On approval of the list of heavy work and work with harmful or dangerous working conditions, in the performance of which the use of women's labor is prohibited.

Women in Russia cannot work not only as electric train drivers or truckers. List of specialties, recognized by the Labor Code as unacceptable for women, is extensive. You can’t work, for example, as a diver, tractor driver, paratrooper (in the sense of a paratrooper-firefighter), you can’t lift more than 10 kg. You can’t drive a bus either (only urban and suburban transportation is allowed within the day shift, provided that you are “not involved in maintenance and repair of the bus).

Basically, the restrictions apply to work in chemical industries, metallurgy, as well as mining, underground work.

Women, however, do not seek to get to these forbidden places. “There are very few such cases, at the level of statistical error,” says Yury Virovets, co-founder of HeadHunter. " Russian legislation, as well as, by the way, and foreign, in these matters it is quite sparing, ”the senior specialist in labor relations portal Superjob.ru Ekaterina Smirnova.

But restrictions cause difficulties in the work of large manufacturing companies.

“Working conditions have seriously improved since the creation of this list,” Oleg Vasilevsky, HR Director at Rusal, told Gazeta.Ru. “We invite auditors and scientists to our enterprises to give an expert assessment of the safety of these workplaces.” According to him, the company sent a letter to the Ministry of Labor, in which it proposes to revise the list of professions closed to women.

Now companies can independently withdraw specific work positions from the list of unacceptable for women, but for this they need to undergo an independent audit at their own expense, said Marina Moskvina, vice president of the RSPP, head of the labor market and social partnership department.

“Of course, the lists of harmful and dangerous industries that exist have not corresponded to the real state of affairs for a long time,” says Moskvina.

In terms of the coming labor shortage in Russia, even this small expansion labor resources could be helpful.

"Demographic problems - youth age groups are really few in number,” says Igor Polyakov, a leading analyst at the Center for Macroeconomic Analysis and Short-Term Forecasting (CMASF). “From the point of view of enterprises, these are significant problems.”

First of all, it would be possible to remove specialties from the ban, which are already massively switching to more automated work. “New technologies, production automation, the use of robots and other kinds of solutions allow women to be admitted to such jobs,” says Polyakov.

Although even representatives of the business community note that decisions on the withdrawal from the ban must be made with extreme caution. “Today, in our mines, for example, it is difficult to imagine the possibility of transferring jobs to the class of acceptable working conditions,” admits Moskvina. RusHydro considers the current restrictions “on objectively difficult and harmful types of work” to be rational.

According to experts, women should be admitted to difficult and harmful specialties gradually. “In any case, there will be some health regulations, there may be age restrictions from 25 to 45,” Polyakov notes.

However, we are talking about small scale. “It is hardly possible to speak of more than 200,000 jobs,” says Polyakov.

In Russia, we recall, there are more than 4.4 million unemployed (according to the ILO methodology, Rosstat data as of February 2015). At the same time, the unemployment rate for men is even higher than for women - 6.2% versus 5.4%.

Since 1974, Russia has officially had a list of 456 professions prohibited for women. The list includes such specialties that many men cannot do, but the representatives of the “weaker sex” are still unhappy. For almost half a century, they have been proving that they can do any job and are free to choose their own professional path. AT last years the government promises to revise the list and leave only types of work harmful to women's health, but so far the list remains unchanged. Let's talk about 7 forbidden professions and brave ladies who were able to get around this ban.

Sailor

"The woman on the ship - Bad sign". It is not known exactly when this old superstition appeared, but it is known that it still lives on. And in Russia, even at the legislative level. The harsh sea life is considered too hard for girls (“mothers-to-be”), and being on the same ship with men for several months is completely unbearable. But brave ladies do not pay attention to this touching concern for themselves and still rush into the sea. Women make up 1-2% of all sailors in the world, but this does not mean that they are not on ships at all. They become sailors, navigators, assistants, captains and even receive the rank of admiral. In the United States, Admiral Michelle Howard ran the entire fleet of the country, participated in the Gulf War and rescued her comrades from pirate captivity. But in Russia, girls are forbidden to serve on military courts.

