Subjects and participants of entrepreneurship forming the external environment. External business environment

The business environment (ES) is understood as the presence of conditions and factors that affect entrepreneurial activity and require acceptance. management decisions to eliminate or adapt to them.

PS is an integrated set of objective and subjective factors that allow entrepreneurs to succeed in achieving their goals, and is divided into external, as a rule, independent of the entrepreneurs themselves, and internal, which is formed directly by the entrepreneurs themselves.

External environment Entrepreneurship seems to be a complex heterogeneous formation, covering a wide range of elements related both to the firm - the subject of entrepreneurial activity, and among themselves, the external environment of entrepreneurship forms a kind of systematically organized "space" in which processes operate and develop, limiting or activating entrepreneurial activity. To reveal the structure of the external environment of entrepreneurship, one should refer to the nature of the relationship that develops between the subject of entrepreneurship and the elements of the environment. In this case, it is possible to single out a number of elements that are not subject to direct control action on the part of the company and cannot adequately respond to its behavior due to indirect, indirect influence. For example, an entrepreneur is not able to directly influence the nature of the activities of competing firms, however, by forming the quality of manufactured goods, implementing a certain pricing policy, and carrying out activities that help strengthen his image and public recognition, he creates certain conditions for competition that are taken into account by all organizations competing on market. The entrepreneurial system, therefore, has a tangible impact on all participants in the competition process, which is distributed indirectly with the help of marketing influence tools. Such influence is captured by the market and requires an adequate response from its various subjects.

Elements of the external environment that can be indirectly influenced by the business system can be combined into a stable and fairly homogeneous set using a criterion that expresses the nature of the impact - indirect. In this regard, it is possible to single out a separate group of elements of the external environment - microenvironment.

When studying the microenvironment, it is important to remember that it not only experiences some influence from a particular entrepreneurial organization and adequately responds to its behavior in the market, but also has a noticeable formative influence on the style and nature of entrepreneurial activity. The microenvironment is, as it were, in the focus of market processes, reflecting the most significant market fluctuations. Its elements are in a state of constant mutual influence, when each of them is able to cause changes in the behavior of the other, but is also forced to adapt to these changes.

Along with the elements of the microenvironment in the external environment of entrepreneurship, there is the influence of factors that are more "hard" in nature. These factors (they can be called macro-environmental factors) have limiting and sometimes stimulating properties, but in any case, these are properties that manifest themselves in one direction: from an environmental element to a specific entrepreneurial organization. The most important feature of such factors is the impossibility of any influence on them by individual market entities, and vice versa - the need to adapt to the conditions formed by these factors. Of course, in general theoretical terms, it would hardly be legitimate to talk about the complete absence of the possibility of influencing any factors, since all elements of socio-ecological and economic systems are in unity and dynamic interconnection. We can only talk about a very insignificant impact, which practically does not have a manifestation in the practice of entrepreneurship, which can be neglected when solving specific managerial tasks. For example, one cannot fail to note the influence of entrepreneurship as a phenomenon, and entrepreneurs as its representatives, on the nature of the legal and regulatory framework. The entrepreneur expresses his preference for one form or another of the state structure, which has normative legal levers, participates in the creation of a certain public opinion, finally, gives his "vote" to the representatives of this or that political platform, but it can hardly be argued that his position and actions can have a significant, formative value. It is more expedient and fruitful to forecast and take into account legal processes regulated by the state than attempts to adapt them to one's own interests. Factors of the macro environment, thus, form a certain restrictive segment that requires study and active adaptation on the part of business structures.

Macro environment includes a wide range of elements: natural, demographic, economic, environmental, scientific and technological, legislative, national, etc. They are of a different nature and socio-economic nature and have a different impact on a particular type of production and entrepreneurial activity.

In order to identify the factors that determine the parameters of a particular entrepreneur, it is necessary to have a scientifically based classification that reflects the structure of macro factors. Such a classification can be based on five large groups of elements reflecting various aspects of socio-economic relations (Fig. 2.1).

Figure 2.1 - The structure of the elements of the macro-environment

Each of these elements has its own multicomponent structure. The group that brings together scientific and technical elements reflects the level of scientific and technological development, which imposes technical and technological restrictions on a particular type of entrepreneurship. Thus, in the conditions of the Russian market, the significantly limiting influence of the level of development of information technologies, covering almost all areas of business activity

Economic elements determine, first of all, the amount of money that the consumer can send to the market for a particular product and which form the conditions of demand and the capacity of this market. The action of these elements also determines the structure of demand, which includes various types of goods that correspond to consumer preferences and are affordable.

The economic factors of the macro environment also cover the formed labor market, the availability of vacancies and, consequently, the excess or shortage of labor, which affects the level of wages of workers.

Among the economic factors are the features of the development of the production sector. At the same time, it is important to consider two aspects of the development of the production base: sectoral and regional. In the industry aspect, the production, technological and organizational hierarchy is studied sectoral structure, its retrospective dynamics and prospects. In the regional - it is required to study the nature of the placement productive forces and specific objects of production infrastructure that determine the structure of supply within the boundaries of a particular region, features of the material and technical base of production processes that affect the performance indicators of production and all business activities. Taking into account the peculiarities of the Russian market, it is important to highlight the production and transport infrastructure, its capacity, length, technical equipment, as well as the current transportation tariffs as a special structural element.

The economic situation is formed largely under the influence of political factors. The ways of managing the economy and the economic situation they cause are, to some extent, a reflection of the political goals and tasks solved by government bodies. Political factors are sometimes considered as independent environmental factors, but their influence on the conditions of a particular business is usually manifested through other factors, in particular economic ones, which impose clearly defined restrictive frameworks on many parameters of entrepreneurial activity.

The political situation has an impact on other environmental factors: social, legal, environmental. The greatest “political impulse” is experienced by legal environment. Types of laws and other legal acts are, as a rule, the result of political processes, lobbying, social and political pressure. Legal documents of any kind are always "hard" and unambiguous restrictions on entrepreneurship.

Political factors have an impact on the environmental situation, in particular in the form of protectionism against social movements in the field of struggle for the preservation and restoration of the environment. Thus, political factors spread their influence, bypassing several stages - with the help of economic, legal or other characteristics. At the same time, it is possible to admit their absence in the presented structure of elements, where those that are in direct contact with the entrepreneurial link and actually form the boundaries of its activity are highlighted.

An extended set of PS elements is combined environmental factors. Expressing the relationship between society and nature, they include three independent subgroups of elements:

Natural and climatic;

Natural resource;

Conservation.

