Functional-semantic types of speech. Description as a type of speech

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Depending on the content of the statement, our speech can be divided into the following types: description, narration, reasoning. Each type of speech has distinctive features.

Description - this is an image of a phenomenon of reality, an object, a person by listing and disclosing its main features. For example, when describing a portrait, we will point to such features as height, posture, gait, hair color, eyes, age, smile, etc.; the description of the room will contain such features as size, wall decoration, furniture features, number of windows, etc.; when describing a landscape, these features will be trees, a river, grass, a sky or a lake, etc. Common to all types of description is the simultaneity of the manifestation of features. The purpose of the description is for the reader to see the subject of the description, to present it in his mind.

Description can be used in any style of speech, but in scientific characterization the subject should be extremely complete, and in the artistic style, the emphasis is only on the brightest details. Therefore, the language means in the scientific and artistic style are more diverse than in the scientific one: there are not only adjectives and nouns, but also verbs, adverbs, comparisons are very common, various portable use of words.

Narration is a story, a message about an event in its temporal sequence. The peculiarity of the narrative is that it talks about actions following one after another. For all narrative texts, the beginning of the event (outset), the development of the event, the end of the event (denouement) are common. The story can be told in a third person. This is the author's story. It can also come from the first person: the narrator is named or indicated by the personal pronoun I.

In such texts, verbs in the form of the past tense of the perfect form are often used. But, in order to give the text expressiveness, others are used simultaneously with them: the verb in the form of the past tense imperfect form makes it possible to highlight one of the actions, indicating its duration; present tense verbs make it possible to present actions as if taking place before the eyes of the reader or listener; forms of the future tense with a particle like (how to jump), as well as forms like clap, jump help to convey the swiftness, surprise of this or that action.

Narration as a type of speech is very common in such genres as memoirs, letters.

Narrative example:

I began to stroke Yashkin's paw and I think: just like a baby's. And tickled his hand. And the baby somehow pulls his paw - and me on the cheek. I did not even have time to blink, but he slapped me in the face and jumped under the table. Sat down and grins.

(B. Zhitkov)

Text 1

1. Apple tree - ranet purple - frost-resistant variety. The fruits are rounded, 2.5-3 cm in diameter. Fruit weight 17-23 g. Medium juiciness, with a characteristic sweet, slightly astringent taste.

2. Linden apples were large and transparent yellow. If you look through an apple in the sun, it shone through like a glass of fresh linden honey. There were grains in the middle. You used to shake a ripe apple near your ear, you could hear the seeds rattling.

(According to V. Soloukhin)

Tasks for the text:

1. Define the style of each of the texts.

2. Write out the adjectives, determine the gender. Number, case.

3. Determine the category of adjectives.

4. Make parsing last offer.

Test questions:

1. Name the functional and semantic types of speech.

2. Define description as a type of speech.

3. Define storytelling.

Glossary:

1. Description - this is an image of a phenomenon of reality, an object, a person by listing and disclosing its main features.

2. Narration is a story, a message about an event in its temporal sequence.

Reasoning as a type of monologue. Types of reasoning. Linguistic features of speech types.

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Reasoning is a verbal presentation, clarification, confirmation of any thought.

The composition of the reasoning is as follows: the first part is a thesis, that is, a thought that must be logically proved, substantiated or refuted; the second part is the rationale for the expressed thought, evidence, arguments, supported by examples; the third part is the conclusion, the conclusion.

The thesis must be clearly provable, clearly articulated, the arguments are convincing and in sufficient quantity to confirm the thesis put forward. Between the thesis and arguments (as well as between individual arguments) there must be a logical and grammatical connection. For the grammatical connection between the thesis and arguments are often used introductory words: firstly, secondly, finally, so, therefore, thus. In the reasoning text, sentences with conjunctions are widely used, however, although, despite the fact that, since. Reasoning example:

As a rule, the composition of reasoning is built by model: thesis, proof (a number of arguments, which use facts, conclusions, references to authorities, obviously true positions(axioms, laws), descriptions, examples, analogies, etc.) and conclusion.

Reasoning is characteristic primarily for scientific and journalistic texts, the task of which is to compare, summarize, generalize, substantiate, prove, refute this or that information, define or explain a fact, phenomenon, event.

In scientific speech, there are such subtypes of reasoning as reasoning-explanation: There is a distinction between the so-called biographical author, that is, a historical person, a private person (A.S. Pushkin, 1799 - 1837), and the author-creator, whose ideas about the world and man are reflected in the work he creates (A.S. Pushkin, author of the novel "Eugene Onegin")(Dictionary of literary terms), and reasoning-inference: If the author-creator depicts himself in the work, then we can talk about the image of the author as a character artwork and consider him among other characters (the image of the author in the novel by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin")(Dictionary of literary terms).

