Socio-economic factors of labor productivity growth. Factors for increasing labor productivity

1. Labor productivity

Labor productivity is an indicator of the effectiveness of the labor activity of workers, the ratio of the cost of resources used to the cost of manufactured products.

Labor productivity is determined by the ratio of the number of goods and services produced to labor costs. The development of society and the level of well-being of the population depend on labor productivity.

Distinguish between the productivity of living and total labor. The productivity of living labor is determined by the costs of working time in a given production, and the productivity of total (social) labor is determined by the costs of living and social labor. As production improves, labor productivity increases, but at the same time, the cost of living and social labor per unit of output decreases.

Labor productivity acts as an intensive factor in increasing the volume of production; the change in the mass of labor costs is an extensive factor.

The level of labor productivity is measured by the production of products per unit of time, and the labor intensity of manufacturing products.

Output is the amount of production produced per unit of working time or per one medium-term worker per year (quarter, month). This is a direct value of labor productivity: it increases with an increase in labor productivity and decreases with its decrease.

Labor intensity characterizes the cost of working time for the production of a unit of output or work. Labor intensity is the reciprocal of the average output: it decreases with an increase in labor productivity and increases with its decrease.

Production is the most common and universal indicator of labor. For its measurement, natural, conditionally natural and cost (monetary) units of measurement are used.

Units of labor intensity - standard hours. The labor expended on the production of products can be expressed in terms of man-hours, man-days or the average number of employees.

Depending on the way of expressing the volume of production, there are three main methods for measuring labor productivity: natural, labor and cost.

With the natural method, the level of labor productivity is calculated as the ratio of the volume of production in physical units of measurement to the medium-term number of PPP.

With the labor method, the volume of production is calculated in standard hours.
The level of labor productivity by the cost method is determined by dividing the volume of production in monetary terms by the medium-term number of PPP.

Depending on the composition of the costs included in the labor intensity of products, the following types are distinguished:

a) technological labor intensity (labor costs of the main workers);

b) the complexity of maintenance of production (labor costs of auxiliary workers);

c) production labor intensity (labor costs of the main and auxiliary workers);

d) the complexity of production management (labor costs of managers, specialists and employees);

e) full labor intensity (labor costs of all industrial and production personnel).

2. Ways to increase labor productivity and the influence of environmental factors.

Ways to increase labor productivity are associated with improving the quality of products. High quality reduces costs by increasing the proportion of products that can be sold, reducing the number of returns and rework of low-quality products.

Performance is affected by several environmental factors:

The high cost of energy reduces productivity;
- strict government regulation in establishing norms and rules for the organization of production lead to an increase in costs and a decrease in productivity;
- general economic situation; for example, with inflation there is a decrease in productivity (without indexation);
- tax policy; an increase in taxes causes an increase in prices and, consequently, a decrease in productivity;
- the growth of the service sector causes a decrease in productivity in the manufacturing sector;
- social factors: alcoholism, drug addiction, etc. reduce performance.

3. Factors of increasing labor productivity

Factors for increasing labor productivity can be classified in three areas:

1) factors that create conditions for the growth of labor productivity: the level of development of science, advanced training of workers, strengthening labor discipline, reducing staff turnover, etc.)

2) factors contributing to the growth of labor productivity: material and moral incentives, improvement of wages, the introduction of scientifically and technically sound labor standards, the introduction of advanced technology, etc.

3) factors that directly determine the level of labor productivity at the enterprise: mechanization and automation of production processes, improving the quality of labor, eliminating downtime, eliminating defects, improving management and organization of labor, etc.

The basis for increasing the level of labor productivity is scientific and technological progress.

4. Measurement of labor productivity.

where PT is the labor productivity of workers;

N - the number of products produced per unit of time (shift, month, year);

t is the labor intensity of a unit of production;

PPP - the number of industrial and production personnel who ensured the release of products.

Labor productivity can be expressed as:

In physical units, for example: piece/person.year, t/person.hour, m/person. months;

In monetary terms - RUB/person/month, RUB/person/year;

In units of labor intensity spent on the manufacture of products: n.h / piece.

Labor productivity can be calculated by the volume of production (N), expressed in gross output

(N shaft), marketable products (N Comrade) or products sold (N real).

The calculation of labor productivity in terms of gross output does not fully characterize its actual level, because. strongly depends on the volume of work in progress, on the cost of materials and components that are not related to labor productivity.

The calculation of labor productivity for marketable products reflects its actual level and does not depend on the volume of work in progress, but depends on the cost of materials and components. With constant costs for these items of expenditure and when calculating labor productivity for marketable products, expressed in physical units, this indicator correctly reflects labor productivity if the calculation of labor productivity is carried out in natural units.

The denominator of formula (1) includes the number of industrial and production personnel. This makes it possible to take into account the impact on labor productivity not only of the main production workers, but also of other categories of workers (auxiliary workers, engineering and technical workers, employees, etc.). In some cases, the labor productivity of only production workers can be calculated.

5. Technical and economic factors

The main technical and economic factors affecting the growth of labor productivity are:

1) Increasing the technical level of production.

2) Improvement of management, organization of production and labor.

3) Change in the volume and structure of production.

4) Industry factors.

The first group includes factors affecting the technical level of production: the introduction of new equipment, advanced technology, mechanization and automation of production processes, increasing the level of equipment technological processes, improving the use of raw materials, materials, the use of progressive materials, etc. Labor productivity increases by reducing labor costs for the production of a unit of output.

