L. Human Resources

Labor productivity characterizes the efficiency and effectiveness of ore costs and is determined by the quantity of products produced per unit of working time.

· Under the growth of labor productivity is meant the saving of labor costs (working time) for the manufacture of a unit of output or an additional amount of output per unit of time, which directly affects the efficiency of production. The accelerated growth of labor productivity finds its manifestation in: 1) an increase in the mass of products created by using labor resources; 2) reduction of labor costs per unit of output; 3) cost reduction wages for one ruble of production; 4) improving product quality; 5) increase in the number of new products and its rapid promotion to the market; 6) an increase in the mass and rate of profit. From the above, we can confidently say that the accelerated growth of labor productivity causes cost reduction and profit, the necessary share of production development. Along with this, productivity growth is the basis for increasing wages and incomes of workers. It should be noted that high level salary makes the entrepreneur more competitive as a buyer in the labor market: he can attract and retain qualified personnel, make their qualitative selection, thereby laying the foundation for further development enterprises. Among the factors affecting the level of labor productivity, factors can be distinguished. They are very diverse, but all of them can be combined according to the degree of controllability, content, and the nature of the impact. According to the degree of controllability, they are divided into: 1) Not regulated - subject to regulation by the subject economic activity. 2) Partially regulated, for example, changing the range of products, labor costs, fixed capital, materials per unit of output. 3) Regulated, which according to their content are divided into three groups: a) material and technical which include: modernization of existing equipment;

* replacement of obsolete equipment with new one;

* increasing the level of mechanization and automation of production;

* the use of new, progressive types of raw materials and materials, new energy sources;

* Improving product quality. These factors are essential for modern Russia, as their use is reflected in the reduction of the cost per unit of production.

b) organizational factors, which include:

* improvement in the organization of management;

* improvement of the organization of production;

* improvement of its logistical and personnel support;

* improvement of labor organizations. The peculiarity of their impact lies in a significant impact on the use of the working time fund, reducing its losses and irrational costs. c) social factors. The most important ones include:

* material and moral interest in the result of labor;

* the level of qualification and professional training of personnel;

* attitude to work and labor discipline;

* health and well-being;

* the relationship in the team, its stability and cohesion. The impact of social factors is manifested in the growth of job satisfaction, increased labor activity, initiative, responsibility and self-discipline. According to the nature of the impact, the factors are divided into: 1) direct (logistical and organizational); 2) indirect - which include most of the socio-economic factors. The unused opportunities of labor productivity in connection with the action of certain factors are reserves for the growth of labor productivity. They act as unused opportunities to reduce labor costs under the influence of certain factors. All reserves are divided into two groups: 1) reserves for improving living labor: include all reserves associated with the organization of working conditions, the structure and placement of personnel, ensuring the material and moral interest of workers in the results of labor. 2) reserves for more efficient use of basic and revolving funds: includes reserves for better use of fixed production assets (machines, mechanisms, etc.), as well as more economical use of labor, materials, fuel, raw materials.

According to the signs of the possibility of using reserves, they are divided: 1) into reserve reserves. For example, underutilization of equipment in terms of capacity. 2) loss reserves. For example, loss of working time, marriage, excessive fuel consumption. According to the place of discovery and use, the reserves are divided into: 1) national, related to the location of the enterprise, the rational use of the employed population, and more; 3) regional - these are opportunities for better use of the productive forces available in a given region. 4) intersectoral - associated with the possibility of improving relations between enterprises of different industries; 5) sectoral - this is the specialization of enterprises, the concentration and combination of production, the improvement of equipment and technology; 6) in-house - have essential, since, ultimately, all their types are identified and implemented directly at enterprises.

Labor productivity growth factors can be grouped into 3 groups:

1) material and technical factors depending on the level of development and the degree of use of funds (scientific and technological progress);

2) organizational, economic and managerial factors, depending on the degree of development of the forms of organization of production;

3) socio-psychological factors associated with the role of man in production.

The most important areas of action of scientific and technological progress as a factor in the growth of labor productivity are: mechanization and automation of production, the introduction of advanced technology and the latest technology, the improvement technological processes, improving the use of raw materials, materials, energy, these areas lead to a decrease in the labor intensity of products.