In literary texts, reasoning is used in authorial digressions that explain the psychology and behavior of characters, when expressing the moral position of the author, his assessment of the depicted, etc.: A premonition that Moscow would be taken lay in Russian Moscow society in the 12th year.<…>Those who left with what they could seize, leaving houses and half of their property, acted in this way because of that latent patriotism, which is expressed not by phrases, not by killing children to save the fatherland, etc. by unnatural actions, but which is expressed imperceptibly, simply, organically and therefore always produces the strongest results(L. Tolstoy).

The genres of reasoning include scientific, popular science and journalistic articles, essays ([French essai - attempt, test, essay] - a work usually devoted to literary criticism, journalistic and philosophical topics and conveying the author's individual impressions and thoughts about a particular subject or phenomenon. The essay is characterized by a free composition: the sequence of presentation in it is subject only to the internal logic of the author's thoughts, and the motivations, connections between parts of the text are often associative in nature: Picture in an anthology: a barefoot old man. // I turned the page; // my imagination remained // cold. Whether it's a matter - Pushkin: // raincoat, rock, sea foam ...(V. Nabokov).

In reasoning, there are often lexical signals of a causal relationship, peculiar markers of reasoning: introductory words and sentences firstly, secondly, therefore, so, in addition, finally, further, in conclusion and etc.; conditional and concessive complex sentences showing the presence of causal relationships: It should be noted about the schoolboy: if he has become completely green, then he has matured in science and can receive a matriculation certificate. It's different with other fruits.(A. Chekhov); interrogative structures: What good was it to me that almost in my mother's womb I was already a sergeant of the guard? Where did it take me?(A. Pushkin) and others.

Text 2

A strange thing is a book. There is something mysterious, mystical in it.

Yes, this book is strange. It stands on the shelf quietly, calmly, like many other items in your room. But now you take it in your hands, open it, read it, close it, put it on the shelf and ... that's it? Hasn't something changed in you? Let's listen to ourselves: didn't some new string sound in your soul after reading the book, didn't some new thought settle in your head? Didn't you want to reconsider something in your character, in your relationships with people, with nature?

The book… It's a piece of the spiritual experience of humanity. Reading, we voluntarily or involuntarily process this experience, compare our life's gains and losses with it. In general, with the help of the book we improve ourselves.

(N. Morozova)

Tasks for the text:

1. Highlight the compositional parts of the text.

2. Determine the genre of the text.

3. What type of reasoning does the text belong to?

4. Write an essay on the topic "The book in my life."

5. Highlight reasoning markers.

6. Review the table. Draw conclusions for each type of text.

7. Using the table, give complete description semantic type of text. Determine the main idea and style of the text.

Mikhailovsky Park is a hermit's shelter. This is a park where it's hard to have fun. He is a little gloomy with his age-old firs, tall, silent and imperceptibly passes into the same majestic, like himself, century-old and desert forests. Only on the outskirts of the park, through the twilight that is always present under the arches of old trees, will suddenly open a clearing overgrown with brilliant buttercups, and a pond with still water. Dozens of small frogs pour into it.

(K. Paustovsky)

Glossary:

Reasoning is a verbal presentation, clarification, confirmation of any thought.

Thesis - other Greekἡ θέσις (thésis) - position, statement, put forward and then proved in some reasoning.

Test questions:

1. Define reasoning as a type of speech.

2. Name the types of reasoning.

3. What types of reasoning are used in scientific style. What about art style?

4. Name the reasoning markers.

5. What are the genres of reasoning?

Week 3

Topic: Functional styles of speech. General characteristics of functional speech styles. business style and its features. Main genres of documentation. Publicistic style and its features. Scientific style and its features. The main genres of scientific and educational texts are annotation, abstract, review. General concept about the scientific style of speech, its difference from other functional styles. Genres of scientific style. Media.

Target: form skills and develop skills by type speech activity: speaking, reading, listening, writing.

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Styles- these are varieties of the language, due to differences in the areas of communication and the main functions of the language. In linguistics, such a special section as stylistics deals with the study of styles.

There are five areas of communication (they are also called language situations): everyday life, science, law, politics, art. As for the main functions of the language, there are three of them: communication, message, impact. Depending on speech situations and language functions, the following types of styles are distinguished:
conversational style (household sphere, communication function, less often - messages);
scientific (field of science, message function);
official-business (field of law, message function);
journalistic (the sphere of politics and art, the functions of communication and influence);
artistic (sphere of art, function of emotional impact).