The only captain (and also the only woman) in the Navy was Vera Kurochkina, who operated a large hydrographic boat. This ship provided combat activities for other ships and was used in scientific purposes. In 2013, Captain Kurochkin was fired with a vague wording “due to changes in conditions employment contract". And a little later, the leadership of the Russian Navy promised that by 2018 there would be ships ready to take women specialists on board, but so far this has not happened. The few girls who do make it on board work on merchant and passenger ships. The situation when the entire command staff of the ship is made up of women is not yet possible in Russia. But once upon a time, it was the Russian woman Anna Shchetinina who became the first woman - a sea captain.

Trucker

It’s hard for many of us to imagine, but the profession of a trucker can really become a dream job. Especially if you are a lady who is protected by law from driving and maintaining buses and cars with a carrying capacity of more than 2.5 tons. We are still surprised to see a girl driving a taxi or minibus, what can we say about trucks. But it is necessary to speak, because there are not so few such brave women in Russia. They drive huge trucks, one wheel of which can weigh more than the driver himself, and without anyone else's help, manually change them on deserted, broken roads.

It is very difficult for a girl to get a job as a truck driver: car owners usually do not trust trucks and cargo to such fragile creatures. And in vain: in practice, they cope no worse than their colleagues, and the men who meet along the way (including the police and even local bandits) are always happy to help the lady. But not without sexism - male truckers often try to send a female driver to the kitchen or propose a hand and heart. Work associated with constant traveling does not prevent truckers from starting families. Relatives are proud that they do such a difficult "male" work.

Electric train driver

It is also forbidden for women to drive an electric train (that is, a subway). Metro workers consider this rule quite reasonable. A long stay underground is fraught with health problems for any person, but for girls, among other things, reproductive functions may be impaired. However, the biggest fears are caused by emergency situations. Metro workers can hardly imagine what a fragile girl will do with a train stuck in a tunnel or a person who has fallen under the wheels. After the war, women were actively recruited as machinists, and a few years ago, the last specialist from that recruitment, Natalya Kornienko, quit the subway. Since then, there have been no typists in the metro, although one girl actively tried to get into the coveted chair through the court.

Petersburger Anna Klevets studied at the Faculty of Law and was looking for a part-time job. The position of an assistant driver suited her quite well, but the metro management did not change its rules. Then the girl went to court, saying that the law is discriminatory and violates the constitution. Judging by the fact that there are still no women running metro trains, Themis took the side of the government.

Welder

Truckers note: although it is difficult to get a job, there are no problems with wages - both men and women receive the same. But welders often complain that they are harassed at work: a man's salary can be almost a third higher. Some welders are not allowed to get new categories; sometimes they even make out as a student, and they give the same amount of work as a man with experience. But once the profession of a welder was considered almost feminine: during the war and for some time after, girls reigned in the shops, and then a list of hard work appeared and specialists began to be removed, despite the high skill they demonstrated. The work of a welder is really hard and dangerous, but not only for women, but for everyone in general. These specialists retire at age 45, by which time they already have many health problems, in particular, with vision and the thyroid gland. There are also deaths in production: you can suffocate with gas (welding with argon is especially dangerous here) or get under someone's tool.

Women are neat and responsible workers, which is why employers take them, despite the ban. They solder titanium and nuclear pipes, work with argon, and are not afraid of manual welding. If the employer comes across a decent one, then the welders receive compensation for their hard work: benefits, treatment, trips at the expense of the company, gifts for children. But salaries still remain small even for those who work in the most complex and dangerous industries in hard-to-reach places. But welders usually love their work and even call it creative, because metal cannot just be alloyed - you need to give it a certain shape, make everything beautiful and of high quality. The work of the welder is checked by X-ray, there can be no errors.

Miner

The specialty of a miner is almost the first in the list of prohibited professions. And it seems that here it is - a job that is too tough for women who have escaped to freedom. But it was not always so. Before the revolution and during both world wars, girls were not only allowed to work in the mines, but they encouraged such desires in every possible way (however, in those difficult times, the government officially hired children under 15). Now, of course, no one allows the ladies to swing their picks underground for 14 hours a day, but this does not mean that they have completely returned to the surface. The most common underground profession for girls is a mine surveyor. These are mining engineers who plan and control all stages of construction underground. A surveyor's mistake can lead not only to the collapse of all work, but also to the death of miners - he must assess the condition of the soil, find gassed areas underground, make the right calculations so that nothing collapses. And all these super-responsible decisions are often made by fragile girls. For several years of work, they spend more than a thousand hours underground.