Natural and climatic factors express the features of the geographical location of the consumer market and the business structure that satisfies its demand. It is important to note that both types of such factors need to be taken into account, since the natural conditions in which the consumer and the entrepreneur operate may not coincide.

Natural resource factors are associated with the availability, volume, quality and conditions of handling all types of natural resources used in business, including: natural raw materials, water, fuel, energy.

Environmental components express the degree of pollution of the ecosystem surrounding the territory of the consumer market, including all its components. The influence of environmental factors is expressed both in a fixed degree of environmental pollution and in a form that determines the type public behavior regarding environmental issues.

From the point of view of modern socio-ethical needs, the most attention deserve social elements macro environment. Their group is perhaps the most numerous. Trying to give an extended description of its structure, economic nature and the nature of the impact on entrepreneurial activity, two subgroups can be distinguished:

Elements that have a material form of expression;

Elements that do not have this shape.

The first subgroup contains specific objects of social infrastructure of a particular market. Such objects include a wide range of systems and networks that ensure the vital activity of an individual, their groups and society as a whole. These are objects of engineering support, cultural and community sphere, public transport, public order protection, regional and local government. Their presence and absence form the conditions for determining the way of doing business, its scale and territorial specifics. For example, in the absence of a wide and diverse well-functioning infrastructure, it is difficult or almost impossible to develop certain types of business (tourism, manufacturing household services, some types of construction industry).

The second subgroup includes elements of the so-called socio-spiritual environment. It is they who form the psychological climate, social preferences, tastes and predilections.

In the socio-spiritual environment, one can single out the historical traditions inherent in the territorial entity, within the boundaries of which the target segment of consumers is concentrated, ethical standards, type of social structure, worldview and moral foundations. The socio-spiritual environment includes national, racial, religious characteristics of consumers, which determine the specifics social behavior and lifestyle.

The social elements of the external environment form the social basis of entrepreneurship in the form of infrastructure facilities and consumer demand for specific goods. These same elements are of particular importance in solving problems of competition, determining the competitiveness of the company in the market. It is known that the most effective methods competition are price and non-price methods. At the same time, non-price methods include improving the quality of the product and improving its parameters that are most significant for the consumer. However, as the market develops, business activity intensifies and the demand for various goods is gradually met, the task is to use additional methods of competition. Such methods include competition based on strengthening the image and public recognition of the manufacturer's firm. Such methods are most effective within the framework of subject (marketing) competition, when the goods on the market are close or completely identical in quality characteristics, or the high solvency of the target market overshadows price factors.

Competing on the basis of the image, which is an independent socio-psychological characteristic, the company focuses on social (or rather, socio-spiritual) components, on the basis of which a program is built to form public opinion in relation to the company, its inclination and desire to solve social problems, entrepreneurial ethics and common culture. The implementation of such a program ensures the creation of additional competitive advantage, objectively necessary in an active competitive environment.

Internal business environment covers a wide range of elements representing a set of internal conditions for the functioning of an entrepreneurial organization, and is completely dependent on the entrepreneur. When it comes to the internal environment of entrepreneurship, it means:

Availability of capital (both own and invested);

Choice of the object of entrepreneurial activity and organizational and legal form economic activity;

Organizational structure of organizations;

Rationality and efficiency of entrepreneurial activity, etc.

When it comes to the internal environment of an entrepreneurial organization, it means its structure, covering not only the management mechanism aimed at optimizing scientific, technical and production and marketing activities and improving the technologies of the implemented processes, with the help of which entrepreneurial activity (energy), materials and information are transformed into the end product of a business organization.

When forming the internal environment of entrepreneurship, two of its components are usually distinguished: situational factors and elements of the internal environment.

Elements of the internal environment are the components of the enterprise necessary to achieve the goals. The main elements of the internal environment are shown in Fig. 2.2.

Situational factors of the internal environment of an entrepreneurial organization are internal variables that are created by an entrepreneur based on an analysis of the external environment and are used to determine the boundary conditions for the functioning of an entrepreneurial organization. Consider the main situational factors, these include:

Business goals;

Ethics and culture of entrepreneurial activity;

Intra-company entrepreneurship (intrapreneurship).

As a result of mastering this chapter, the student should:

know

directions and methods of researching the business environment when creating your own business;
factors of external and internal environment influencing entrepreneurial activity;

be able to

Assess the impact of macroeconomic factors of the business environment on the activities of the enterprise;

own

Analytical skills needed to assess business environment factors.

Characteristics of the business environment

Entrepreneurs operate in a specific environment that defines their position.

Entrepreneurial environment - this is a favorable socio-economic, political, civil law situation that has developed in the country, providing economic freedom to capable citizens to engage in entrepreneurial activities aimed at meeting the needs of all subjects of a market economy.

The business environment is an integrated set of various (objective and subjective) factors that allow entrepreneurs to succeed in achieving their goals, implementing entrepreneurial projects and making a profit.

The business environment is divided into the external environment, which, as a rule, does not depend on the entrepreneurs themselves, and the internal environment, which is formed directly by the entrepreneurs themselves.

The entrepreneurial environment is formed on the basis of the development of productive forces, the improvement of production (economic) relations, the creation of a favorable social and state mentality, the formation of a market as an environment for the existence of entrepreneurs and other conditions.

It is believed that two basic conditions are necessary for the effective development of entrepreneurship: economic freedom and independence.

In Art. 34 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation it is written that "everyone has the right to free use of his abilities and property for entrepreneurial and other economic activities not prohibited by law." In Art. 35-36 states that "everyone has the right to own property, own, use and dispose of it both individually and jointly with other persons"; no one can be deprived of his property except by a court decision; possession, use and disposal of land and other natural resources are carried out by their owners freely.

IN Russian Federation the unity of the economic space, the free movement of goods, services and financial resources, the support of competition and the freedom of economic activity are guaranteed.

External and internal business environment

External business environment characterized by a set of conditions and factors affecting the development of entrepreneurship in the country, acting independently of the will of the entrepreneurs themselves.

The external business environment is a complex system of external regulation of business activity, therefore, for individual entrepreneurs and legal entities, it is of an objective nature, since they cannot directly change it.

There are various approaches to describing the structure of the external environment. Most often in modern literature, the external environment is considered as a two-level system consisting of micro- (environment of the immediate environment) and macro-environment (environment of the indirect environment), each of which includes certain factors, or sub-environments. However, it should be avenged that indirect influence is not less real.

Proponents of a different approach identify four structural levels of the business environment, each of which has a corresponding impact on the activities of business entities. These are the micro level (or the internal business environment), the meso level (or the local market environment), the macro level (or the nationwide market environment), and the mega level (or the international market environment).