"Determine the functional-semantic type of speech of this passage," - such a task is often present in the exam in the Russian language. This article will be helpful in preparing for this exam. Also in several chapters we will talk about the difference between this classification of texts and some others.

The main functional and semantic types of speech

As the name implies, this classification of texts is based on their purpose for certain purposes.

The main functional-semantic reasoning and narration. Each of them has its own distinctive features and depending on the style of the text, it can have certain expressive means.

It's worth remembering!

Sometimes in the answers to a similar question in the USE, along with the really existing functional-semantic types of speech, there are also text styles. Therefore, it is necessary to draw a line between these two concepts.

Types of speech characterize the text in terms of its functional purpose, and styles are systems of certain artistic language means of expression. The latter include such varieties of speech as scientific, journalistic, artistic, colloquial and some others. For the sake of clarity, each of these styles of speech will be briefly discussed below.

The language of science and documents

As a rule, such texts are extremely compressed, concise expression of the author's thoughts. For example, in scientific papers any subjective judgments are unacceptable, but on the contrary, their authors should strive for absolute objectivity, which is manifested in the proof of each controversial statement. In such works, there is usually no emotionality. Therefore, reading them for a person who does not belong to certain circles is not quite usual.

In addition, the scientific style of literature suggests the presence of numerous terms, most often of foreign origin (most of these words came from Greek or Latin), each of which requires separate consideration and interpretation. This is explained by the fact that in Europe the first scientific research, as a rule, was undertaken by Catholic monks, and the language of worship, which was also considered the most acceptable for all official literature, was Latin.

For this reason, education in the first universities, which were founded in the Middle Ages, was conducted in this ancient language. In addition, the basis training course on any subject were the works of ancient Greek and Roman scientists, which were read by students in the original.

In addition to this style of speech, there is also a formal one, which is intended for the preparation of various official documents. It is an even more ordered variety of scientific style. For such texts, as a rule, various clichés are characteristic, the observance of which is a prerequisite for compiling business papers.

Such documents also lack any emotionality, the judgments of the authors. And the creators of these texts themselves, as a rule, are not indicated. This style is the most impersonal of all existing.

The papers say...

Journalistic style can be called an intermediate link between artistic and scientific. Here, as well as in the latter, there is a certain clarity and consistency in the presentation of thoughts, vocabulary typical of academic works is often used. However, in magazine and newspaper articles, as well as in advertising brochures, there is much more freedom for the author. He can express his personal opinion about certain phenomena, use lexical means characteristic of colloquial speech, as well as rhetorical questions.

All this gives the press materials the necessary emotionality, which helps to attract the readership.

Literary and non-literary language

For novels, short stories, short stories and other genres of literature, the artistic style of speech is characteristic. It is the richest in terms of lexical diversity, as well as the presence of various means of expression, which are often used by authors in order to make their works more vivid.

Literary works may also contain elements of all other styles of speech. For example, to give the statements of a character more vitality and reliability, words characteristic of the colloquial lexicon are used.

This type of speech is the least structured and logically built. Here, elements of other styles can be mixed in one sentence.

Also, in such texts, a phrase is often constructed according to a scheme that is not typical and is even considered erroneous in scientific literature. fiction.

Purpose of texts

Having considered the various styles characteristic of the language of certain works, it is necessary to return directly to the topic of this article and characterize each of the functional and semantic types of speech. Since now the readers of the article should not have problems distinguishing between these classifications.

Item Description

The functional-semantic types of speech, as already mentioned, include narration, description and reasoning. This chapter will deal with the first of these. Description as a functional-semantic type of speech is their most static variety. In texts where it is required to characterize a particular object or phenomenon, it is the description that is used.

Moreover, the style of such literature can be anything: from scientific to colloquial, because in every sphere of human life, a situation may arise when one person must convey information about something to acquaintances or strangers.

For this, functional semantic type speech is characterized by the following structure. In the presentation of the material, there must be a mention of any object or phenomenon, followed by disclosure of it. characteristic properties. If we turn to the formal style of speech, then the description may be present, for example, in the operating instructions for household appliances and other equipment.

As a rule, such texts do not contain information about the author, they are extremely impersonal. Their structure is quite clear. In such literature, as well as in scientific literature, the description includes only confirmed information that is logically proven. The properties of objects and phenomena that are mentioned are only essential features.

In a conversational style of speech, the description may not contain any mention of the subject of the conversation. For example, when two people communicate near a building, and one tells the other about what organizations are inside the building, he does not have to name this object, but can use it as a subject pronoun, or simply point to the house with a gesture, about which this moment in question.