The second group of factors includes: improvement of the organization of production (deepening of specialization), labor, the introduction of new forms of remuneration and material incentives, and the improvement of production management.

AT modern conditions the role of socio-psychological factors increases. These include: improving the qualifications and general educational level of employees, improving working conditions, raising living standards, developing the service sector, developing methods psychological impact, rational use working time .

The growth of agricultural production per unit of time is possible, first of all, due to an increase in crop yields and animal productivity. Studies conducted in the Non-Chernozem Zone showed that an increase in the productivity of cows by 1% causes an increase in labor productivity by an average of 0.91%, all other things being equal.

The most important task is to complete the comprehensive mechanization of all processes based on a system of machines, which will increase labor productivity by 1.5 ... 2 times. It is necessary to streamline the acquisition of the system of machines in each farm. Ensure the optimal combination of machines with other factors, primarily a skilled workforce.

According to Shutkov A.A. raising the level of technical equipment of agriculture is the material basis for the growth of labor productivity. Technological progress, which is directly expressed in an increase in the quantity and quality of agricultural machinery, is important process consistent replacement of living labor by the work of the most active part of the fixed production assets, which are machines and other equipment.

Intra-production reserves for increasing labor productivity are due to the insufficiently efficient use of equipment and labor, the presence of losses in working time, including as a result of day-to-day and intra-shift losses.

A serious factor in reducing labor intensity is financial incentives. The main ways to increase the interest of workers as a result of labor is the correct organization of its payment, stimulating advanced training, increasing product productivity and improving its quality.

Great importance has advanced training. So, for example, the labor productivity of masters of animal husbandry of the 1st and 2nd classes is 20 ... 30% higher than that of unskilled workers.

One of the reserves for improving the use of labor resources is to reduce staff turnover. Labor efficiency is reduced due to the fact that in the time preceding the dismissal and at the beginning of work in a new place, the employee's labor productivity decreases by 15 ... 20%.

Material incentives for agricultural workers in their basic and additional wages also contribute to the growth of labor productivity, causing interest in the final results of their work. At the same time, the rate of growth in labor productivity should outpace the rate of growth in wages.

Managers of agricultural enterprises can apply various forms of material incentives for workers.

For the implementation of moral and material incentives on farms, it is recommended to develop conditions for competition among workers in spring field work.

For example, in order to reduce the time of spring field work, two-shift work is introduced, while payment for an hour of work at night is paid at an increased rate (up to 50% compared to daytime). The specific amount of the increase is determined by the collective agreement concluded in the farm.

In order to strengthen the material interest in the economical use of fuels and lubricants, it is recommended to pay premiums for their savings (deductions for overruns) against the established consumption rates, subject to agrotechnical requirements for the quality of work. The payment of bonuses for saving fuel and lubricants and the deduction of amounts from wages for their overrun should be made monthly.

After the completion of spring field work and the emergence of seedlings, it is recommended to inspect the crops by a specially created commission for the acceptance of work performed and determine the winners of the competition.

For violations labor discipline, low quality and non-compliance with the technology of work, failure to meet the requirements of specialists in the Regulation on remuneration may provide for partial or complete deprivation of additional payment, bonuses, payment in kind.

At the level of the district administration of agriculture, it is recommended to sum up the results of the competition daily and cover the progress of field work in the district newspapers.

This is the economic essence of productivity and material incentives for labor.

Thus, the main ways to increase labor productivity in agriculture are:

Growth of the capital supply of the economy and the capital-labor ratio of labor;

Increasing the intensity of the use of fixed assets;

Deepening specialization and strengthening the concentration of agricultural production;

Introduction of resource-saving and progressive technologies in crop and livestock production;

Improving the organization of labor and increasing its intensity;

Professional development of personnel for the agro-industrial complex;

Strengthening financial incentives.


2.1 Labor productivity factors

Labor productivity is a dynamic indicator. It only matters in its progressive change. It is the increase in labor productivity that is the main condition that ensures economic growth and economic development throughout the country. The level of labor productivity (its numerical value) depends on many reasons for the different nature, which in the scientific and economic literature and economic practice are usually called factors. The action of all causes is closely interconnected, and only for a more complete and convenient study of the possibilities of increasing labor productivity, they are considered separately.