Microenvironment- this is the environment of the immediate environment of the enterprise, which includes a combination of factors and conditions for the entrepreneurial activity of the subject (individual or legal entity) in the market.

The microenvironment is represented by customers, suppliers, intermediaries, competitors, contact audiences, business partners that influence the activities of the enterprise, through which business entities carry out their relationships with consumers and the state.

Customers are actual or potential buyers of the company's products.
Suppliers are subjects of the business environment that provide the enterprise and its competitors with the necessary material resources for the production of specific goods or services.
Intermediaries are firms or individuals who assist an enterprise in promoting, marketing, and distributing goods to a clientele.
Competitors - other organizations offering similar products; firms that produce similar products, as well as all organizations that are able to compete for potential customers.
Contact audiences are groups of leaders and organizations that have a potential or real impact on the company's activities. These are: the media, financial circles, the public, public authorities and administrations, etc.

macro environment characterizes the general conditions for the functioning of business entities, which determine the nature of the development of the latter, regardless of the control actions of the entrepreneurs themselves.

The macro environment includes:

the economic environment associated with the level of inflation, effective demand of the population, pricing policy, the number of taxes, tax rates etc.;
political environment, characterized by the stability of the development of society and the state;
a legal environment that clearly establishes the rights, obligations, and responsibilities of entrepreneurs;
socio-cultural environment associated with the level of unemployment, education of the population, cultural traditions, etc.;
the demographic environment associated with the size and density of the population of the country, the division of this population by sex, age, level of education, income and other factors that have a significant impact on the development of entrepreneurship;
scientific, technical and technological environment, reflecting the level of scientific and technological development affecting entrepreneurship, for example in the field of information technology;
the physical or geographic environment that characterizes the weather conditions in which business is carried out. In addition, this includes factors that have a direct impact on the location of enterprises: the availability of raw materials, energy resources, highways, railways, sea and air routes;
an institutional environment characterized by the presence and variety of institutions through which entrepreneurs can establish business relationships or conduct commercial transactions.

On the example of trade, let us consider in more detail the factors of the economic, socio-demographic, organizational, administrative, scientific, technical and technological, political, legal, natural and climatic environment, which to a greater or lesser extent influence its development.

Economic forces determined by the level and characteristics of the market mechanism. The macroeconomic climate of the country as a whole will determine the level of development of the industry. Bad economic conditions will reduce the demand for goods and services of trade organizations, and more favorable ones can provide the prerequisites for their growth, therefore, when assessing the external environment, it is necessary to take into account both general (interregional) indicators, as well as sectoral indicators inherent in trade.

The main economic instruments reflecting the level of economic development are: the interest rate, exchange rates, economic growth rates, inflation rate, the number of taxes and tax rates, the level of prices (tariffs) for certain types of resources, especially for products (services) of natural monopolies , preventing the establishment of monopoly high or monopoly low prices and some others. Let's consider the most important of them.

Interest rate (level interest rate ) in the economy has a significant impact on consumer demand. Consumers often borrow to buy goods. They are less likely to do so in the presence of high interest rates. Traders considering expansion plans that are to be funded by loans should monitor the level of the interest rate and its effect on the price of capital, so the interest rate will have direct impact on the potential attractiveness of different strategies.

Exchange rates determine the value of the ruble in relation to the value of monetary units of other countries. Changes in exchange rates directly affect the competitiveness of the products of trade enterprises engaged in foreign economic activity. When the value of the ruble against other currencies is low, goods produced in Russia are relatively inexpensive, reducing the threat from foreign competitors and reducing imports. But if the value of the ruble rises, then imports become relatively inexpensive, which in turn increases the level of threats to organizations posed by foreign competitors.

Economic growth rate affects the opportunities and threats for any industry, including trade. As you know, a country's economy can be in one of three states: growth (rise), stagnation or recession. Each of these states is identified with the trend of such an indicator as the level of consumption. An increase or decrease in consumption in a country is a fairly large indicator, it is made up of the purchasing power of the population and the structure of consumption, so entrepreneurs in the field of trade should take into account:

the purchasing power of the population, which depends on the level of current income, prices, savings and credit availability. Purchasing power is affected by economic downturns, high unemployment, rising costs of borrowing;
the nature of the distribution of income (depending on the social class), the distribution of income for consumption: food; housing, transport, medical care, clothing, recreation, personal expenses, etc.;
geographic differences in the structure of income distribution (for example, Moscow and provincial cities).

In this way, the economic growth increases the costs of consumers, which causes competitive pressure on enterprises belonging to a particular industry. The slowdown in economic growth and the reduction in consumer spending also lead to increased competitive pressure caused by the desire of enterprises to stay in the industry in the face of the threat of a crisis.

Inflation. Most governments around the world are making significant efforts to reduce inflation. Usually the result of these efforts is to lower the interest rate and, thus, the appearance of signs of economic growth. In addition to the listed tools, others are no less important, namely: the structure of consumption and its dynamics; economic conditions in foreign countries; change in demand; monetary and financial policy; the level of labor productivity in the industry and the rate of its growth; GNP dynamics; tax rates.

Purely economic factors of market activity are quite rare. As a rule, economic factors are intertwined with social factors and interact with them. Another thing is that the influence of economic or, conversely, social processes can prevail.

So, for example, demand in the consumer market depends not only on economic factors, but also on a whole range of socio-demographic factors, such as:

natural movement of the population (birth rate, death rate);
the number and growth of the population, its gender, age and social structure;
territorial settlement and some migration processes;
size, composition and age of families;
urbanization, the ratio of urban and rural population;
cultural level;
national composition of the population.

TO socio-economic factors include: the volume of the product offer (production, export and import); the impact of the pace of scientific and technological progress on supply and demand; cash and other income; prices, prices for substitute goods, inflation; employment/unemployment, occupational composition of workers, etc.

The combination of social and economic factors influencing the market situation is directly manifested in the form of the formation and change of cash income and other types, their volume, level, structure and dynamics. There is a close direct relationship between the demand in the market for goods and the incomes that consumers have. The higher the income, the more goods buyers purchase, all other things being equal, and vice versa, a reduction in income leads to a contraction in the volume of the commodity market. This phenomenon is modeled using correlation and regression analysis.

Socio-demographic factors form the way of life, work and consumption and have a direct impact on the functioning of the trading industry.

The main socio-demographic factors include: birth rate; mortality; coefficients of intensity of immigration and emigration; coefficient of average life expectancy; disposable income; educational standards; shopping habits; attitude to the quality of goods and services; environmental pollution control; energy saving; attitude towards the government; problems of interethnic relations; Social responsibility; social welfare, etc.