Most often, philologists classify the description as a static functional-semantic type of speech, but it can also be produced in the process of development. For example, when the author describes how nature changes when the time of day changes.

In any case, most often speaking about an action, imperfect verbs are usually used. For example, not "done", but "did", and so on. As a rule, a certain object is considered as something that exists in currently. Therefore, there is no indication of its change over time, which means that the use of various supplements is minimized. Sentences are usually interconnected by a parallel connection, that is, one of them is not a consequence of the other. All items are described according to the "snowball" principle, that is, from the beginning of the story to its completion, the reader gradually receives more and more information about the topic of interest to him. As a result, he should get a fairly complete picture.

In fiction, this functional-semantic type of speech, as a rule, is found when describing the appearance and inner world of the heroes of the work. In works built according to the classical principle, such fragments are placed in expositions.

The language of memoirs and explanatory notes

The functional-semantic type of speech narration, in contrast to the type described in the previous chapter, is an integral attribute of texts in which it is necessary to display any process. For example, a person's life - his growing up, changing his worldview - is often reflected in memoirs. As a rule, this genre of fiction is replete with verbs. They are necessary to describe the numerous actions that a particular character has performed. Verbs here are often used in the perfect form in order to show the order of what is happening. However, it is possible to use them in an imperfect form so that the reader has a sense of presence. It is achieved due to the fact that such a verb gives the story the effect of the duration of the action.

In addition to fiction, as well as description, the functional-semantic type of speech narration can be used in any other styles.

For example, in such an unpleasant document for all employees as an explanatory note, a person sets out the reason for his unseemly act. He lists the events that prevented him from fulfilling his duties.

For these purposes, narrative is used. It can be both personally colored and impersonal, depending on the characteristics of the text within which it exists. For example, in historical encyclopedias, the description of certain events, as a rule, does not contain their moral and political assessment. They are usually narrated in the third person. And in fiction, on the contrary, the author often acts as a narrator, placing in the work a description of personal experiences and assessments.

When to draw conclusions

The functional-semantic type of speech reasoning also deserves detailed consideration. Texts of this type are impossible without the presence of a subjective component in them. Such literary works, or samples of oral speech, always contain the author's thoughts about certain circumstances or any subject.

The functional-semantic type of speech reasoning is one of the most regulated and structured types. If we consider it in its classical form, then the scheme of such texts is usually as follows: introduction, thesis, proof, conclusions. The reader may notice that this principle is typical for scientific works containing elements of research. Indeed, in such works, as a rule, the relevance of the described problem is first stated, and the history of its study is given. All of this is introductory. Then comes the thesis. What does he represent?

Under this concept is meant the formulation of a question. When the problem is indicated, then the ways of solving it are given, that is, the answer. All this is included in the concept of "thesis". Most of the volume of the text written using this functional-semantic type of speech is the part where the proof of the correctness of the chosen answer takes place. It is worth noting that instead of confirming the thesis, it can be refuted.

This part is usually followed by conclusions.

This scheme in its classical form is present only in scientific works and sometimes in fiction. In colloquial speech, such parts of it as introduction and conclusions, and sometimes the statement of the thesis, are usually omitted. After all, the participants in the conversation can be aware of the essence of the problem under consideration in advance.

Unlike the functional-semantic types of speech of description and narration, reasoning is divided into several subspecies. The main ones can be called such as clarification, proof and conclusion.

The first is a confirmation of a position. As a rule, such a functional-semantic type of speech (narration is inappropriate here) is just used in scientific literature.

An explanation can include such fragments of speech in which one person brings another person up to date.

This may occur in the condition of a conversational situation, so all parts, except for the evidentiary part, can be omitted here.

The conclusion, as a rule, contains not one thesis, but several, used in a logical sequence.

Conclusion

In this article, such functional and semantic types of speech as reasoning, description and narration were considered. There are few works of literature that contain only one single species. But some of their passages can be characterized unambiguously. The article may be useful for students and schoolchildren to prepare for exams. It is known that one of the questions of the Unified State Examination in the Russian language is often this: "The functional-semantic types of speech include ...". You need to choose the correct one from the given options. Or, for example, such a task: "What is the functional-semantic type of speech in this passage?". The above material may help in performing this test.

Depending on the content of what we say, philologists divide our speech into three types of functional-semantic speech: reasoning, description, narration. Each of them has its own distinctive features.

In our outer speech shell, in its unique structure, much depends precisely on the task that we set for ourselves in the presentation of thoughts. It is one thing to talk about something, it is quite another to describe some object or area, and the third is to interpret, explain something. Of course, in each of the above cases, the system will constantly change. For far from the first century, scientists have been trying to develop the great and powerful language of Mother Russia. Over all these centuries, the most expressive methods, schemes for certain literary tasks, as well as various verbal structures, have been developed.