Measuring the absolute level of labor productivity is only the first step. More complex and time-consuming work is to assess the dynamics of changes in the level of labor productivity and identify factors and conditions, reserves and resources that affect productivity growth. Identification of reserves is a rather serious and complex task that requires high competence of specialists involved in this matter. First, the possibilities of the enterprise in increasing labor productivity are assessed: the factors and conditions for its growth are considered. Under growth factors productivity refers to the causes that cause changes in its level. Under reserves of growth labor productivity at the enterprise means still unused real opportunities for saving labor resources.

Factorslabor productivity - these are objective and subjective reasons for the change in this indicator.

Appendix B. presents the main factors that shape labor productivity at the enterprise level.

The quality of management means the organization of enterprise management, including: organizational structure and production management systems, management procedures and technologies for their implementation, degree of automation of the management system, leadership style, level of work organization.

The level of engineering and technology is associated with the modernization of equipment, the replacement of obsolete equipment with new, more productive ones, the increase in the level of mechanization and automation of production, the introduction of new progressive technologies, the use of new types of raw materials, progressive materials and other measures.

The presence of a market segment implies the ability of an enterprise to sell its products on the market, a change in the structure of the product range, the presence of prospects for the development and expansion of products.

The level of use of personnel potential characterizes the professional qualification and educational composition and structure of personnel, the level of executive discipline, the socio-psychological climate in the team, the degree of compliance of the systems of material and moral incentives with the needs of the enterprise's personnel.

In practice, all factors are in close interaction. Determination of the dependence of the level of labor productivity on one or another factor allows not only to reveal development reserves, but also to tie them to the resource component for a specific period of time.

In addition to factors, it is necessary to take into account the conditions in which these factors operate. These include: natural and climatic conditions that are essential for the extractive industries and agriculture; change in the political situation; features of the fiscal, monetary and investment policy of the state; force majeure circumstances in the financial market and others.

Labor productivity factors are combined into the following groups:

I Group- fixed capital factors. Their role is determined by the quality, level of development and degree of use of investments and long-term tangible assets. These factors are associated with the mechanization and automation of labor, the introduction of advanced technologies and, accordingly, the use of high-quality and efficient materials. But the growth of materialized labor should not exceed the increase in the volume of work achieved due to the influence of these factors. However, it is practically difficult to accurately determine the increase in the volume of work achieved only by increasing the fixed capital, since any type of activity is closely related to the fixed assets, their structure and the technologies used.

IIGroup-socio-economic factors. These are the composition and qualifications of workers, working conditions, the health of the nation, the attitude of personnel to work, etc. In this group, the composition of personnel and the quality of labor play a special role. Moreover, the contribution of each individual to the total aggregate labor is not the same: some in the team always produce more than the average value, while others - less than the average. However, the currently used collective methods for calculating labor productivity do not take this into account. The productivity of an individual worker depends on his abilities, skills, knowledge, age, health status and a number of other reasons. From the standpoint of labor productivity, it is important for the employer to find "their" employee, whose work capacity and labor productivity are potentially above average. This selection of workers is assisted by the assessment of the quality of work and the professional selection system.

In this group of factors, one should also note the country's expenditures on education and health care, i.e., society's capital investments in the social sphere. There is no doubt that the professional training of workers depends on the level of school and professional, including higher, education, and the health of the nation and each worker individually depends on the state of medical care for the population. The full composition and rational structure of food products, the availability and affordability of consumer goods, including durable goods, the level of development of the service sector and housing and communal services are necessary components of the quality of life that allow you to quickly and timely restore a person’s working capacity, affect his mood and create feeling of comfort and safety. The mechanism of redistribution of society's income between individual strata of the population should also be included among the socio-economic factors.

IIIgroup -- organizational factors. They cover a set of measures for the organization of labor and management, personnel management. With the development of the economy, the role of this group of factors increases. The concept of labor organization and management includes the choice of the size and location of the enterprise, cooperation, specialization and combination as forms of organization of production, the scheme, structure and style of enterprise management, the definition of tasks for the activities of its divisions. A special group is made up of factors influencing relationships in the team and labor discipline. This is, firstly, the value system of employees and the principles of interaction that affect the target settings of the personnel, the behavior of employees and the microclimate in the team; secondly, measures to activate workers; thirdly, measures of control over the execution of managerial decisions and the correction of errors and miscalculations.