Directly social factors include: the distribution of the population by classes, their social status, the level and forms of education and culture, confessional characteristics, aesthetic views and tastes, the system of social and moral values, consumer culture. All of them, to one degree or another, affect the processes of buying and selling and consuming goods.

Consider the most significant demographic trends.

High mortality of the population. According to Rosstat, last years The population of our country has been steadily declining. The birth rate that is inherent in our country today has long failed to ensure the replacement of generations or the reproduction of the population.

As of January 1, 2013, the permanent population of the Russian Federation amounted to 143.3 million people. Compared to 2012, there was an increase of 292.4 thousand people, or 0.2%. However, population growth was due to the excess of migration gain over natural population decline. In 2012, the number of deaths exceeded the number of births by 1.001 times; the coefficient of natural population decline was 0.0%. The migration increase fully compensated for the natural population decline, exceeding it by 114.6 times, and amounted to 294.9 thousand people. If migrants are not taken into account, then, despite the growth in the birth rate, in the country as a whole, the excess of the number of deaths over the number of births is 1.2 times.

The main factors affecting the overall mortality rates of Russians:

smoking contributes to total mortality by 17.1%;
unbalanced nutrition - by 12.9%;
overweight - by 12.5%;
alcohol consumption - by 11.9%.

Reduction of the economically active population. The number of economically active population, even taking into account the positive balance of migration, is constantly declining. According to the forecast of the Ministry of Labor of Russia in 2013-2015. due to the decline in the working-age population, a decrease in the number of labor resources is predicted (by about 1 million people annually), which will lead to a decrease in the number of people employed in the economy. At the same time, negative demographic trends will be mitigated by an increase in the number of employed persons older than retirement age (their share in the labor force will increase from 9.6% in 2011 to 10.5% in 2015) and foreign labor migrants (from 2. 1 to 2.9% respectively). As a result, the number of people employed in the economy will decrease by 0.2 million people in 2013, by 0.3 million people in 2014, and by 0.4 million people in 2015.

Reducing the population in general. Despite the growth in the birth rate that has been observed in Russia in recent years, the death rate still exceeds the birth rate. According to the All-Russian Population Census, in 2010, the population of Russia decreased by 2.3 million people compared to the previous census (2002), including in urban areas - by 1.1 million people, in rural areas - by 1.2 million people.

Demographers' estimates remain disappointing: if the trend continues, then by the middle of this century, the population of Russia may be reduced by 50 million people, and according to UN experts, only 108 million people will live in Russia in 2050.

Population aging. Increasing the proportion of older people around the world, including in Russia. According to demographers, this trend will continue for another fifty years, so manufacturers should take this circumstance into account in the structure of goods offered to the market (increase the output of goods for the elderly). According to the latest population census (2010), the population over working age in Russia increased by 1.9 million people (in 2002 - by 6.5%).

Noticeable changes in families. An increase in the number of childless families, as well as unmarried couples. Research shows that from total number 13% of married couples were in an unregistered marriage. This lifestyle leaves a certain imprint on the structure of consumption in society.

Increasing the proportion of educated people. According to the results of the census, 91% of the population of Russia aged 15 years and over have basic general education and above, almost 60% of them have vocational education (higher, including postgraduate, secondary and primary). Of the total number of people with higher education 1.1 million people (4.3%) have a bachelor's degree, 25.1 million people (93%) have a specialist degree, and 0.6 million people (2.3%) have a master's degree.

Among specialists with higher education, 707 thousand people have postgraduate education (in 2002 - 369 thousand people). There are 596,000 candidates of sciences and 124,000 doctors of sciences in Russia. The growing number of educated people will increase the demand for books, magazines, computers, etc., as well as for educational services.

In order to identify the most significant opportunities and threats from these factors, trade needs to take into account new trends and develop new development strategies. For example, the impact of shifts in the social and age structure of the population on the nature and intensity of demand. On the one hand, an increase in the birth rate causes an increase in the demand for a number of goods. On the other hand, an increase in the number of consumers without a corresponding increase in their income leads to a decrease in the average level of consumption. The modern historical stage is characterized by a strong social differentiation of the population and its standard of living. Since the 90s. 20th century internal and external migration processes are intensifying. Thus, the response of demand to demographic factors is ambiguous and can be quite contradictory. The unstable situation in some regions also has an effect.

Socio-demographic factors tend to have a strong influence on the market. Thus, a change in the population increases or, conversely, reduces the volume of consumer demand and, therefore, directly affects the state of the consumer market. In the analysis of the social reactions of the market, one cannot ignore the factor of the size and composition of families, which closely interacts with the factor of the age structure of the population. However, here one should take into account the distribution of material wealth within the family itself, traditions and culture of consumption.

Cm.: Lapusta M. G. Entrepreneurship: textbook. M.: INFRA-M, 2012.
Economic freedom is an opportunity for business entities to choose forms of ownership and the scope of application of their abilities, knowledge, opportunities, profession, methods of income distribution, consumption of material goods. It is implemented on the basis of state legislative norms and is inseparable from the economic responsibility of citizens.
See: URL: bizstud.ru
Cm.: Kan S. L. Formation of a favorable external business environment: author's abstract, dis. ... Ph.D. M.: GUU, 2007.
In eight subjects of the Russian Federation, the excess is 1.5-2.1 times.
Lenta.ru, RIA Novosti. Based on the report of the Minister of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation Tatyana Golikova.
URL: rosminttud.ru
URL: sochi-24.ru

The formation of modern entrepreneurship is associated with the awareness of the increasing importance of the modern economic, technological base of production and trade, the increase in the role of productivity and the quality of labor and products, with the increased use of mathematical and analytical methods in management, computer and other modern electronic equipment. The role of democratization of the management of business structures is growing, taking into account social and behavioral aspects, as well as with the participation of ordinary workers in profits, property, and the exercise of managerial functions by them.

A feature of the formation of effective entrepreneurship in recent years is the strengthening of the international character of management and the originality of national business, and the improvement of the culture of management.

The works of leading Russian scientists and specialists are devoted to the study of the complex of problems of the formation of effective entrepreneurship in Russia: the works of Andreev V.A., Ansof I., Barinov V.A., Borovskikh N.V., Vasiliev Yu.P., Vikhansky O.S. , Voronova A.A., Gradova A.P., Drucker P., Ivanov A.V., Kreichman F.S., Kulikov G.V., Lambena Zh.Zh., Levshina O.N., Naumova A. I., Porter M., Strickland A.J., Thompson A.A., Tukashevich P. et al.

