when writing, and on the clave the computer has no lower ones at all ...
   So don't bother... Hand write correctly, ka clave how it will turn out ....
5. 1 is a book version. 2 is more written.
6. If at the beginning or end of the text (quotes, direct speech) there are internal and external quotes, then they should differ from each other by a pattern (the so-called Christmas trees and paws), for example: The correspondent reports: The ballad about a soldier was highly appreciated at the international film festival; I received a telegram: I'm coming tomorrow, I'll stay at the Moscow hotel
   .
   (Rosenthal D. E., Dzhandzhakova E. V., Kabanova N. P.
   GUIDE TO SPELLING, PRONUNCIATION, LITERARY EDITING)

   In Russian writing, the following types of quotation marks are most common:

   Christmas trees (used in printed texts);
   paws (used, as a rule, in handwritten texts);
   Marr quotes (used to describe the meaning of the word and when translating the meaning foreign word, for example: the word skimmer is borrowed from the Polish language, in which it goes back to the verb szumowa#263; remove foam from szum foam);
   "computer quotation marks" A special type of quotation mark in which the pattern of opening and closing quotation marks is completely indistinguishable. Such quotes are found in texts typed on a computer keyboard.

   In any text typed on a computer, you can arrange Christmas trees yourself. To do this, remember the following key combinations: press Alt, type 0171, release Alt, get. We press Alt, we type 0187, we release Alt we receive.

   If inside the words enclosed in quotation marks there are other words enclosed in quotation marks, it is recommended (provided that there are technical possibilities for this) to use quotation marks of different patterns: external Christmas trees, internal paws (or in texts typed on a computer, "computer quotes"). If this is not possible, then closing quotes are placed only once. The quotation marks of the same picture are not repeated side by side. For example:

   Preferably: the work of V. I. Lenin On the caricature of Marxism and imperialist economism, Komsomolskaya Pravda Publishing House CJSC, Metallinvest Company LLC.

   Permissible (if it is not technically possible to use quotation marks of different patterns): V. I. Lenin's work On the caricature of Marxism and imperialist economism, CJSC Komsomolskaya Pravda Publishing House, Metallinvest Company LLC.

   Incorrect: V. I. Lenin's work On the caricature of Marxism and imperialist economism, CJSC Komsomolskaya Pravda Publishing House, OOO Metallinvest Company.