The action of these factors of labor productivity is due to objective, including natural and social, conditions of activity. Among them, one should also note the climatic conditions and the availability of natural resources of the country, its social development, political life and the level of well-being of the population.

The factors of labor productivity are also divided as follows:

1) growth factors of living and materialized labor. Such a differentiation of factors is associated with reserves of intensification within the framework of normal labor intensity and measures to increase the share of fixed capital;

2) factors of growth in labor productivity, due to the time of action. This group distinguishes a) current factors associated with organizational and technical measures that do not require significant investment; b) promising factors associated with fundamental changes in engineering and technology. The action of the latter is designed for a long period of time (usually more than one year);

3) factors determined by the role and place in the economy: a) general economic; b) intersectoral and sectoral; c) intracompany; d) workplace. The action of general economic factors is associated with the social division of labor, including international, the availability and use of labor resources, and the structure of production. Intersectoral and sectoral factors of labor productivity growth are associated with the peculiarities of the organization of production - its specialization, concentration and combination, with interproductive cooperation. Factors of labor productivity growth in the workplace include, first of all, a set of measures to eliminate the loss of working time and its more rational use.

All the factors of labor productivity discussed above should be investigated in the course of analytical work at the enterprise to identify their significance and impact on the future. Factor analysis of labor productivity examines the indicators that have had a direct impact on its change. For example, you can study the effect of the proportion of workers employed in manufacturing, the number of days worked, the length of the working day, and the hourly productivity of labor on the change in the productivity of an employee over a specific period. The form of the relationship of these factors is indicated in Appendix B.

The calculation of the influence of these factors on the change in the level of average annual output of industrial and production personnel is carried out by the method of absolute differences.

  1. labor at the enterprise

    Abstract >> Economic theory

    ... Raise performance labor in any system, various ways under the influence of various factors...responsible executors. Ways raise performance labor at the enterprise Ways raise performance labor linked to...

  2. Ways raise performance labor

    Coursework >> Economics

    3. Research ways raise performance labor 3.1 Reserves and factors growth performance labor in the enterprise 3.2 Effectiveness of growth measures performance labor Conclusion...

  3. Raise performance labor at LLC "Regiongazstroy"

    Coursework >> Economics

    ... performance labor 1.1 Level measurement methods performance labor 2. Factors and way raise performance labor in construction on the example of LLC "Regiongazstroy" 2.1 Performance labor in construction 2.2 Analysis performance ...

Increasing labor productivity is an objective economic law of the development of human society. In the process of labor, living labor uses the results of past, materialized, labor (objects and means of labor) to produce new products. The growth of productive forces means saving not only living, but also materialized labor.

Labor productivity factors- these are the driving forces, the reasons under the influence of which the labor costs for the production of a unit of output (works, services) change. All factors affecting labor productivity can be divided into two groups. The first includes factors contributing to an increase in labor productivity, the improvement of the organization of labor and the social conditions of life of workers. The second group is represented by factors that negatively affect labor productivity: unfavorable natural conditions, poor organization of production and labor, tense social situation. Many of them operate throughout the development of human society, but the significance of individual factors that determine the productive power of labor changes at different stages. Initially, natural conditions played a leading role. The productive use of other factors and the overall productivity of labor as a whole largely depended on them. Later, the average degree of skill of the worker, the ability to effectively use their professional skills and production experience, acquires an increasingly important role. The industrial revolution pushes natural conditions and handicraft skills into the background. It dramatically increased the role of tools, technology, general and professional knowledge. Gradually, not only the nature and size of the means of production, but also the efficiency of their use, the scientific organization of labor are becoming increasingly important. Now the fruitfulness of labor first of all depends on these factors. According to foreign experts, two-thirds of the increase in labor productivity is provided by technical progress.

Technological progress includes not only completely new methods of production, but also new forms of management and organization of production. In practice, technological progress and investment are closely linked: technological progress entails investment in new machinery and equipment.