Analyzing different points of view on this issue, we can conclude that the formation of an effective business environment is the realization of the individual's special abilities, expressed in the rational combination of production factors based on an innovative risk approach. The entrepreneur uses the latest equipment and technology in production, organizes labor in a new way, manages differently, which leads to a decrease in individual production costs, on the basis of which the price is set. Entrepreneur maximizes efficiency marketing activities. He better than others determines the market where it is most profitable to purchase means of production, more precisely, he “guesses” for which product, at what time and in which market segment there will be the greatest effective demand. As a result, he receives more profit than ordinary businessmen. In addition, the entrepreneur is constantly taking risks. He does not avoid risk, as is usually done, but takes it consciously in order to receive more income than others - a kind of compensation for this risk.

Entrepreneurship can develop only if there are certain external and internal conditions in the country that provide favorable opportunities for development. - formed business environment. Under entrepreneurial environment understand favorable socio-economic, political, civil and legal conditions (situations) that provide economic freedom for capable citizens to engage in entrepreneurial activities. It represents an integrated set of various (objective and subjective) factors that allow entrepreneurs to succeed in achieving their goals, in implementing entrepreneurial projects and contracts, and making a profit. The business environment is divided into external independent of the entrepreneurs themselves, and internal, which is formed directly by entrepreneurs. Consider the factors of the external business environment.

Under external business environment is understood as a set external factors and conditions that directly or indirectly affect the formation and development of entrepreneurship. The external environment in relation to entrepreneurs is an objective environment and acts regardless of their desire.

The external business environment includes the following subsystems.

1. An important role in the development of entrepreneurship in the country is played by positive economic situation, characterized by the formation of conditions for the formation competitive market as a living environment for entrepreneurs, as well as progressive implementation of economic reforms, providing entrepreneurs with access to all types of resources necessary for the development of their activities.

2. Entrepreneurship requires political stability in the country and in individual regions, agreement between all branches of government, their recognition of the fact that without the development of civilized entrepreneurship, economic growth, the effective development of all sectors of the economy and the improvement of the welfare of society are impossible.

3. Entrepreneurship development is possible only with the creation of adequate prospective development of the country legal environment, not declaring, but clearly establishing the rights, obligations and guarantees of capable citizens to engage in entrepreneurial or other legal economic activities, protecting civilized entrepreneurs from illegal actions of state (municipal) authorities and officials, criminal structures.

4. Strengthening the regulatory role of the state in the process of establishing a civilized business, protecting the legitimate interests of entrepreneurs, providing them with guarantees both to citizens and organizations.

5. Institutional and organizational environment, the development of which is the most important condition for the formation of entrepreneurship in general, since many institutions (organizations) are entrepreneurial and, taking into account the specialization of their activities, provide relevant services to other entrepreneurial organizations.

6. Socio-economic situation associated with the level of payment demand of the population (consumers), the level of unemployment.

7. Cultural environment, determined by the level of education of the population, providing the opportunity to engage in certain types of entrepreneurial business.

8. Scientific, technical, technological environment.

9. Availability in sufficient quantities of natural factors of production necessary for the development of certain types of activities.

10. The physical environment associated with climatic (weather) conditions that affect the process of functioning of business organizations.

11. Absence of natural disasters.

Entrepreneurial success depends on internal business environment- a certain set of internal conditions for the functioning of the enterprise. It depends on the entrepreneur himself, his competence, willpower, determination, level of claims, skills and abilities in organizing and running a business.

The internal business environment includes the following factors: the availability of equity capital, the choice of the organizational and legal form of the enterprise, the choice of the subject of activity, the selection of a team of partners, market knowledge and qualified marketing research, recruitment and personnel management.

Of great importance is the development of a sound business plan, the calculation of the consequences of the onset of anticipated risks, the introduction of new technologies, the diversification of activities, the development and implementation of a sound strategy for managing the company, the strict observance by the entrepreneur and employees of the laws and regulations governing the activities of this type of business or the corresponding organizational- legal form of business organization.

As already mentioned, only those entrepreneurs who constantly improve their knowledge, know well the legal mechanism for organizing and doing business, know how to make deals, enter into business agreements and receive the dividends due on them will succeed. Only those entrepreneurs can succeed, have a long-term sound goal that all employees should know and support, in firms in which iron discipline has been established, who themselves work hard and fruitfully, consult with subordinates, and then make informed decisions that are not aimed at immediate success. but for the long term.

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The success of entrepreneurship depends on the action of factors that together form business environment. Factors often beyond the control of the entrepreneur external environment. Factors whose action is associated with the decisions of the entrepreneur are internal business environment.

External environment is a set of specific economic, social and political conditions in which the entrepreneur operates. It is necessary to distinguish between the general external environment and the working external environment of entrepreneurship. General external environment constitute economic, political and legal factors characteristic of society and the country as a whole. The action of factors of the general external environment does not depend on the will of the entrepreneur, the success of his actions depends on how much he can adapt to them and predict the consequences of their changes.

The totality of economic factors characterizes external macroeconomic environment entrepreneurship. It would be a mistake to assume that main economic factor entrepreneurial activities are capitalist relations. Entrepreneurship arose long before the strengthening of the capitalist mode of production, it appeared along with commodity production, i.e. with the emergence of the production of goods for the market. The presence of developed market relations is the main economic factor of entrepreneurship. Market relations have two main components: private property And competition.

Entrepreneurial success is greatly influenced by macroeconomic factors like cost of credit, exchange rate, customs duties, tax system.

Social factors affect entrepreneurship in various industries economies are not the same. For example, in the book business, they determine the motives of consumers to buy books, their ability to pay, activity in the book market. Social conditions must be taken into account when forecasting production and demand, and determine the marketing policy of the entrepreneur. The social tasks set by the entrepreneur are formulated in company philosophy.

For entrepreneurship always great importance had political factor. The attitude of the authorities to entrepreneurship in a particular country (or even in its separate region) is denoted by the term “climate”, which can be “favorable” or “unfavorable” for entrepreneurship. In full entrepreneurial activity develops where the political power ensures the freedom of entrepreneurship, protects its rights, considers entrepreneurs as one of the most important intellectual resources of the country.

Political conditions determine legal factors. Relations between an entrepreneur and the state, between an entrepreneur and other entrepreneurs are regulated by the legal system of the state, which includes such basic legal documents as the Civil and Tax Codes, Customs and Arbitration Codes, Labor Code. There is a system of licensing (permitting) certain types of activities, as well as laws that take into account the specifics of a particular area or form of business.

working environment form firms with which the entrepreneur carries out business interaction necessary for the implementation of entrepreneurial activities. It also includes interaction channels, financial and material flows, etc. Sometimes terms are used to refer to the working environment. business environment, interaction with the subjects of which is carried out in the form business relations (transactions). The working environment has a continuous impact on the business of the entrepreneur, the efficiency of the business depends on its effective use. The components of the working environment and entrepreneurial activities influence each other mutually.