Factors related to the second group - improvement of management, organization of production and labor - allow:

• reduce the loss of working time, and consequently, increase the actual annual fund of time for one worker (F others), increase production rates and reduce the number of production workers;
• raise service standards and reduce the number of auxiliary workers and maintenance personnel;
• reduce the size of the administrative apparatus and, as a result, reduce the number of industrial and production personnel, that is, increase labor productivity.

According to the factors of the third group, the growth in labor productivity is due to the fact that the number of all categories of industrial and production personnel, except for the main production workers, ceteris paribus, increases to a lesser extent than the volume of production increases. This leads to a relative decrease total strength industrial and production personnel. A change in the specific gravity leads to the same result. certain types products, that is, a change in the ratio between the volume of products with different labor intensity in the production program.

The fourth group includes all factors that cannot be attributed to the first three. The influence of these factors on labor productivity is determined by changes in labor intensity and is calculated according to industry methods and instructions.

6. The concept and types of production efficiency

Production efficiency is a comprehensive reflection of the final results of the use of all production resources for a certain period of time.

Under the results of production understand its useful end result in the form of:

1) the materialized result of the production process, measured by the volume of products in natural and value forms;

2) the economic result of the enterprise, which includes not only the quantity of manufactured products, but also covers its consumer value.

The end result of the production and economic activities of the enterprise for a certain period of time is net production, i.e. newly created value, and the final financial result of commercial activity is profit.

Production efficiency can be classified according to individual criteria into the following types:

A) by consequences - economic, social and environmental;

B) at the place of obtaining the effect - local (self-supporting) and national economic;

C) according to the degree of increase (repetition) - primary (one-time effect) and multiplier (multiple-repeating);

D) according to the purpose of the definition - absolute (characterizes the overall magnitude of the effect or per unit of costs or resources) and comparative (when choosing the best option from several options for economic or other decisions).

All types of efficiency taken together form the overall integrated efficiency of the enterprise.

Achieving an economic or social effect is associated with the need to implement current and one-time costs. Current costs include costs included in the cost of production. One-time costs are advance funds for the creation of fixed assets and growth revolving funds in the form of capital investments, which give a return only after a while.

7. Measurement of efficiency: criteria and system of indicators of production efficiency

Measurement of production efficiency involves the establishment of a criterion of economic efficiency, which should be the same for all parts of the economy - from the enterprise to the national economy as a whole. Thus, the general criterion for the economic efficiency of production is the growth of the productivity of social labor.

Currently, the economic efficiency of production is assessed on the basis of this criterion, which is expressed in maximizing the growth of national income (net output) per unit of labor.

At the enterprise level, profit maximization can serve as a form of a single criterion for the effectiveness of its activities.

8. Efficiency Growth Factors

The level of economic efficiency in industry depends on a variety of interrelated factors. For each industry, due to its technical and economic features, specific efficiency factors are characteristic.

The whole variety of efficiency growth factors can be classified according to three criteria:

1) sources of efficiency improvement, the main of which are: reduction of labor, material, capital and capital intensity of production, rational use natural resources, saving time and improving product quality;

2) the main directions of development and improvement of production, which include: accelerating scientific and technological progress, raising the technical and economic level of production; improvement of the structure of production, introduction of organizational management systems; improvement of forms and methods of organizing production, planning, motivation, labor activity, etc.;

3) the level of implementation in the production management system, depending on which factors are divided into:
a) internal (intra-production), the main of which are: the development of new types of products; mechanization and automation; introduction of progressive technology and the latest equipment; improving the use of raw materials, materials, fuel, energy; improvement of management style, etc.;
b) external - this is the improvement of the sectoral structure of industry and production, state economic and social policy, the formation of market relations and market infrastructure and other factors.

9. Applications

In the conditions of the formation of market relations, one should distinguish between the attitude to the processes of productivity change from a public point of view and from the point of view of a private owner - a firm, an enterprise (Fig. 1).

At the level of society At the level of the business owner

A special place among the factors of labor productivity growth is occupied by education and vocational training. Investing in human capital is an important means of increasing labor productivity. The most important indicator of the quality of the labor force is the level of education. This relationship has already been discussed in previous chapters.

The effect of qualification on the increase in labor productivity and, as a result, on the increase in GNP is schematically depicted in Fig. 2.

As shown in Figure 2, the relationship between skill development and labor productivity is quite complex. However, part of the increase in labor productivity depends on skill levels. This relative increase in productivity, in turn, corresponds to a certain part of the total increase in GNP .

Literature.

1. ABC of economics. James D. Gwartney and Richard L. Stroup,
What Everyone Should Know About Economics and Prosperity, 1993 Authorized Russian translation: Institute of the National Model of Economics, 1996 ABC of Economics

2. Labor market and wages. Lectures

3. Labor productivity in the system of relations in the transitional economy. SEMENYUTINA O. G. Novocherkassk State Reclamation Academy Rostov-on-Don 1998

4. The growth of labor productivity is the central problem of improving the economic mechanism. In: Formation of a new economic mechanism. Materials of the scientific meeting. Krasnodar. 1997.

5. Ustinov V.A. "Economics of enterprise management" Textbook .. - M .: GAU, 1993

6. "Course economic theory”, edited by Chepurin M.N., Kiseleva E.A., “ASA”, Kirov, 1997.

