Which peoples of the USSR were not called up for the Great Patriotic War? The national composition of the population of the USSR.

More on the topic of NATIONALITY OF THE USSR AND THEIR ACCOMMODATION:

1. REGULARITIES AND PRINCIPLES OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF SOCIALIST PRODUCTION IN THE USSR
2. §one. RATIONAL LOCATION AS A FACTOR OF THE EFFICIENT FUNCTIONING OF THE INDUSTRY. REGULARITIES AND PRINCIPLES OF LOCATION OF INDUSTRY
3. §2. RATIONALIZATION OF THE LOCATION OF THE INDUSTRY. ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF LOCATION OF INDUSTRIES

The Soviet Union is the world's largest country, with a territory of over 22.4 million km2, or about one-sixth of the entire earth's land mass. In terms of population (more than 262.4 million people), the USSR ranks third in the world.

The vast territory of the USSR is extremely diverse in its physical and geographical conditions. All possible types of landscapes exist in our country: from the harsh tundras of the Arctic to the humid subtropics of Transcaucasia, from the swampy Polesie of Belarus to the sultry sands of the Karakum Desert of Turkmenistan.

According to anthropological features, the population of the Soviet Union belongs to two races. The vast majority of the population of the European part of the USSR, a significant part of Siberia and the Far East belongs to the Caucasoid (Eurasian) large race (to the northern, southern, transitional and Central European groups). The Mongoloid (Asiatic-American) large race (the Asian branch of the northern, eastern and Arctic groups) includes the population of part of Siberia and the Far East. However, there is no sharp line between races: there are various intermediate (mixed and transitional) forms - this is the population of Central Asia, Kazakhstan, certain regions of the European part of the USSR and Western Siberia, belonging to the Central Asian, South Siberian, Ural, Laponoid and other anthropological types.

The national composition of the Soviet Union is also quite complex. Over 100 peoples live here. The largest and largest of them (and there are 22 such peoples) number millions and tens of millions of people: Russians - 137.4 million, Ukrainians - 42.3 million, Uzbeks - 12.4 million, Belarusians - 9.4 million, Kazakhs - 6.5 million, Tatars - 6.3 million, Azerbaijanis - 5.5 million; and the smallest number only a few thousand people (for example, Aguls, Koryaks, Mansi, Dolgans, Nivkhs, Selkups, Ulchis, Saamis, Udeges, Eskimos, Itelmens, Orochs, Kets) and even several hundred people (Nganasans, Yukaghirs, Aleuts and etc.).

By linguistic affiliation, the majority of the population of the Soviet Union (over 80%) is part of the Indo-European family: it is primarily Slavic (East Slavic peoples - Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians), Letto-Lithuanian (Lithuanians, Latvians), Romanesque (Moldovans), Iranian (Tajiks, Ossetians), Germanic (Germans) group; as well as Armenians, Greeks, Jews, Gypsies. More than 15% of the population belongs to the Altaic language family, of

the vast majority of them belong to the Turkic group (Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Tatars, Azerbaijanis, Turkmens, Kirghiz, Chuvashs, Bashkirs, Yakuts, Karakalpaks, etc.), the rest are Mongolian (Buryats and Kalmyks) and Tungus-Manchu (Evenks, Evens, Nanais , Udege, Orochi) in groups. About 2.5% of the country's population belongs to the Caucasian language family (Georgians, Chechens, Avars, Lezgins, Dargins, Kabardians, Laks, Ingush, Adygs, Abkhazians, Circassians, Abazins, etc.). Approximately 1.7% of the population (Estonians, Mordovians, Mari, Komi, Karelians, Udmurts, Saami, Khanty, Mansi, Nenets, Finns, Hungarians) speak the languages ​​of the Ural family. Peoples belonging to other language families (Paleo-Asiatic, Eskimo-Aleutian, Semitic-Hamitic, Sino-Tibetan) are not numerous in the USSR.

Historically established forms of human economic activity are adapted to landscapes. Among the population of the USSR, one can find all kinds of types of economy: in some areas, arctic sea hunting, nomadic tundra reindeer husbandry, river and sea fishing, taiga hunting, nomadic cattle breeding in the steppes, arable farming in the temperate forest, forest-steppe and steppe zones, dominate or until recently dominated. mining and manufacturing in industrial centers. And each type of economy is associated with a certain cultural and everyday way of life; these ways are also very different in different parts of our country.