The productivity of workers also increases if more fixed capital is used. But in the development of the economy, such a situation is also possible when, over a certain period of time, the total amount of capital increases, and the number of labor forces increases faster, while labor productivity will fall, as the armament of each worker decreases. It is quite possible that labor productivity growth will slow down due to the lack of investment in infrastructure development (roads, bridges, public transport, airports, water supply).

At the level a separate enterprise(organization) all factors can be divided into internal and external. Internal factors include the level of technical equipment of the enterprise, the efficiency of the technology used, the organization of labor and production, qualifications and incentive systems for personnel, working conditions, innovations, i.e. everything that depends on the collective of the enterprise and its leaders. To external factors should include the political situation in the country and in the world, the level of development of market relations, competition, scientific and technological progress, the general level of economic development, the quality and quantity of the country's labor resources, the availability natural resources, development of social infrastructure (operation of passenger transport, medical care, organization of cultural and educational and sports and recreational work, housing and living conditions).

A special place among the factors of labor productivity growth is occupied by education and vocational training. Investing in human capital is an important means of increasing labor productivity. The level of education is an indicator of the quality of the labor force.

Statistical studies of the impact of skill levels on the increase in labor productivity and thus on the increase in GNP were first carried out in the 1920s. Academician S. G. Strumilin. In recent studies of economists, it was calculated that by raising the professional and qualification level of workers, about 20% of the increase in labor productivity is provided.

Working conditions occupy a special place among the factors of labor productivity growth. This is a set of factors of the production environment that affect the performance, health of a person, the development of his personality, the results of his work. Working conditions also influence the attitude of the person himself to work, the moral and psychological climate of the entire team and its stability.

Along with the improvement of working conditions and its safety, a huge impact, as shown by Foreign experience, to increase the efficiency of the work of workers has an improvement in their living conditions. It is quite difficult to establish a direct connection between the improvement of living conditions and production results, since its manifestations are very diverse: here there is a reduction in lost working time, and strengthening labor discipline, and increasing stability.

Factors, depending on the degree and nature of the impact on the level of labor productivity, can be combined into three main groups: material and technical, organizational and economic, socio-psychological.

The material and technical factors of labor productivity growth include an increase in the technical and energy armament of labor through the introduction of new equipment and technology.

Of great importance use of new types of raw materials, materials(synthetic polymers, plastics), development of new energy sources- nuclear, intranuclear, geothermal, space.

One of the main logistical factors in the growth of labor productivity is the improvement of product quality and its competitiveness in the market. Increasing the durability of products is equivalent to an additional increase in their output. As a result of the action of material and technical factors, labor productivity increases many times over and at the same time the technological labor intensity of products decreases. The growth of labor productivity by reducing labor intensity is determined by the formulas:

where P p - increase in labor productivity,%;

in- reducing the labor intensity of a unit of production,%;

Su - reducing the labor intensity of a unit of production, man-hour; T ref - the initial labor intensity required to perform work on the manufacture of a unit of production before the implementation of the event, man-hour.

Reducing the labor intensity of products ( in) due to the growth of labor productivity (P p) is determined by the formula

The organizational and economic factors of labor productivity growth include:

improvement of the organization of production at the level of enterprises, industries and the national economy as a whole. Of great importance here are the location of enterprises on the territory; organization of transport links, logistics, energy supply, repair services; specialization of enterprises and their cooperation. Within enterprises, the most important tasks for improving the organization of production are: staffing and organizational and technical preparation of production; timely introduction of new equipment and technology; modernization and repair of existing equipment; improvement of the organization of auxiliary services and facilities (transport, storage, energy, instrumental and other types of production services);

improvement of labor organization by improving the division and cooperation of labor; implementation of multi-machine maintenance; expanding the scope of combining professions and functions; introduction of advanced methods and techniques of labor; improving the organization and maintenance of workplaces; introduction of technically justified norms of labor costs; professional selection of personnel, improvement of their training and advanced training; improvement of working conditions, rationalization of work and rest regimes; improving wage systems, increasing their stimulating role;

improvement of the organization of production management by improving the operational management of the production process; improving the structure of the administrative apparatus; introduction of automated production control systems.

In the conditions of market relations, important measures to improve organizational forms production and management can be:

  • ? disaggregation of large production and economic complexes, formation of new industries due to the conversion of the defense industry;
  • ? privatization of state property;
  • ? development of small and medium business;
  • ? diversification of production;
  • ? attracting foreign capital for joint business activities.