Labor productivity growth reserves- this is an opportunity to use all the factors of its increase more fully. If a factor is viewed as a possibility, then reserves are the process of turning a possibility into a reality.

There are several classifications of labor productivity growth reserves. First of all, distinguish reserves for better use of living labor and reserves for improving fixed and working capital, which lead to increased productivity.

By opportunity use subdivide stock reserves and loss reserves. For example, underutilization of equipment capacity represents reserve reserves, and lost working hours, waste and excessive fuel consumption represent loss reserves.

By time of use All reserves are divided into current and prospective. Current can be implemented in the short term and are not accompanied by high costs. Promising– can be carried out only in the long term, subject to changes in technological processes, the introduction of new types of equipment, which requires capital investments and justification of their effectiveness.

By place of discovery and use reserves are divided into national economic, branch and internal production. In-house reserves are of decisive importance, since all other types of reserves ultimately appear and are implemented at the enterprise level. Intra-production factors are divided into reserves for reducing labor intensity (intensive path) and reserves for better use of working time (extensive path).

Main reserves of labor productivity growth are :

1. Reducing the labor intensity of products due to:

 improvement of product design data;

 the growth of technical equipment and labor qualifications;

 improving technology;

 introduction of advanced labor practices.

2. Improving the use of working time by:

 elimination of absenteeism, delays and other violations of labor discipline;

 eliminate the loss of working time due to poor organization of labor and production.

3. Frame Usage:

 reducing employee turnover;

 introduction of brigade forms of labor organization;

 improving the structure of employees.

Factors productivity growth

Labor productivity is a dynamic indicator, constantly changing under the influence of many factors. Factors are called driving forces, or causes that cause changes in labor productivity. At the enterprise level, such factors can be divided into internal and external.

Internal factors include the level of technical equipment of the enterprise, the power-to-weight ratio of labor, the organization of labor and production, the applied labor incentive systems, i.e. all those that depend on the team and its leaders.

To external factors include reasons beyond the control of the enterprise: a change in the range and range of products in accordance with market demand, leading to a change in labor intensity, socio-economic conditions in society, the reliability of partners in terms of logistics, etc.

According to their inner content and essence, all factors are usually combined into three groups: material and technical, organizational and socio-economic

To logistical factors relate:

Increasing the capital and power supply of labor based on the achievements of scientific and technological progress, reducing the cost of manual, unskilled labor;

Increasing the mechanization and automation of production processes;

Increase in unit capacities of machines and equipment;

Deepening the specialization of machinery and equipment;

Creation of new technologies;

Electrification and chemicalization of production.

All material and technical factors increase labor productivity and reduce the labor intensity of products

To organizational factors include the organization of production, labor and management:

Specialization of enterprises and their subsequent cooperation, organization of material and technical supply, repair services, improvement of organizational and technical preparation of production;

Rational division and labor cooperation between individual groups of workers, improving the organization and maintenance of workplaces, improving working conditions, training and retraining of personnel, strengthening labor discipline, improving labor rationing;

Creation of an effective organizational structure of management, proper selection, placement and use of managerial personnel, their professional training, organization of intra-production entrepreneurship.

All organizational factors are interconnected and the presence of organizational deficiencies leads to incomplete use (losses) of working time and through its level to the impact on the growth of labor productivity. Losses of working time, ceteris paribus, directly proportionally reduce labor productivity, and a decrease in losses leads to its growth.

The driving force behind active labor activity can be an interest in achieving a certain result, which makes it possible to satisfy both the material and spiritual needs of workers. This is where the action socio-economic factors. The most important components of this group of factors:

Material and moral interest in the results of both personal and collective labor;

Level of qualification, professional skill;

attitude towards work, labor discipline;

Change in the form of ownership of the property of the enterprise and the results of labor;

Democratization of commercial and public life and development of self-government.

I Questions to the topic:

1. Define workforce

2. What is the difference labor resources from other types of resources?

3. What is the personnel of the enterprise, what categories of workers does it consist of?

4. What should be understood as a profession, specialty, qualification?

5. What indicators characterize staffing enterprises?

6. Give a definition of the payroll and how is the average number of employees determined?

7. How is the net number of employees determined?

8. How is the actual number of employees determined?

9. What indicators evaluate the movement of workers at the enterprise?

10. Who refers to the main and auxiliary workers of the enterprise?

11. What indicators characterize the movement of personnel?

12. What parameters determine the need of the enterprise for workers?

13. What is labor productivity?

14. What is the difference between the productivity of social and individual labor?

15. What are the indicators of labor productivity

16. What methods are used to measure labor productivity in the enterprise?

17. How to determine labor productivity in a natural way?

18. How to determine labor productivity by a conditionally natural method?

19. How to determine labor productivity by the cost method?

20. How to determine labor productivity labor method?

21. Give a comparative analysis of various methods for measuring labor productivity. Specify the scope of their application.

22. List external factors that affect labor productivity.

23. Specify the material and technical factors that affect labor productivity

24. How do organizational factors affect the change in labor productivity?

25. How is the indicator of economic efficiency of labor determined?

Theme 9. Wages of employees of the enterprise

1. Essence and market price of wages

2. The main functions of wages and the principles of its organization

3. The process of organizing wages at the enterprise

4. Types and classifications of additional payments to the basic salary

5. Calculation of the payroll for the enterprise

When studying labor productivity issues, it is necessary to consider the factors of labor productivity growth. Labor productivity growth factors are the reasons under the influence of which its level and dynamics change.