"Enterprise is open system, which can exist only under the condition of active interaction with the surrounding (external) environment.

External environment - it is a set of active business entities, economic, social and natural conditions, national and interstate institutional structures and other external conditions and factors operating in the environment of the enterprise and affecting various areas his activities.

The external environment is divided into:

microenvironment- Wednesday direct influence to the enterprise, which is created by suppliers of material and technical resources, consumers of products (services) of the enterprise, trade and marketing intermediaries, competitors, government bodies, financial institutions, Insurance companies and other contact audiences;

macro environment affecting the enterprise and its microenvironment. It includes the natural, demographic, scientific and technical, economic, environmental, political and international environment.

The company must limit negative impacts external factors that most significantly affect the results of its activities or, conversely, more fully use favorable opportunities.

Suppliers - these are different business entities that provide the enterprise with the material, technical and energy resources necessary for the production of specific goods or services.

The main customers of enterprises are consumers of products (services) in different client markets:

Consumer (population purchasing goods and services for personal consumption);

Manufacturers (organizations purchasing products for industrial purposes);

Intermediary sellers who purchase goods and services for their subsequent resale at a profit for themselves;

Government institutions ( wholesale customers products for state needs);

International (foreign buyers in the previously listed types of client markets).

Marketing intermediaries - these are firms that help the company in the promotion, marketing and distribution of its products among customers . These include resellers, distribution firms, marketing services agencies and financial institutions.

Competitors- rivals of the enterprise in the struggle for more favorable conditions for the production and sale of goods, for obtaining the highest profit.

For the production of competitive products, enterprises need to constantly study their competitors, develop and follow a certain market strategy and tactics.

Contact audiences- These are organizations that have an actual or potential interest in the enterprise or have an impact on its ability to achieve its goals. These are financial circles (banks, investment companies, stock exchange, shareholders), the media, various state institutions of representative and executive power, the population and public organizations.

In the macro environment of the enterprise, there are a significantly larger number of factors than in the micro environment. They are characterized by multivariance, uncertainty and unpredictability of consequences.

natural factors. The natural environment is characterized by: a shortage of certain types of raw materials, an increase in the cost of energy and increased state intervention in the process of rational use and reproduction of natural resources.

demographic factors. The demographic environment is characterized by: an increase in mortality, a decrease in the birth rate, an aging population, an increase in the number of employees.

The decline in the birth rate reduces the need for goods in the demographic markets - children's, teenage, youth, which forces enterprises to adapt their activities to meet the needs of people of middle, pre-retirement and retirement age. The change in the structure of the population by age groups has led to a reduction in the labor potential, because In many regions, a smaller part of the population turned out to be of working age. This requires enterprises to develop a strategy for saving living labor through technical and technological re-equipment, increasing the level of mechanization and automation of production processes.

Scientific and technical factors. Scientific and technological progress plays a decisive role in the development and intensification of industrial production. It covers all stages of the process, including fundamental, theoretical research, applied research, design and technological development, the creation of samples of new technology, its development and industrial production, as well as the introduction of new technology in National economy. The material and technical base of industrial enterprises is being updated, labor productivity is growing, and production efficiency is increasing.

Economic forces. The main factors of this environment include: the growth and decline of industrial production, the level and rate of inflation, fluctuations in the exchange rate of the ruble against the currencies of other states, the system of taxation and lending, supply and demand in the market, the solvency of counterparties, the level and dynamics of prices, unemployment, etc.

Environmental factors. This environment is characterized by: the growth of environmental pollution and increased interference in the process of rational use and reproduction of natural resources, the tightening of state control over the good quality and safety of goods.

political factors. The events taking place in the political environment definitely affect the production and social activities of the enterprise. It is characterized by: legislative regulation of entrepreneurial activity, increased requirements from public institutions that enforce the laws. Sudden changes in the political situation in the country can lead to a change in business conditions, an increase in resource costs, and a loss of profit.

International Factors, which include the internationalization of the world economy, the change in the value of the dollar and the euro in the world market, the growth of the economic power of individual states, the formation of an international financial system, the opening of new large markets, etc., have an impact on enterprises engaged in foreign economic activity.

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1. Law of the Russian Federation "On Joint Stock Companies". Basic provisions about JSC: types of JSC and their differences, authorized capital, founders, constituent documents, rights and obligations of JSC participants, reserve capital

2. Entrepreneurial environment and its characteristics

Bibliography

1 . Law of the Russian Federation« About Joint Stock Companies» . Basic provisions on JSC: types of JSC and their differences, authorized capital, founders, constituent documents, rights and obligations of JSC participants, reserve capital

A joint stock company is recognized commercial organization, the authorized capital of which is divided into a certain number of shares, certifying the obligations of the company's participants (shareholders) in relation to the company.

The first feature joint-stock company, unlike other commercial organizations, is the division of its authorized capital into a certain number of shares. Another feature of a joint-stock company as an independent organizational and legal form, which also does not have any commercial organization, is an internal division. According to paragraph 1 of Art. 7 of the Federal Law "On Joint-Stock Companies", a joint-stock company may be open or closed, which is reflected in its charter and company name.

An open joint stock company is characterized by the following features. joint stock company capital entrepreneurial

Firstly, the company has the right to conduct an open subscription for the shares it issues and to carry out their free sale among an unlimited circle of persons.

Secondly, in an open joint stock company, the number of shareholders (as well as the number of its founders) is not limited (clause 2, article 7 and clause 2, article 10 of the Federal Law “On Joint Stock Companies”).

Thirdly, in an open joint stock company it is not allowed to establish the pre-emptive right of the company or its shareholders to acquire shares alienated by the shareholders of this company (clause 2, article 7 of the Federal Law “On Joint Stock Companies”).

Fourthly, the minimum amount of the authorized capital of an open joint stock company must be at least 1000 times the amount minimum size wages established by federal law on the date of registration of the company (Article 26 of the Federal Law "On Joint Stock Companies").

Fifthly, an open joint-stock company is obliged to publish annually in the media accessible to all shareholders of this company, the annual report and annual financial statements, the prospectus for the issue of shares of the company in cases stipulated by the legal acts of the Russian Federation; notification of holding a general meeting of shareholders in the manner prescribed by the Federal Law "On Joint Stock Companies"; other information determined by the federal executive body for the securities market (Article 92 of the Law).