The multinational composition of the population of the USSR, the multiformity in the past of its economy and way of life do not in the least interfere with the fact that the peoples of our country are united into one indissoluble unity. Historical ties between the peoples of our country have evolved over the centuries. Since the Neolithic, archaeologists have been tracing complex and diverse connections between individual regions of the USSR, from the Baltic and the Dnieper region to the Baikal region and the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bOkhotsk. In more later eras economic and cultural ties were supplemented from time to time by political unification. Since the formation

In the Russian multinational state (17th-18th centuries), economic and cultural ties were increasingly expanding and strengthening. Especially great and positive was the influence of the culture of the Russian people, who settled in the north, east and south to the extreme limits of the state. The feudal-feudal oppression of the tsarist autocracy, capitalist exploitation, national inequality, deliberately maintained interethnic strife - all this held back the development of the national cultures of the peoples of Russia. However, familiarization with Russian culture had great positive consequences for many backward peoples in the past, especially in the north and east.

The October Revolution destroyed all obstacles to social and cultural progress. The peoples of the USSR have rallied into a friendly family, and communication between them now mutually enriches the cultural treasury of each of them.

The victory of the socialist system in the USSR (as later in a number of other countries) created new conditions for the life of peoples, and set new tasks for ethnographers. Ethnographic research in our country is aimed at solving a number of problems that have never arisen before: these are the socialist restructuring of life, the struggle against harmful remnants of the past, the study of valuable national cultural and everyday traditions, the study of the processes of national consolidation and interethnic integration.

The multinational composition of the population of the USSR was also reflected in its administrative-territorial division.

An ethnographic review of the peoples of the USSR is conducted in large historical and ethnographic regions. Such large areas The USSR are: 1) the European part of the USSR (subregions are distinguished in it - Central, inhabited by Eastern Slavs, the Baltic states, the North, the Middle Volga region, the South-West), 2) the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, 3) Central Asia and Kazakhstan, 4) Siberia and the Far East. In the future, ethnographic material is located in these areas.

The USSR was a multinational country with the proclaimed principle of friendship among peoples. And this friendship was not always just a declaration. Otherwise, in a country inhabited by more than 100 different nations and nationalities, it was impossible. The equality of all peoples in the formal absence of a titular nation - this is the basis for the propaganda myth about "a single historical community - the Soviet people."

Nevertheless, all representatives of a single historical community were required to have passports, in which there was the notorious “fifth column” to indicate the citizen’s nationality in the document. How was nationality determined in the USSR?

According to the passport

Passportization of the country's population began in the early 1930s and ended shortly before the war. Each passport necessarily indicated the social status, place of residence (registration) and nationality. Moreover, then, before the war, according to the secret order of the NKVD, nationality was to be determined not by self-determination of a citizen, but based on the origin of the parents. The police had instructions to check all cases of discrepancy between the surname and the nationality declared by the citizen. Statisticians and ethnographers compiled a list of 200 nationalities, and when receiving a passport, a person received one of the nationalities from this list. It was on the basis of these very passport data that mass deportations of peoples were carried out in the 1930s and later. According to the estimates of historians, representatives of 10 nationalities were subjected to total deportation in the USSR: Koreans, Germans, Ingrian Finns, Karachays, Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingush, Balkars, Crimean Tatars and Meskhetian Turks. In addition, there was an implicit, but quite obvious anti-Semitism, and the practice of repression against representatives of other peoples, such as Poles, Kurds, Turks, etc. Since 1974, the nationality in the passport was indicated on the basis of the application of the person himself. Then there were jokes like this: “Papa is Armenian, mother is Jewish, who will be their son? Of course, Russian! However, in most cases, nationality was still indicated by one of the parents.

By mom and dad

In the vast majority of cases, a citizen determined his nationality by the nationality of his father. In the USSR, patriarchal traditions were quite strong, according to which the father determined both the surname and the nationality of the child. However, there were other options as well. For example, many, if they had to choose between "Jew" and "Russian", chose "Russian", even if their mother was Russian. This was done because the “fifth column” made it possible for officials to discriminate against representatives of some national minorities, including Jews. However, after the Jews were allowed to leave for Israel in 1968, the opposite situation was sometimes observed. Some Russians looked for a Jew among their relatives, and made incredible efforts to change the inscription in the "fifth column". Nationalities and during this period of free national self-identification were determined according to the lists of officially recognized peoples living in the USSR. In 1959, there were 126 names on the list, in 1979 - 123, and in 1989 - 128. At the same time, some peoples, for example, the Assyrians, were not on these lists, while in the USSR there were people who defined their nationality in this way .