Factors of labor productivity growth (or its reserves) are considered to be a set of objective and subjective reasons, causing a change in the level of labor productivity. The classic definition of the role of increasing labor productivity and its main factors was given by Adam Smith: “The annual product of the land and labor of any people cannot be increased ... except by increasing the number of its productive workers and the productive power of those already employed ... as a result of an increase in capital, that is, funds … or as a result of a more expedient division and distribution of the employed.” In the time that has passed since the writing of these words, there has been only a slight concretization of these factors.

Under the factors of growth of labor productivity understand the driving forces, sources, as a result of the influence of which the level of labor productivity changes. Labor productivity factors are very diverse and multifaceted, therefore, at the macro and micro levels, various groupings are used for the purposes of forecasting and planning the growth of labor productivity in an enterprise, as well as their systemic perception.

Labor productivity is characterized by high variability and dynamism, which is associated with the influence of many factors on it, which in one way or another can either increase it or reduce it.

In addition, it should be noted the role of working conditions in which labor activity. This is the so-called indirect performance regulator, since it can either enhance or weaken the influence of the factors themselves.

Growth factors are objective reasons that cause a change in the level of a particular indicator. Labor productivity is changeable, unstable and depends on a number of factors. Their action is interconnected, but to study the dynamics of labor productivity, they should be considered and studied separately.

• 1. Material and technical factors include everything that allows you to increase the technical level of production. First of all, this is the automation and mechanization of production processes, the raw materials used in the production, its quality, properties. It is very important to control the specific consumption of raw materials and materials: the smaller this value, the more efficient production is considered. In addition, at present, special attention should be paid to the technologies used: they need to be improved regularly. Only in this way can a firm or enterprises become sufficiently competitive in the market.
• 2. The organizational factor includes the improvement of enterprise management, production and labor (for example, a management system). Initially, all businesses were managed by a single owner. With the development of entrepreneurship, managers appeared - individuals who perform the function of management on behalf of the owner of the organization. In addition, they set themselves specific tasks, the achievement of which is very important for the normal functioning and progressive development of the enterprise. The manager is obliged to plan the activities of the enterprise in accordance with the market situation and the degree of risk. With the final design of management as an independent form of labor, the mechanism of leadership became much simpler. After all, the manager not only controls the production process, but also monitors the order and implementation of the plan by the workers.
• 3. Regional and economic factors: natural and climatic conditions, balance of jobs and labor resources, i.e. equality of supply and demand in the labor market, as well as the development of new areas of deposits.
• 4. Social factors imply the cultural level of personnel, the level of qualifications, the initiative of the personnel, as well as the psychological climate in the team. In addition, the problem of relations between the employee and employers, which must be built on trust and social partnership, is extremely important.
• 5. The structural factor characterizes the change in the volume and structure of production, economic specialization (change in the range of goods, their quality and other characteristics). This also includes the release of new products, the change in its share in the total volume of the product produced by this enterprise.

Determination and analysis of labor productivity growth factors at the enterprise is its most important strategic task. This allows you to determine the potential of the enterprise, highlight the main directions in which it should develop in the future.

Numerous factors for increasing labor productivity can be reduced to two - the productive power of labor (external factors that do not depend on the employee) and tension, labor intensity (internal factors that depend on the employee).

Material and technical factors for increasing labor productivity include the creation, development and implementation of new technology; development and application of advanced technologies; improving the quality and competitiveness of products in the domestic and foreign markets; complex automation of production and management of production processes; modernization of existing equipment and production; maintaining competitiveness.

Scientific and technological progress is the main source of comprehensive and consistent growth in labor productivity. Therefore, in order to introduce the achievements of scientific and technological progress into the production process in modern conditions it is required to direct investments, first of all, to the reconstruction and technical re-equipment of existing industries, to increase the share of costs for the active part of fixed production assets - machinery and equipment.

The complex of material and technical factors and their influence on the level of labor productivity can be characterized by the following indicators:

• - power-to-weight ratio of labor - the consumption of all types of energy per industrial worker;
• - the electric power of labor - the consumption of electricity per industrial worker;
• - technical equipment of labor - the volume of fixed production assets per employee;
• - the level of mechanization and automation - the share of workers engaged in mechanized and automated labor;
• - chemicalization of production, the use of progressive materials and chemical processes - the ratio of chemicalized production processes in its total volume.

One of the main material and technical factors is to improve the quality of products - the satisfaction of social needs with lower costs of funds and labor, since products High Quality replace more low quality products. Increasing the durability of products is equivalent to an additional increase in their output. Material and technical factors are the most important, since they provide savings not only for living, but also for materialized labor.

Organizational, economic and structural factors include the restructuring of production under the requirements of the market; improvement of the organization of production; development of progressive structures and functions of production and personnel management, improvement of product quality, its competitiveness.

Organizational factors are determined by the level of organization of labor, production and management.