The following features are characteristic of a closed joint-stock company.

Firstly, the shares of a closed society are distributed only among the founders of this company or other predetermined circle of persons.

Secondly, a closed society is not entitled to conduct an open subscription for the shares it issues or otherwise offer them for purchase to an unlimited number of persons.

Thirdly, the minimum amount of the authorized capital of a closed joint stock company must be at least 100 times the amount of the minimum wage established by federal law on the date of registration of the company (Article 26 of the Federal Law "On Joint Stock Companies").

Fourth, shareholders of a closed company enjoy the pre-emptive right to acquire shares sold by other shareholders of this company at the offer price to a third party in proportion to the number of shares owned by each of them, unless the charter of the company provides for a different procedure for exercising this right, while the charter of a closed company may a pre-emptive right to acquire by the company shares sold by its shareholders, if the shareholders have not exercised their pre-emptive right to acquire shares, shall be provided.

Fifth, the number of shareholders of a closed company should not exceed fifty people.

The greatest difficulties are associated with legal regulation activity of closed joint-stock companies. The subject of emerging disputes are at least three groups of issues.

The first group - issues related to the definition of a closed joint stock company.

In accordance with paragraph 3 of Art. 7 of the Federal Law “On Joint Stock Companies”, closed companies include those whose shares are distributed only among its founders or other predetermined circle of persons.

This definition of a closed joint-stock company has undergone significant changes when compared with the definition given in the Regulations on joint-stock companies, approved by Decree of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR on December 25, 1990 N 601. from one person to another only with the consent of the majority of the shareholders. Thus, in the Federal Law “On Joint Stock Companies”, the definition of a closed company is given through a description of the possibilities of the company itself to exercise the rights to distribute shares, in the Regulation - through a description of the possibilities of the shareholders themselves to dispose of their own shares. A different approach to the definition of a closed society also determined qualitative differences in the mechanism of the "closed" society. If in the first version the “closedness” of the company consisted in the additional consent of some shareholders to the alienation of shares by others, then in the latter this is not the case. The closedness of the company in the new Law is achieved through the distribution of shares by the company only among its founders or other predetermined circle of persons, especially since, according to par. 4 p. 1 art. 2 of the Federal Law “On Joint Stock Companies”, shareholders have the right to alienate their shares without the consent of other shareholders and the company.

Such an approach to "closing" a joint-stock company is unusual for Russian practice, therefore, it can lead to a lot of errors in its application. First of all, there will be difficulty in designating the so-called predetermined circle of persons.

It is impossible to consider a closed joint stock company as a type of joint stock company that allows you to fully control the movement of its shares. This is an objective reality, despite the fact that the legislator introduces a rule on the pre-emptive right of shareholders of a closed company to acquire shares sold by other shareholders.

According to paragraph 3 of Art. 7 of the Federal Law “On Joint Stock Companies”, shareholders of a closed company enjoy the pre-emptive right to acquire shares sold by other shareholders of this company at the offer price to a third party in proportion to the number of shares owned by each of them, unless the company’s charter provides for a different procedure for exercising this right. The charter of a closed company may provide for the company's pre-emptive right to acquire shares sold by its shareholders, if the shareholders have not exercised their pre-emptive right to acquire shares. Please note that granting a pre-emptive right to shareholders and the company does not at all mean obtaining their consent to the alienation of shares, especially since this right arises when shares are sold only to a third party and only if the buyer shareholders are ready to pay for these shares at the price set by seller shareholder.

Even the full implementation of this norm does not exclude the possibility of a situation where the company itself is not entitled to conduct an open subscription for the shares it issues or otherwise offer them for purchase to an unlimited number of persons, and a shareholder, regardless of the size of his block of shares, can really offer his shares without any restrictions. Moreover, a situation is possible when a shareholder transfers his shares free of charge, for example, in the form of a gift. In such cases, the Federal Law "On Joint Stock Companies" does not provide for the emergence of any pre-emptive rights for other shareholders at all. In this regard, the following scheme is quite successfully applied in practice: one share is presented to an interested person, as a result of which he becomes a shareholder. And then nothing prevents him from starting to buy shares already as a shareholder from other interested shareholders, and at the same time, shareholders who do not want to sell shares do not have any pre-emptive right to acquire them. As a consequence of this, there is a lack of control over not only the “quality” of shareholders, but also their number, although the maximum number of shareholders established by the Law should not exceed fifty people. Indeed, by limiting the maximum number of shareholders of a closed company to fifty shareholders, the Federal Law "On Joint Stock Companies" would seem to have provided for the impossibility of an unlimited distribution of shares. Additionally, this requirement is ensured by a rather rigid norm of paragraph 3 of Art. 7 of the Federal Law "On Joint Stock Companies", which determines that if the number of shareholders of a closed company exceeds the established limit, then within one year it must be transformed into an open one. If the number of shareholders is not reduced to fifty, the company is subject to liquidation in court.

However, in paragraph 4 of Art. 94 The Law limited the application of this rule, extending it only to closed companies that were established after January 1, 1996, and accordingly excluded the possibility of its application to closed joint-stock companies created before the entry into force of the said Law, i.e. until January 1, 1996

The consequences of such an approach are ambiguous. On the one hand, this assessment is positive, since in the process of transforming a number of enterprises into joint-stock companies (for example, leased enterprises that have the right to buy out property or have already bought it out), a large number of closed joint stock companies with the number of shareholders significantly exceeding fifty - from two hundred to several thousand. The provision of art. 94 of the Federal Law “On Joint Stock Companies” creates calm conditions for the work of those organizations that, in accordance with the law in force at the time of their creation, could choose a completely specific type of joint stock company and not change it. On the other hand, it is clear that such a right was granted to joint-stock companies with fixation on January 1, 1996, and if after this date their number increases, then the general provisions of Art. 7 of the Federal Law "On Joint-Stock Companies", providing that the said company must be transformed into an open company within one year.

In accordance with paragraph 1 of Art. 68 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, a business company of one type can be transformed into a business company of another type, while the possibility of transforming companies belonging to the same organizational and legal form of a legal entity (joint-stock companies) is not excluded; closed to open and open to closed.

In this regard, in the Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation of November 18, 2003 "On some issues of application federal law“On joint-stock companies”, paragraph 23 explains that when considering disputes related to the transformation of a joint-stock company of one type into a joint-stock company of another type, it must be taken into account that a change in the type of company is not a reorganization of a legal entity (its organizational and legal form does not change) , so the requirements established by paragraph 5 of Art. 58 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, paragraph 5 of Art. 15 and Art. 20 of the Federal Law "On Joint Stock Companies", - on drawing up a deed of transfer, on notifying creditors of an upcoming change in the type of joint stock company - in such cases should not be presented. At the same time, other rules relating to the reorganization of the company are not applied, including those that give shareholders the right to demand the redemption of their shares in the company if they voted against the transformation or did not participate in the voting on this issue (Article 75 of the Federal Law).