The low level of labor organization is reflected in the use of working time and through this indicator affects labor productivity. Calculations of a possible increase in labor productivity with an improvement in the use of working time are made according to the following formulas:

where FRV PL is the planned (after the implementation of organizational measures) fund of working time per worker (shifts, hours or minutes);

FRVbase - basic (actual) fund of working time before the implementation of activities (in the same dimension);

Pp., - residual (planned) percentage of loss of working time for organizational reasons after the implementation of measures;

P 6az - basic (actual before the implementation of measures) percentage of lost working time.

Of great importance in the system of organizational factors is the improvement in the structure of personnel - a relative reduction in managerial personnel and an increase in the total number of industrial and production personnel in the proportion of production workers.

The calculation of the influence of this factor on labor productivity is carried out according to the formula

where D pr (pl) and D pr (ba 3) are, respectively, the planned and base shares of production workers in the total number of industrial and production personnel,%.

Socio-psychological factors are determined by the qualitative characteristics and socio-demographic composition of labor collectives, advanced training and professional level employees, improving the socio-psychological climate in labor collectives, increasing discipline, labor activity, creative initiative of employees, leadership style in departments and at the enterprise as a whole.

The increase in labor productivity is significantly influenced not only by the listed factors as the driving force of their growth, but also by growth reserves.

Labor productivity growth reserves- these are unused real opportunities for saving labor costs (reducing labor intensity and increasing output). Reserves are used and re-emerge under the influence of scientific and technological progress. Quantitatively, they can be defined as the difference between the achieved and the maximum possible levels of labor productivity for a certain period of time.

First, they are all divisible by two large groups: reserves for improving the use of living labor(labor force) and reserves for more efficient use of fixed and working capital. To the first group includes all reserves associated with the creation of working conditions, the structure and placement of personnel, with the provision of material and moral interest of workers in the results of labor. The second group - reserves for the efficient use of fixed production assets in terms of capacity and time, as well as reserves for a more economical use of raw materials, materials, fuel, energy and other working capital.

Secondly, reserves according to the features of the possibilities of their use are divided into reserve reserves and loss reserves. For example, non-use of equipment by capacity or by shift work; studied, but not yet implemented advanced labor methods - stock reserves. Loss of working time, downtime, marriage, excessive fuel consumption are loss reserves.

According to the place of origin, reserves are divided into national economic, regional, intersectoral, sectoral and intra-production. national economic reserves associated with underutilization of scientific and technical progress, irrational location of enterprises and inefficient demographic and territorial employment of the population, insufficient use of market mechanisms and management methods, as well as modern technologies.

Regional reserves- these are opportunities for better use of the productive forces of the region.

Intersectoral reserves associated with the possibility of improving intersectoral relations, strengthening contractual discipline between enterprises of different industries in the implementation of cooperative deliveries, improving the quality of products in the raw materials industries.

Industry reserves due to insufficient use of technology and technology, best practices, shortcomings in specialization, concentration and combination of production.

Internal reserves are determined by shortcomings in the use of equipment, raw materials, materials, working time at the enterprise. In addition to direct losses of working time (intra-shift and all-day), there are hidden losses associated with the correction of defective products, with the performance of work not provided for by the technology.

According to the terms of use, the reserves are divided into current and prospective. Current reserves plan to use within a month, quarter, year, depending on real opportunities enterprises. Prospective reserves scheduled for use in a year and large quantity years.

For the use of reserves at enterprises, plans for organizational and technical measures are developed, which indicate the types of reserves for increasing labor productivity, measures for their implementation, planned costs for this, the timing of the work, responsible executors.

When studying labor productivity issues, it is necessary to consider the factors of labor productivity growth. Labor productivity growth factors are the reasons under the influence of which its level and dynamics change.

Factors of labor productivity growth (or its reserves) are considered to be a set of objective and subjective reasons, causing a change in the level of labor productivity. The classic definition of the role of increasing labor productivity and its main factors was given by Adam Smith: “The annual product of the land and labor of any people cannot be increased ... except by increasing the number of its productive workers and the productive power of those already employed ... as a result of an increase in capital, that is, funds … or as a result of a more expedient division and distribution of the employed.” In the time that has passed since the writing of these words, there has been only a slight concretization of these factors.