Fireman

Women in Russia cannot take part in direct fire fighting. To be honest, very few people want to get around this ban: firefighters in Russia can be counted on the fingers. Perhaps, without the ban, there would have been much more of them: in the United States, for example, 6,200 women put out fires, and 150 of them lead the work of fire departments. The American government is required to hire a certain number of girls for this position, provided that they pass a rigorous selection process. In Russia, no skills will help firefighters. Nor excellent marks in specialized educational institutions, nor high results on the standards will force the chiefs of parts to hire a girl. There are no conditions for them either: no separate rooms, no separate showers.

A firefighter is an incredibly dangerous and difficult profession in itself, and women in it have to deal with additional stress: mockery and distrust of male colleagues, harassment from superiors. Those few ladies who nevertheless convinced the authorities of their willingness to donate own life for the sake of saving strangers, they cannot, for example, participate in competitions - after all, they will compete with men who will be very upset if they lose to the fairer sex. Many girls dream of saving people, many are physically and mentally ready for such work, but only a few begin to fight prejudice and outdated legislation.

Chemical production worker

Girls are actively discouraged from working in the chemical industry. In a good way, no one should work at this production at all, but they decided to remove women by law. Working with materials that emit toxic fumes adversely affects the reproductive functions and health of the children being born. In addition, workers in hazardous industries are more likely to develop gynecological diseases and specific forms cancer. But of course, unscrupulous employers allow women who are in dire need of money to use harmful substances. They can be incorrectly issued and paid a penny.

“Currently, we are working to revise the current list of 456 “prohibited” professions,” the minister said.

Increasing opportunities for women to work different types transport, as drivers of special equipment, writes TV.

The list of professions prohibited for women was enshrined in a decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 25, 2005. It included heavy types of work with harmful or dangerous working conditions. Women are not allowed, for example, to uproot stumps, drill wells and slaughter livestock, writes URA.ru.

The list of prohibited professions for women also includes: miner, explosives, fireman, tanker, sailor, combat fighter pilot and warship commander.

Decided to shorten the list because many technological processes already automated, and applied at workplaces modern equipment, said the minister. Still, the concept of "not a woman's" business still remains. And here the main thing is to legislate the duty of thorough certification of jobs, Irina Knyazheva, chairman of the Center for Women's Initiatives, told Radio Komsomolskaya Pravda.

Of course, some specialties can already be removed from this strict list. But not all entrepreneurs have improved jobs. So I think that we need to be tougher about the certification of these places. When hiring, it is necessary to ensure that all conditions are created for women that affect their reproductive function and overall health. But I don't understand how a woman can work, for example, as a diver. It seems to me that special concessions need to be made.

At the end of February 2018, the Ministry of Labor announced that it plans to update the list of professions prohibited for women. This is due to the fact that some types of work have disappeared from the old list, others have become available to the weaker sex due to technological improvements.

Equality with 456 exceptions

The Russian constitution makes male and female applicants equal in rights during employment, but government decree No. 162, signed on February 25, 2000, regulates 456 professions that the weaker sex is forbidden to receive.

Important! A taboo has been imposed on women's work in connection with the severity, harmfulness or danger in the performance of certain work.

The current list of professions prohibited for women as of January 2019 can be found in the ConsultantPlus system http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_26328/

The list of harmful professions includes those that:

• negatively affect women's health, primarily reproductive;
• unsafe;
• require fast response or physical strength, endurance, concentration.

At the end of 2017, Tatyana Moskaleva, Commissioner for Human Rights in Russia, expressed her opinion to journalists. She agreed that all professions should be reviewed and adjusted once again, but one should not forget about the opinion of women themselves. Each has its own physical fitness and moral framework, so if a woman wants to drive a train, why not give her the opportunity?

In connection with this opinion, it is recalled the story of Evgenia Markova, who works as a truck driver. She had to go through a refusal to train and issue the rights of a military driver, get two university degrees that were not very useful - in information security and a manager, and work at Kaspersky Lab.

The dream became a reality only after employment in a forwarding company that recruited female drivers of heavy trucks. I feared for difficulties with repairing the car, but male colleagues are always ready to help on the road - not only to borrow a tool, but also to repair the breakdown.