The transformation of a joint-stock company of one type into a joint-stock company of another type is carried out by decision of the general meeting of shareholders with the introduction of appropriate amendments to the charter of the company (approval of the charter in a new edition) and their state registration in the prescribed manner.

Restrictions are set by the legislation for such transformations. In particular:

a) the number of shareholders created as a result of the transformation of an open company into a closed one should not exceed 50 (clause 3, article 7 of the Federal Law);

b) the creation of certain groups of joint-stock companies is possible only in the form of open (clause 1, article 2 of the Federal Law "On investment funds" - in relation to joint-stock investment funds) or closed (clause 2, article 1 of the Federal Law "On the peculiarities of the legal status of joint-stock societies of workers (people's enterprises)”;

c) the size of the authorized capital of a closed joint stock company, the participants of which intend to transform it into an open one, should not be lower than the minimum level established for open joint stock companies (Article 26 of the Federal Law).

2 . Entrepreneurial environment and its characteristics

The business environment is a set of external and internal factors that affect the functioning of the company and require decisions to be made to either eliminate them or adapt to them. A sustainable business environment is characteristic of a procedural business. The instability of the intuitive business environment sharply narrows the opportunities for the entrepreneur to receive profit and makes the business extremely risky.

The entire business environment is divided into two parts: internal and external.

The internal business environment of the firm is called situational factors within the firm itself. Internal factors are mainly the result of management decisions, but not all can be controlled by management decisions. Internal factors include: goals, structure, technology and people.

The external business environment is understood as all conditions and factors that arise in the environment, regardless of the activities of a particular company, but have or can have a significant impact on it and therefore require management decisions.

Direct Impact Factors

1. Macroeconomic state of the economy:

Level, structure of supply and demand for goods;

Structure of excess or lack of jobs;

Volumes structure of incomes of the population and firms;

Sizes Availability Free Money, the level of return on investment capital, the structure of supply and demand in the financial market.

2. Business infrastructure - a system of institutions and their interconnections through which a business is able to establish business relationships and conduct commercial operations:

Industrial infrastructure - vehicles, roads, power lines, communications, etc.;

Market infrastructure - services for the distribution, sale, storage, delivery of goods (wholesalers and retailers, shops, commodity exchanges and intermediary systems, labor exchanges, etc.);

Financial infrastructure - provision of financial services to banks, credit, investment institutions, insurance companies;

Information infrastructure - a system of institutions providing services for the collection and provision of specialized information consulting, auditing, engineering firms; marketing research, legal, etc.).

Factors of indirect impact:

1 State policy. For business conditions great attention change in government policy. Particularly important are the tax, monetary and credit policies, business support policies, etc.

2 Socio-cultural environment.

The social infrastructure includes the education system, the patterns of behavior of economic entities that have developed in the economy, and the way of life. Moral and religious norms, the attitude of the population to work, etc.

3 Legal environment. The legal environment is also an important factor in ensuring the conditions for the functioning of entrepreneurial activity. It includes: laws regulating entrepreneurial activity; procedural mechanisms for the implementation of laws; features of informal, traditional rules of law; features of legal support for business. The country, under the influence of the history of the formation of the legal system, develops a specific country model of the legal infrastructure of business

The use of all the possibilities of law, all the wealth of its inherent means of influence is a serious reserve for ensuring the implementation of economic decisions. Mandatory conditions for the effectiveness of the legal environment are its unity, mutual consistency of its constituent laws, by-laws at all levels, judicial and arbitration practice, business habits and rules business turnover and impeccability. The latter assumes that the laws in force should provide the possibility of resolving any issue that arises in practice in accordance with the general provisions of this legal system.

Space, i.e. opportunity under the pretext of absence legal norm to resolve the issue not in accordance (and sometimes in contradiction) with the general provisions of the system, undermines the latter, opens the way for the violation of its unity, internal consistency.

Unfortunately, the emerging Russian legal system is both contradictory and still contains many gaps. For the growth of its effectiveness, it is very important to support the customs of business turnover, the aspirations of entrepreneurs and their associations to collect and develop rules in practice, select and codify, in a way, those of them that have the qualities of rational and fair.

4 Technological environment - reflects the level of scientific and technological development that affects entrepreneurship (information space, data processing, etc.)

5 The physical and geographic environment includes parameters of the geographic location of the business, especially its access to natural and human resources.

Bibliography

1. Vechkanov G.S. Economic theory: textbook / G.S. Vechkanov, G.R. Vechkanova - M.: Eksmo, 2010. - 448 p.

2. Burov, V.Yu. Fundamentals of entrepreneurship: textbook / V.Yu. Burov. - Chita, 2011. - 441 p.

3. Individual entrepreneur: a practical guide. Under the general editorship. Yu.L. Fadeeva. - M.: Eksmo, 2010. - 224 p.

4. Kruglova N. Yu. Fundamentals of business (entrepreneurship): textbook / N. Yu. Kruglov. - M.: KNORUS, 2010. - 544 p.

5. Krutik A.B. Problems and prospects for the development of entrepreneurship in the Russian economy // Problems of the modern economy. - 2009. - No. 2

6. Small and medium business in Russia. 2009: Stat. Sat / Rosstat. - M., 2009. - 151 p.

7. Nabatnikov V.M. Organization of entrepreneurial activity. Tutorial / V.M. Nabatnikov. - Rostov-na D.: Phoenix, 2011 - 256 p.

8. Organization of entrepreneurial activity. Schemes and tables. Tutorial. V.P. Popkov; E.V. Evstafieva. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2011.- 352 p.

9. Entrepreneurship: textbook. / edited by V.Ya. Gorfinkel, G.B. Polyak, V.A. Shvandar. - M.: UNITI-DANA, 2011 - 581 p.

10. Entrepreneurship: textbook. / edited by M.G. Lapusty. - M.: INFRA-M, 2009. - 667 p.

11. Samarina V.P. Fundamentals of entrepreneurship: study guide / V.P. Samarina. - M.: KNORUS, 2009. - 224 p.

12. Economic dictionary / Responsible. ed. A.I. Arkhipov. - M.; TK Welby, Prospekt Publishing House, 2011. - 486 p.

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Subjects and participants of entrepreneurship forming the external environment. External business environment

Characteristics of the business environment

External and internal business environment

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