By face

There is a sad anecdote about a Jewish pogrom. They beat a Jew, and the neighbors told him: “How is it, you bought yourself a passport, with the “fifth column” where Russian is written!”. To which he replies sadly: “Yes, but they beat me not by my passport, but by my face!” Actually, this anecdote quite accurately illustrates the situation in law enforcement agencies, where they taught to determine nationality in this way: not by a passport, but by a face . And if, in general, it is easy to distinguish a gypsy from a Yakut, then it will be somewhat more difficult to understand where the Yakuts and where the Buryats are. But how to understand where is Russian, and where is Latvian or Belarusian? There were whole tables with ethnic types of faces that allowed policemen, KGB officers and other structures to accurately distinguish people "not by passport." Of course, this required a good memory for faces and observation, but who said that it would be easy to understand the nationality of people in a country where more than 100 peoples live?

At the behest of the heart

The Fifth Column was abolished in 1991. Now, in the passport and in other documents, nationality is not indicated or indicated in special inserts, only at will. And now there are no lists of nationalities from which a citizen must choose either. The removal of restrictions on national self-identification led to an interesting result. During the 2010 census, some citizens indicated their belonging to such peoples as "Cossack", "Pomor", "Scythian" and even "elf".

More than 100 nations and nationalities live in the USSR. All of them, regardless of the number, are distinguished by distinctive national characteristics. Most of them have their own statehood - from an autonomous okrug to a union republic. The USSR includes 15 union republics, 20 autonomous republics, 8 autonomous regions and 10 autonomous districts.

The predominant part of the population of the USSR belongs to four language families (meaning only the indigenous population).

I. The Indo-European family is the most numerous; more than 204 million people speak the languages ​​of this family in the USSR (data from 1979).

Groups: 1) Slavic - about 189.3 million, including Russians - 137.4 million, Ukrainians - 42.4 million, Belarusians - 9.5 million people;

2) Letto-Lithuanian - 4.3 million, including Lithuanians - 2.9 million, Latvians - 1.4 million;

3) Iranian - 3.6 million, including Tajiks - 2.9 million, Ossetians - 0.5 million;

4) Romanesque - 2.9 million Moldovans;

5) an independent group of the Indo-European family are Armenians - 4.1 million people.

II. Altai family - 40 million people.

Groups: 1) Turkic - about 39 million. The peoples of this group live in several historical and ethnographic areas:

Central Asia and Kazakhstan - 23.2 million people, including Uzbeks - 12.5 million, Kazakhs - 6.5 million, Turkmens - 2 million, Kyrgyz - 1.9 million, Karakalpaks - 0.3 million;

Uralo-Volzhsky region - about 9.5 million people in total, including Tatars - 6.3 million, Chuvashs - 1.8 million, Bashkirs - 1.4 million;

Siberia - a total of about 650 thousand people, including Yakuts - 328 thousand, Tuvans - 166 thousand, Khakasses - 71 thousand, Altaians - 60 thousand, Shors - 16 thousand, Dolgans - 5 thousand;

Caucasus - only about 6 million people, including Azerbaijanis - 5.4 million, Kumyks - 230 thousand, Karachais - 131 thousand, Balkars - 66 thousand, Nogais - 60 thousand. Gagauz live in Moldova - 173 thousand .;

2) Mongolian - about 500 thousand people, including Buryats - 300 thousand, Kalmyks - 140 thousand;

3) Tungus-Manchurian - only 55 thousand. The most numerous people of this group are Evenks - 28 thousand. This also includes Evens, Nanais, Ulchi, Orochi.

III. Caucasian family - about 6.5 million people. Groups: 1) Kartvelian (Georgians) - 3.5 million;

2) Abkhaz-Adyghe - about 600 thousand, including Abkhazians - 91 thousand, Abaza - 29 thousand, Kabardians - 322 thousand, Adyghe - 109 thousand, Circassians - 46 thousand;

3) Nakh-Dagestan - about 2.3 million, including Chechens - 756 thousand, Ingush - 186 thousand and the peoples of Dagestan - 1.4 million people, of which the largest Avars - 483 thousand, Lezgins - 383 thousand, Dargins - 287 thousand, Laks - 100 thousand, Tabasarans - 75 thousand people and a number of small peoples - Rutuls, Tsakhurs, Aguls, etc.

IV. Ural family - 4.2 million people.

Groups: 1) Finnish - more than 4 million, including Mari - 622 thousand, Komi and Komi-Permyaks - 500 thousand, including

the latter - 150 thousand, Karelians - 138 thousand; Saami - 1.5 thousand;

2) Ugric - Khanty, Mansi - about 30 thousand;

3) Samoyed - about 35 thousand, including the Nenets - 30 thousand and the small peoples of Siberia - the Selkups, Nganasans.