These include:

• 1. Improving the organization of production management:
  • - improvement of the structure of the management apparatus;
  • - improvement of production management systems;
  • - improvement of operational management of the production process;
  • - introduction and development of automated production control systems;
  • - inclusion in the scope of the automated control system of the maximum possible number of objects.
• 2. Improving the organization of production:
  • - improvement of material, technical and personnel preparation of production;
  • - improving the organization of production units and the arrangement of equipment in the main production;
  • - improvement of the organization of support services and farms (transport, storage, energy, instrumental, economic and other types of production services).
• 3. Improving the organization of labor:
  • - improving the division and cooperation of labor, introducing multi-machine maintenance, expanding the scope of combining professions and functions;
  • - introduction of advanced methods and techniques of labor;
  • - improvement of the organization and maintenance of workplaces;
  • - introduction of technically justified norms of labor costs, expansion of the scope of labor rationing of time workers and employees;
  • - introduction of flexible forms of labor organization;
  • - professional selection of personnel, improvement of their training and advanced training;
  • - improvement of working conditions, rationalization of work and rest regimes;
  • - improvement of wage systems, increasing their stimulating role.

Without the use of these factors, it is impossible to obtain the full effect of the material and technical factors.

Economic, legal and regulatory factors create material, administrative and methodological prerequisites for increasing labor productivity at all levels and depend on the role of the state and the government in assisting the subjects of the real sector of the economy in their efforts to increase labor productivity. These factors include:

¦ Improving the legal framework for the growth of labor productivity;

¦ strengthening of economic incentives and development of self-organization at the micro and macro levels;

¦ creation of a base of scientific and methodological support and information for economic entities.

Factors that provide financial incentives to employees include increasing the level of tariff rate; improvement of the wage system; improvement of the reward system, etc.

Socio-psychological factors also play an important role in increasing labor productivity. They are determined by the style of leadership in departments, at the enterprise as a whole; economic management motivation. Their influence is characterized by the natural and social conditions in which the employees of the enterprise work; the level of training of teams, the degree of discipline of employees, their labor and creative activity, the system of value orientations of the team; quality, as well as the socio-demographic composition of labor collectives.

Factors of productivity growth and ways to increase it at the enterprise level are considered a priority and at the same time are the key to increasing labor productivity at the macro level.

The use of each group of factors is directly related to the analysis of existing reserves for a possible increase in labor productivity in certain organizational and economic conditions of production for each structural production unit and the enterprise as a whole.

All of these factors are closely related and interdependent, they should be studied comprehensively. This is necessary in order to more accurately assess the influence of each factor, since their actions are unequal. The action of some gives a steady increase in labor productivity, while the influence of others is transient.

High labor productivity is achieved through its rational organization, reducing labor and material costs. Special meaning at the same time, it has labor rationing. On the basis of the norms, tasks for loading equipment are determined, the optimal number of employees, their professional and qualification composition are established, the wage fund is calculated, and other economic problems are solved.

When planning labor productivity in an enterprise, various methods are used, but the factor-by-factor method for analyzing the dynamics of labor productivity and its planning is most often used. When using the factor method, the calculation is made by determining the savings in working time or the number of employees by factors of labor productivity growth in accordance with their typical classification. A typical classification of labor productivity growth factors involves the analysis and planning of changes in labor productivity in the following areas:

• - change in the technical level of production (commissioning of new equipment, modernization of equipment, improvement of management, organization of production and labor (expansion of service areas, reduction of intra-shift downtime, change and deepening of specialization, reduction of loss of working time);
• - changes in natural conditions;
• - change in the volume and structure of production (change in the share of cooperative deliveries, change in the share of various production methods, the share of newly mastered products);
• - other factors.

When analyzing and planning changes in labor productivity in terms of its various factors, reserves for the growth of labor productivity in each particular firm are identified.

Factors and reserves of labor productivity growth

Labor productivity growth reserves are unused opportunities for saving labor costs (reducing labor intensity and increasing output). Reserves are used and re-emerge under the influence of scientific and technological progress - the most important factor in increasing labor productivity. Quantitatively, reserves can be defined as the difference between the achieved and the maximum possible level of labor productivity. The production reserves should also include the level of organization of production management, the level of management, strategic planning, the level of its organization, i.e. the quality of business activity.

The classification of reserves for labor productivity growth allows us to consider each type of reserves with respect to a certain factor, and classify the entire set of reserves in accordance with a variety of factors. There are several ways to increase labor productivity and its organization, which makes it possible to identify the main causes of losses and unproductive labor costs for each factor during the analysis and outline ways to eliminate them.

Since labor productivity is measured by the cost of the resources involved and especially working time, saving working time is possible in three main directions.

The first is in the making more material goods, products per unit of time, i.e. we are talking about an increase in labor productivity, a decrease in the labor intensity of products, or a reduction in the time spent on manufacturing a unit of output. For example, a worker makes 10 parts per hour. Having found a new method of work, he makes 20 of them in the same hour. Now the growth of his labor productivity is 200% (100x20:10). Since labor intensity is the reciprocal of labor productivity, the time spent on manufacturing one part in the first case is 1:10 = 0.1 hours, or 6 minutes, in the second 1:20 = 0.05 hours, or 3 minutes. Consequently, the labor intensity is halved (6:3 = 2).

Labor productivity is calculated by the number of products produced per unit of time. Labor intensity shows how much labor (time) is expended on the manufacture of a unit of output.

The second direction of saving working time is the saving of past time or past (reified) labor, i.e. labor turned into a thing.