Under the factors of growth of labor productivity understand the driving forces, sources, as a result of the influence of which the level of labor productivity changes. Labor productivity factors are very diverse and multifaceted, therefore, at the macro and micro levels, various groupings are used for the purposes of forecasting and planning the growth of labor productivity in an enterprise, as well as their systemic perception.

Labor productivity is characterized by high variability and dynamism, which is associated with the influence of many factors on it, which in one way or another can either increase it or reduce it.

In addition, it should be noted the role of working conditions in which labor activity. This is the so-called indirect performance regulator, since it can either enhance or weaken the influence of the factors themselves.

Growth factors are objective reasons that cause a change in the level of a particular indicator. Labor productivity is changeable, unstable and depends on a number of factors. Their action is interconnected, but to study the dynamics of labor productivity, they should be considered and studied separately.

  • 1. Material and technical factors include everything that allows you to increase the technical level of production. First of all, this is the automation and mechanization of production processes, the raw materials used in the production, its quality, properties. It is very important to control the specific consumption of raw materials and materials: the smaller this value, the more efficient production is considered. In addition, at present, special attention should be paid to the technologies used: they need to be improved regularly. Only in this way can a firm or enterprises become sufficiently competitive in the market.
  • 2. Organizational factor includes the improvement of enterprise, production and labor management (for example, a management system). Initially, all businesses were managed by a single owner. With the development of entrepreneurship, managers appeared - individuals, which perform the function of managing on behalf of the owner of the organization. In addition, they set themselves specific tasks, the achievement of which is very important for the normal functioning and progressive development of the enterprise. The manager is obliged to plan the activities of the enterprise in accordance with the market situation and the degree of risk. With the final design of management as an independent form of labor, the mechanism of leadership became much simpler. After all, the manager not only controls the production process, but also monitors the order and implementation of the plan by the workers.
  • 3. Regional and economic factors: natural and climatic conditions, balance of jobs and labor resources, i.e. equality of supply and demand in the labor market, as well as the development of new areas of deposits.
  • 4. Social factors imply the cultural level of personnel, the level of qualifications, the initiative of the personnel, as well as the psychological climate in the team. In addition, the problem of relations between the employee and employers, which must be built on trust and social partnership, is extremely important.
  • 5. The structural factor characterizes the change in the volume and structure of production, economic specialization (change in the range of goods, their quality and other characteristics). This also includes the release of new products, the change in its share in the total volume of the product produced by this enterprise.

Determination and analysis of labor productivity growth factors at the enterprise is its most important strategic task. This allows you to determine the potential of the enterprise, highlight the main directions in which it should develop in the future.

Numerous factors for increasing labor productivity can be reduced to two - productive force labor (external factors that do not depend on the employee) and tension, intensity of labor (internal factors that depend on the employee).

Material and technical factors for increasing labor productivity include the creation, development and implementation of new technology; development and application of advanced technologies; improving the quality and competitiveness of products in the domestic and foreign markets; complex automation of production and management of production processes; modernization of existing equipment and production; maintaining competitiveness.

Scientific and technological progress is the main source of comprehensive and consistent growth in labor productivity. Therefore, in order to introduce the achievements of scientific and technological progress into the production process in modern conditions, it is necessary to direct investments primarily for the reconstruction and technical re-equipment of existing industries, an increase in the share of costs for the active part of fixed production assets - machinery, equipment.

The complex of material and technical factors and their influence on the level of labor productivity can be characterized by the following indicators:

  • - power-to-weight ratio of labor - the consumption of all types of energy per industrial worker;
  • - the electric power of labor - the consumption of electricity per industrial worker;
  • - technical equipment of labor - the volume of fixed production assets per employee;
  • - the level of mechanization and automation - the share of workers engaged in mechanized and automated labor;
  • - chemicalization of production, the use of progressive materials and chemical processes - the ratio of chemicalized production processes in its total volume.

One of the main material and technical factors is to improve the quality of products - the satisfaction of social needs with lower costs of funds and labor, since products High Quality replace more low quality products. Increasing the durability of products is equivalent to an additional increase in their output. Material and technical factors are the most important, since they provide savings not only for living, but also for materialized labor.