The languages ​​of some small peoples of Eastern Siberia and the Far East cannot be attributed to any of these named families and groups. The languages ​​of the Chukchi-Kamchatka family are spoken by the Chukchi - 14 thousand, the Koryaks - 8.0 thousand and the Itelmens. Eskimos, Aleuts, as well as small Paleo-Asian peoples - Yukaghirs, Nivkhs also live here.

Immigrants from other countries living in the USSR belong to various language families, the most numerous of them are Germans - 1.9 million, Jews - 1.8 million and Poles - 1.2 million people.

Representatives of individual peoples, closely communicating long time with other peoples, they perceive from them the language, which often becomes their native language. According to the 1979 census, about 28% of the population of the USSR are fluent as a second language of other peoples of the country, including 24% of Russian. Some people consider their native language of another nationality, for example Russian, it was named by many Jews, Mordovians, Tatars, Armenians, Chuvashs and a large proportion of Bashkirs.

The national composition of the population of the USSR as a whole and especially in individual republics is changing, which is due to different rates of reproduction of individual peoples and the degree of their assimilation. From 1970 - 1979 The population of the USSR increased by 8.7%, but the growth in the number of individual peoples differed significantly from the average Union indicator (Table 7). During this time, the number of Mordovians and Karelians decreased, while the number of Latvians, Estonians, Udmurts, Komi remained at the level of 1970. In general, the number of peoples of the Indo-European language family increased by 5%, Altai by 21, Caucasian by 8%, and the Urals did not change.

The peoples of the USSR were formed over a long period of time from numerous multilingual tribes belonging to various racial types. The processes of ethnic development of individual peoples before the socialist period were very difficult, often in a sharp struggle for their territory and independence. Some of them managed to preserve the integrity of the ethnic territory and the compactness of settlement within its boundaries, while others, pushed aside by a strong enemy or driven by poverty, were forced to settle in new places, creating separate settlements or large areas of compact settlement. In this way, zones of striped settlement of individual peoples arose.

During the period of socialist construction, migration acquired a different character, their scale increased, and the degree of participation in them different peoples increased greatly. This led to the expansion of the areas of settlement of a number of peoples, such as Russians, Ukrainians, Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Azerbaijanis, and the complication of the structure of the national composition of certain regions of the country.

The national composition of the population of a certain territory can be homogeneous (homogeneous) and mixed (heterogeneous). In the union and autonomous republics of the USSR, it is, as a rule, heterogeneous, but even in

this case rural population more ethnically monolithic than urban. Usually cities are characterized by a multinational composition of the population, which is the more difficult bigger city, its functions and external economic and cultural relations are more diverse. The study of the ethnic structure of individual territories and cities has great importance, since it has an impact on demographic processes, a variety of forms of material and spiritual culture, ethnic development individual peoples. The importance of these studies drew the attention of ethnographers and geographers VV Pokshishevsky (1969).

L. F. Monogarova (1972), using the logical model of mosaic analysis created by V. V. Pokshishevsky, proposed a formula for determining the index

where m- the number of nationalities;

then there is a situation characterized by the maximum possible mosaic of nationalities in the j -th city, when the shares of all nationalities in it are the same.

Example. Let us define the mosaic nature of the national composition of Dushanbe in 1970.

Condition. Tajiks - 26%, Russians - 42, Uzbeks - 11, Tatars - 5, other peoples - 16%.

The mosaic index of the national composition of the population of the republics, territories and regions of the country was calculated by B. M. Ekkel using the formula he derived (1976). It turned out to be the highest in Kazakhstan, the republics of Central Asia, Latvia, Estonia and in the autonomous republics North Caucasus. The national composition is more monolithic in Ukraine, in Armenia, Azerbaijan, and in the autonomous republics of the European North of the USSR. The nature of the distribution of individual peoples on the territory of the country can be determined using two indicators: the degree of distribution of the people on the territory of the USSR and the proportion of people living outside their national territory (Table 8). On these grounds, three groups of peoples are distinguished. The first is distinguished by the compactness of settlement within its national territory and an insignificant proportion of those living outside it (a number of peoples of the Caucasus, the Baltic states, and Siberia). The second group includes the Slavic peoples, especially the Russians, who settle throughout the territory of the USSR everywhere, but most of them live in their national republics. The third group of peoples (Tatars, Mordovians, Chuvashs, etc.) is distinguished by dispersed settlement, while most of them (especially Tatars) live outside their republics, in many administrative divisions of the country.