Suppose, per unit of production, for example, an electric motor, long time 5 kg of copper was consumed. In the process of winding the anchor, 1 kg went to waste. At the firm, experts have implemented new system armature winding, which reduced waste by 0.5 kg, and the total consumption of copper reached 4.5 kg. In this case, the expenditure of past labor decreased by 10% (5-4.5:5x100). Consequently, the saving of raw materials, materials, equipment, vehicles is the saving of past labor, expressed in past tense.

The third direction is the saving of future time, such savings are associated with improving the quality, properties of products, education, and advanced training of workers.

Labor productivity growth factors and productivity growth reserves are related to each other as two approaches to solving one problem. Solving the problem of increasing labor productivity requires a systematic search for time reserves in those directions in which the factors for increasing labor productivity are grouped. Therefore, the degree of use of reserves depends on the formulation of research and analytical work at the enterprise.

As a measure of the influence of factors on the growth of labor productivity, the relative savings in labor force are taken:

where: DП - increase in labor productivity due to savings headcount, %;

Ech - relative release of the number of personnel due to all factors, people;

Nppp - the average number of employees of the enterprise for the planned actual volume of work for the actual (basic) output, people.

Depending on the strength and nature of the impact on labor productivity, factors can be grouped into three groups:

logistical factors- the most important, as they provide savings not only of living, but also of materialized labor;

organizational and economic- without the use of these factors, it is impossible to obtain the full effect, including from material and technical factors;

socio-psychological- associated with a change in the quality of personnel for the purpose of increasing the productivity of each employee.

Let's consider each group of factors sequentially by content, by their influence and significance.

Logistical factors productivity growth associated with the level of development of new technology and the use of advanced technology and new types of raw materials and materials include:

modernization of equipment;

replacement of obsolete equipment with new one;

automation of production, installation of machine tools, etc.;

introduction of new progressive technologies;

use of new types of raw materials, materials.

The complex of material and technical factors and their influence on the level of labor productivity can be characterized by the following indicators:

an increase in the power-to-weight ratio of one industrial worker;

increasing the technical equipment of labor;

the volume of fixed production assets per employee;

an increase in the level of mechanization and automation - the share of workers engaged in mechanized and automated labor.

These factors put into action contribute to improving product quality, increasing consumer demand, reducing the cost of funds and labor, increasing the durability of products, and increasing labor productivity.

Changes in labor productivity in the course of raising the technical level of production, they are based on the release of the number of workers as a result of the introduction of new equipment, the mechanization of jobs and automation of production, and the improvement of the use of equipment.

The savings in the number of workers from reducing the labor intensity of products (Ech.tu) by increasing the technical level of production is calculated by the formula:

(people), (5.27)

where: Tbaz (pl), Tf - respectively, labor costs for one product in the base (planned) period and actual, people / hour; working hour;

Ff - the actual fund of time of one worker (all workers), hour;

kvn - coefficient of fulfillment of time norms;

DQ - the number of products additionally produced on this equipment per month, pcs;

Frnob - the duration of the new (or upgraded) equipment, months.

Labor cost savings due to the introduction of new machinery and technology can also be determined by comparing the number of workers required to produce a volume of output before and after the technical improvement of production.

Labor savings due to new and modernization of existing equipment a certain kind can be calculated using the following formula:

(5.28)

where: dN mod. - share of new (modernized) equipment in total equipment of this type, in shares;

DP - increase in labor productivity on new (modernized) equipment,%;

Fcal - calendar number of months;

Npp - the number of industrial and production personnel, people;

dp is the share of workers involved in equipment maintenance in the total number of PPPs, share.

The formulas discussed above differ from each other by the period of validity. The formula, which is based on a change in the labor intensity of products, applies only to the period after the introduction of new (or modernized) equipment. And according to the second formula, the relative savings in numbers is determined per year. Bringing these formulas to a single period of action allows you to get the same results of saving the number of workers.

Organizational and economic factors raising labor productivity implies raising the level of labor organization, production and management. Measures that increase labor productivity due to these factors include:

improvement of production management;

increasing the level of specialization;

reduction of losses of the working time fund and losses from product defects;

reduction in the number of workers who do not fulfill the established norms of time (production), etc.

Labor savings by reducing the loss of the working time fund can be calculated by the formula:

(5.29)

where: Nppp - the number of industrial and production personnel (PPP), people,

dp - the share of workers in the number of PPP, in shares;

dprv.b(f) - loss of working time in the base (reporting) period,%.

The impact of reducing absenteeism, marriage and deviations from normal working conditions on the relative savings in labor is determined similarly to reducing lost working time.

The relative savings in labor force due to the reduction in the planned period of the number of workers who do not fulfill the norms of time (production) can be determined by the formula:

(5.30)

When planning, the formula uses indicators of loss of working time, respectively, in the reporting and planning periods

where: Dpvn is a planned increase in the level of fulfillment of time standards (production) by a group of workers who do not comply with the established forms,%;

dр - the share of piecework workers who do not fulfill the norms of time (production), in the total number of workers, in shares;

0.5 - the coefficient of the increase in the level of compliance with the standards that occurs throughout the entire planning period (it is assumed that the increase in the level of compliance with the standards will be carried out evenly)

Socio-psychological factors the growth of labor productivity, due to the level of development of the labor force, are determined by the qualities of the labor collective and the conditions for its development, which, in turn, are determined by the social relations in which people work. Socio-psychological factors of labor productivity growth practically depend on changes in the qualitative characteristics of the personnel, namely:

its socio-demographic composition;

level of training;

discipline;

labor activity and creative initiative of employees;

systems of value orientations;

leadership styles adopted in departments and at the enterprise as a whole;

health of staff, well-being of their families.