Version-2000

The list of professions prohibited for women in Russia compiled in 2000, according to the head of the Ministry of Labor Maxim Topilin, is morally outdated and some positions should be excluded from it. main reason adjustments to be made improvement modern conditions labor.

At the beginning of 2018, there was information in the news that the management large enterprise proposed to give companies the right to choose independently - which jobs to hire women, and which vacancies to refuse. True, it was specified that the decision would have to be approved by the trade union leaders.

The mentioned initiative belonged to the leadership of Russian Railways. In the current list 30, a section is devoted to the railway industry, and women are not allowed access to such specialties as:

• driver and his assistant;
• train compiler;
• accumulator.

Meanwhile, Russian Railways is confident that the fair sex is quite capable of managing modern Sapsan or Lastochka.

Topilin severely criticized the approach proposed by Russian Railways, saying that it is not the prerogative of a particular employer to prohibit or allow. The standards should be fixed by law so that they are common to all workers and their employers.

The 19-year-old list of prohibited professions for women in Russia includes many professions that have disappeared in two decades. Most of them are production related to electrical engineering, welding, production of abrasives, processing industry and logging.

At the moment, women are prohibited from offering, for example, the following vacancies:

• raft shaper;
• raft rafting;
• pyrite crusher;
• stonemaker;
• stonecutter;
• harvester of ice and bone charcoal;
• miner.

Important! All previous attempts to challenge the list by representatives of government or business were in vain.

New opportunities

Work on professions prohibited for women in the Russian Federation, who will enter the new list, continues. The Ministry of Labor and Social Development collects proposals from interested parties - trade unions, employers, government agencies - to update the list. Physicians should also give expert opinions. It is on their conscience to identify factors that can negatively affect the reproductive function of the female body.

Doctors assure that the highest percentage of occupational diseases develops in those who work:

• in the manufacturing industry;
• in the metallurgical industry;
• in the production of products;
• with chemicals.

Important! Working with chemicals significantly increases the risk of carcinoma (breast cancer) in hairdressers, beauticians, laundries and dry cleaners.

It is possible that very soon Russian women will be able to get jobs in vacancies, access to which was closed to them until recently. Many have lost the criterion of harmfulness due to the technological modernization of production and adjustments to social and hygienic working conditions.

Moreover, as Valery Korzh, the head of the labor conditions and labor protection department of the Ministry of Labor, who participates in the All-Russian week of labor protection in Sochi, explained, most likely, the criteria for defining a “non-female profession” will have to be revised. Instead of a direct ban on specific specialties, it is better to rely on the conditions created by the employer, because it is one thing to manage a Sapsan, and another to run an old-style locomotive.

The Ministry of Labor proposes not to draw up a black list of prohibited professions, but to approve harmful production factors or types hazardous work. A draft of a new approach to defining "non-women's positions" is posted on the Regulations Portal for public comment.

The truth of life

Despite the existing list and Labor Code, no one guarantees the absolute safety of women's labor. Take even the statistics on female injuries in the Sverdlovsk region:

• a third of those injured at work over the past 5 years;
• every fifth case of severe injuries;
• one in ten workplace deaths.

Formally, hard physical labor and high harm to women are prohibited, but if the profession is not included in the list, no one will forbid you to get a job, especially if there are a shortage of candidates for the position. In small towns, the choice of offers from employers is not large at all, and in order to feed their families, wives and mothers do not disdain any vacancy.

What makes the weaker sex "stop a galloping horse"? The main factors of employment in harmful or difficult positions are well known:

• earnings are higher by 20-30%;
• extended package of social benefits: additional vacation, shorter working hours, improved nutrition, vacation vouchers;
• earlier retirement.

On a note! According to statistics, 65% of women are unemployed and it is more difficult for them to find a job.

Many difficult and traumatic women's work today performed by male migrants. For example, they are employed as plasterers-painters, although until recently only representatives of the weaker sex worked for them. But there are still problems with the replacement of female labor by robots in Russia. We have only three robots for every 10,000 workers, while in Japan it is 305, and in Korea it is 531.

While the government has updated the list of prohibited professions for women last time in 2000. How soon this will be done again, and by what criteria they will determine "non-women's work", we will find out in the future.