Organizational, economic and structural factors include the restructuring of production under the requirements of the market; improvement of the organization of production; development of progressive structures and functions of production and personnel management, improvement of product quality, its competitiveness.

Organizational factors are determined by the level of organization of labor, production and management.

These include:

  • 1. Improving the organization of production management:
    • - improvement of the structure of the management apparatus;
    • - improvement of production management systems;
    • - improvement of operational management of the production process;
    • - introduction and development of automated production control systems;
    • - inclusion in the scope of the automated control system of the maximum possible number of objects.
  • 2. Improving the organization of production:
    • - improvement of material, technical and personnel preparation of production;
    • - improving the organization of production units and the arrangement of equipment in the main production;
    • - improvement of the organization of support services and farms (transport, storage, energy, instrumental, economic and other types of production services).
  • 3. Improving the organization of labor:
    • - improving the division and cooperation of labor, introducing multi-machine maintenance, expanding the scope of combining professions and functions;
    • - introduction of advanced methods and techniques of labor;
    • - improvement of the organization and maintenance of workplaces;
    • - introduction of technically justified norms of labor costs, expansion of the scope of labor rationing of time workers and employees;
    • - introduction of flexible forms of labor organization;
    • - professional selection of personnel, improvement of their training and advanced training;
    • - improvement of working conditions, rationalization of work and rest regimes;
    • - improvement of wage systems, increasing their stimulating role.

Without the use of these factors, it is impossible to obtain the full effect of the material and technical factors.

Economic, legal and regulatory factors create material, administrative and methodological prerequisites for increasing labor productivity at all levels and depend on the role of the state and the government in assisting the subjects of the real sector of the economy in their efforts to increase labor productivity. These factors include:

¦ Improving the legal framework for the growth of labor productivity;

¦ strengthening of economic incentives and development of self-organization at the micro and macro levels;

¦ creation of a base of scientific and methodological support and information for economic entities.

Factors that provide financial incentives to employees include increasing the level of tariff rate; improvement of the wage system; improvement of the reward system, etc.

Socio-psychological factors also play an important role in increasing labor productivity. They are determined by the style of leadership in departments, at the enterprise as a whole; economic management motivation. Their influence is characterized by the natural and social conditions in which the employees of the enterprise work; the level of training of teams, the degree of discipline of employees, their labor and creative activity, the system of value orientations of the team; quality, as well as the socio-demographic composition of labor collectives.

Factors of productivity growth and ways to increase it at the enterprise level are considered a priority and at the same time are the key to increasing labor productivity at the macro level.

The use of each group of factors is directly related to the analysis of existing reserves for a possible increase in labor productivity in certain organizational and economic conditions of production for each structural production unit and the enterprise as a whole.

All of these factors are closely related and interdependent, they should be studied comprehensively. This is necessary in order to more accurately assess the influence of each factor, since their actions are unequal. The action of some gives a steady increase in labor productivity, while the influence of others is transient.

High labor productivity is achieved through its rational organization, reducing labor and material costs. Special meaning at the same time, it has labor rationing. On the basis of the norms, tasks for loading equipment are determined, the optimal number of employees, their professional and qualification composition are established, the wage fund is calculated, and other economic problems are solved.

When planning labor productivity at the enterprise, various methods are used, but the factor-by-factor method of analyzing the dynamics of labor productivity and its planning is most often used. When using the factor method, the calculation is made by determining the savings in working time or the number of employees by factors of labor productivity growth in accordance with their typical classification. A typical classification of labor productivity growth factors involves the analysis and planning of changes in labor productivity in the following areas:

  • - change in the technical level of production (commissioning of new equipment, modernization of equipment, improvement of management, organization of production and labor (expansion of service areas, reduction of intra-shift downtime, change and deepening of specialization, reduction of loss of working time);
  • - changes in natural conditions;
  • - change in the volume and structure of production (change in the share of cooperative deliveries, change in the share various methods production, share of newly developed products);
  • - other factors.

In the analysis and planning of changes in labor productivity in terms of its various factors, reserves for the growth of labor productivity in each particular firm are identified.

To share with friends:
Similar posts