Socio-demographic factors of productivity growth largely depend on the optimization of such personnel characteristics as: the composition of personnel by gender, age, national, religious, and social categories and groups, which must purposefully change and meet the requirements of production and working conditions.

Working conditions, considered as factors in the growth of labor productivity, include production and technical measures aimed at improving equipment and production technology; change in sanitary and hygienic conditions, aiming to ensure the production of an optimal microclimate and optimization general conditions consumer services for production personnel.

The value of the level of professional training, qualifications of workers for increasing labor productivity. No less important is the retraining of personnel to work on modern equipment with new technologies and new materials. Investing in personnel training is no less important and profitable than investing in machines and mechanisms. The cost of technology in our time is high and an entrepreneur with untrained personnel runs the risk of not only not receiving interest on the invested capital, but being left without fixed assets. Therefore, the entrepreneur must decide whether to invest in the purchase of a new machine or use it first for training. Professional selection of personnel through the stages of vocational guidance, training, retraining and a system of continuous professional development of workers is a significant factor in increasing labor productivity through the rational use of working time, improving the culture of production, economical use of materials, raw materials, reducing defects, improving product quality.

Reserves for growth in labor productivity in terms of their scope can be federal, intersectoral, sectoral, regional, intra-industrial.

General federal reserves and their use affect the growth of labor productivity in the entire economy of the country. These reserves are associated with the location of enterprises, rational use employment of the population, underutilization of employment and market methods of management.

Regional reserves are an opportunity for a better use of the productive forces characteristic of a given region.

Intersectoral reserves are associated with the possibility of improving intersectoral relations, strengthening contractual discipline between enterprises in different industries.

Intra-production reserves determine the shortcomings in the use of raw materials, materials, equipment, and working time at the enterprise. In addition to direct losses of working time, intra-shift and all-day downtime, there are hidden losses associated with the use of defective products, with the performance of work not provided for by the technology.

Reserves by time of use divided into current and prospective. Current reserves are used during the month, quarter, year - depending on the real capabilities of the enterprise. Prospective reserves are reserves that cannot be used in the near future, but only in the future. To use the reserves, the enterprise develops a plan of organizational and technical measures, which indicates the types of reserves for increasing labor productivity, measures for their implementation, the planned costs for this, the timing of the work and responsible executors.

Questions for control and discussion

1. Define labor productivity and reveal its relationship with the cost of production.

2. Expand the content of profitability and name the reserves for its increase.

3. Expand the content of the types of labor intensity.

4. Explain to what factors the increase in the growth rate of labor productivity in Russian enterprises should be associated.

5. Expand the essence of methods for measuring labor productivity and their characteristics.

6. Tell us how the content of socio-psychological factors affects labor productivity.

7. How is the performance management process linked to the overall management process?

Any production sooner or later faces the limit of its capabilities. To ensure the growth of its efficiency, it is enough to make certain changes, the need for which is due to a combination of factors and additional reserves. With the right innovations and the use of hidden resources, the enterprise is sure to increase the productivity of its employees.

growth factors

Growth depends on several important factors. What is this about? This concept refers to the fundamental reasons that cause a positive trend in labor productivity. Each factor has mandatory conditions. For example, automation in an enterprise cannot take place without a clear structure of the plant, factory, etc.

Factors and reserves of labor productivity growth can be divided into 4 groups: technical and organizational, socio-political, socio-economic and natural-climatic. The latter determine the level of efficiency depending on the location. Natural and climatic conditions are especially important in the mining industry.

Innovation

Technical and organizational factors and reserves for the growth of labor productivity are associated with modernization in society. These include its improvement and combination with other resources. In this case, as nowhere else, scientific and technological progress is extremely important. Modern enterprises increase their productivity not by increasing employees or capital, but by innovating and introducing new ideas.

Without the use of scientific and technological achievements, it is difficult to imagine a successful company. Labor productivity, indicators, factors, growth reserves - all this today is associated with modernization. Thanks to scientific and technological progress, the means of labor used are changing. Their productivity increases. A historical example: it was the introduction of new machines, machine tools and devices during the industrial revolution that made it possible in many industries to abandon manual labor.

Difficulties of modernization

The introduction of technical innovations in production is associated with several difficulties. Modernization is done in order to increase the volume of products and improve their quality. However, in order to achieve this result, it takes a lot of time. When new technologies are just beginning to replace old ones, the rate of production slows down, resulting in losses and reduced profits. Thus, modernization is a risky step. It should be started only with certain reserves for increasing labor productivity.

The contradiction associated with the use of the fruits of scientific and technological progress can be resolved by using additional capacities that can temporarily fill the gap that has arisen due to the abandonment of obsolete technology. It is important to note one more point. An increase in labor productivity can become a significant advantage only in conditions market economy with free competition among industry participants.

Scientific achievements and the market economy

Since science has become a separate force influencing production, the level of implementation of scientific and technological progress has begun to influence all aspects of production: labor, its application and organization. Changes of this nature not only provide new devices, but also improve the working environment itself, make it more comfortable for the staff. Thanks to science, the difference between physical and mental labor is gradually disappearing. The technical factor is especially important in the extractive industry of the economy.

Finally, a combination of positive trends in science and market relations gives many advantages. Technical discoveries are best revealed in a competitive environment, when, through natural selection, the best innovations become habitual features of any efficient production.

Public factor

Production efficiency is influenced by social and economic conditions. Such a system of interconnections developed after the principles of market relations were established. Factors of an economic and social nature are reflected in many phenomena: the well-being of people, education, the technical level of workers, etc.

According to these criteria, only the enterprise that fully satisfies the collective, personal and social needs of its employees is effective. It is also necessary to improve the business skills of employees. But even the most correct personnel policy will not have a sufficient effect if there is not at least a small improvement in the standard of living of people.

Features of manufacturing products

Production technology is constantly in need of updating. This factor requires several solutions. First of all, it is necessary to gradually reduce the duration of the production cycle. Also owners efficient enterprises take care to reduce the labor intensity of manufacturing goods. Production processes should form a single system in which all cycles are interconnected.

Yes, for everything more enterprises use ultra-low and ultra-high temperatures and pressures, chemical methods product processing, high-frequency currents, ultrasound, infrared radiation, ultra-strong materials, etc.

Application of new materials

In the face of constant change modern productions need quality raw materials. Therefore, enterprises are increasingly using electrical innovations, chemical technologies, etc. Such progress is associated with numerous environmental risks, and therefore requires especially careful attention.

For example, in a variety of industries, these artificial materials are used as substitutes for wood, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, as well as other natural raw materials. Today, without polymers, it is no longer possible to solve some important technical problems. And in mechanical engineering, with the help of this material, they reduce the weight of important structures and improve appearance cars. For plastic products, the labor intensity is much lower than for natural counterparts. In other words, this material is much more efficient and cost-effective.

Current and prospective reserves

Even if all factors are taken into account, it is impossible to achieve an increase in the performance of an enterprise without using all possible reserves for increasing labor productivity. According to the generally accepted classification, they can be divided into two large groups. These are the reserves associated with the improvement of the use of labor power, and those based on best use means of production.

In turn, both of these groups are also divided according to the signs of the place and time of their use. Thus, the reserves of labor productivity growth can be promising and current. Some additional features can only be used during the year. They are considered current. Such reserves do not require deep transformations in production, technical restructuring and large capital investments. They are quick and relatively easy to do. But promising reserves are associated with fundamental technical changes and the introduction of fundamentally new production technologies.

Additional Industry Resources

In addition to time, the reserves of labor productivity growth depend on the place of their use. Sectoral and intersectoral groups are associated with transformations in certain areas of the economy. Their significance is extremely great. The identification of reserves for the growth of labor productivity in several sectors at once is necessary for this. to use their advantages for each other's benefit. It is more difficult to use them, but the result of such transformations will be much more noticeable.

In this case, such indicators as the degree of concentration, organization and combination of production capacities play an important role. To identify and determine the reserves in intersectoral spaces, there are special research and scientific institutions, as well as government ministries.

Sources of growth within the enterprise

Some additional opportunities for improvement of the enterprise are within its own walls. These growth reserves are called internal production. They are also divided into workshop, general factory and belonging to workplaces. With their help, you can reduce the labor intensity of the production itself. This is an inexhaustible and most important reserve, which is often referred to in the very first place. As a rule, it is associated with automation and mechanization of the work process. Labor productivity, indicators, growth reserves - all this depends to a large extent on how large the share of modern equipment is.

By reducing labor intensity, the employer helps its employees achieve more results in less time. This benefits not only them, but also the end buyer of the product. In addition, this way the employer can reduce their own costs for extra staff, whose work is no longer needed due to the appearance of updated inventory. Such a solution is an example of effective optimization.

Proper use of time

To use the reserves of working time, it is necessary to compare the actual and planned data about it. It is for this reason that all kinds of reports that record the dynamics of labor are so common. Summarizing such a large amount of data requires a lot of time. Statistics, reporting and planned balances of working time, additional studies and surveys - all this is based on the calculation of reserves for increasing labor productivity.

These indicators do not exist on their own. They are directly related to the complexity, which was discussed above. Productivity growth reserves also depend on it. An important problem of working time and labor intensity lies in the losses associated with work shifts. They can be avoided only by correctly distributing human resources in the enterprise. In order to get rid of the irrational use of working time, company owners resort to the introduction of new schedules and plans.

Labor efficiency

In addition to the types already listed, intra-production reserves for labor productivity growth consist of labor-saving and labor-forming stocks. Using them, enterprises can significantly improve their own performance. Labor-forming reserves, as a rule, imply additional consolidation of working time, as well as an increase in labor intensity. At first glance, it is rather difficult to calculate such phenomena, but this is not so. In order to evaluate them, use indicators of the duration of working days.

Labor-saving reserves of labor productivity growth at the enterprise are calculated according to labor intensity. Efficiency in the use of working hours can also be improved by changing personnel policies. Poor performance in an enterprise is often attributed to poor employee training. Professional development is one way to improve the quality of the work they do. Thus, the classification of labor productivity growth reserves includes several types and subspecies. With the mobilization of each of them, it is possible to significantly increase the efficiency of the enterprise.