Actually, because of this, such functional and semantic types of speech stand out “from the crowd”: description, narration, reasoning. In the field of linguistics they are called functional-semantic types of Russian speech.

Linguists explain the selection of only three types by the fact that all studies were carried out purely for literary and artistic speech. In the event that we have in mind absolutely all diverse texts, the list of such functional and semantic types can increase significantly. So did V. V. Odintsov, who added to the narrative, reasoning, description also a definition (in other words, an explanation). It is difficult to call his actions somehow wrong or something like that, because he is, in fact, right. But now we will not talk about Odintsov, but about functional and semantic types of speech.

Description

A description in linguistics is a functional-semantic type of speech that describes any image, action, object or appearance hero (face, eyes, etc.). Take, for example, the case when we describe a portrait. Our attention focuses on the following features: posture and gait, height, eye and hair color, age, clothes, smile, and so on. When describing a room, we indicate its size, appearance, wall decoration, furniture features, number of doors and windows, and much more. If we describe the landscape, the main features will be trees, grass, rivers, sky, lakes, and so on. The common and main thing for all types of description, which will be discussed in more detail a little later, is the simultaneity of all signs. It is important to know that the role of description, as a functional and semantic type of speech, is that a person reading a particular work can imagine the subject described in the text.

As you know, the description is used in all speech styles of the Russian language, but not everything is so simple. In the scientific style, the description of the subject should be extremely complete and specific, but in the artistic text, the emphasis is on the brightest details. It is because of this that the language means of artistic and scientific styles are very different. In a literary text, one can find not only nouns and adjectives, but also adverbs, verbs, common comparisons and words used in a figurative sense.

reasoning

Reasoning, as a functional-semantic type of speech, is a verbal explanation or presentation that confirms or refutes a certain thought (guess).

The composition of this type of functional-semantic speech, like reasoning, is very simple. In the first part of the text there is some thesis - certain thought, by the end of the text which needs to be proved or disproved. In the second part of such a text, the author must substantiate the idea expressed in the first part, give arguments and evidence, supported by some examples. In the last (third) part of the text, the author draws a conclusion and completes his thought.

The thesis of this type of text must be clearly proven (so that no questions arise), clearly formulated, and the arguments and evidence are convincing in order to refute or prove the thesis put forward earlier. The thesis and its arguments are connected both logically and grammatically. For the correct grammatical connection between the proof (arguments) and the main thesis, most often the authors use introductory words: finally, therefore, firstly, secondly, thirdly, thus and others. In the reasoning text, sentences containing the following conjunctions are often used: despite the fact that, although, however, as well as others.

Narration

Narration is a functional and semantic type of speech, a story or message about an event with all temporal sequences. The narrative has its own peculiarity, which lies in the fact that each subsequent event follows from the previous one. All narrative texts (stories) are united by a common scheme: the beginning of a certain event (in other words, the beginning of the story), the development of the plot, the ending (denouement). The uniqueness of the narrative is that it can be conducted both in the first and in the third person.

Most often in narrative texts, the author uses a variety of perfective verbs in the past tense. However, in order to give the text expressiveness, others are used along with those verbs. The imperfective verb also in the past tense allows the author to highlight one specific action, while denoting its exact duration. Verbs in the present tense make it possible to present all the actions of the story in the form that everything is happening in reality (right in front of the reader). Forms of verbs with the particle "how" give the text a special surprise of a certain moment. Narration, as a functional and semantic type of speech, is most often used in such genres as letters and memoirs.

Description examples

To fully understand what a description is, to learn how to recognize it in the text, we need examples that we will now give. Example number 1 (description of the estate):

“Kochanovskaya estate is located on the river, opposite a small village. The estate is not rich at all, rather, even poor - the building is covered with wood chips, the gate connects the house with several outbuildings. The kitchen is on the left; barn, barn and barn - on the right. The largest window overlooks the river, but the river is not visible. Beautiful trees and bushes grow near the house…”

It is worth noting that the description may also include a sequence of so-called elliptical and nominative constructions. This creates the nominative style of presenting the text, which has become so popular lately, in which various scenes from the cinema are most vividly presented. dramatic works and entries resembling a diary. An example is the following text:

“A huge room, a corner of a building; our heroine lived here for more than ten years, and now she spends most of her day in this place. A rather large table for work, in front of it is a light armchair with an incredibly hard seat. A very large closet, a bright map and some other portrait are on the left side of the room ... "

Types of description

As mentioned above, the description is used in a detailed story about a phenomenon, a portrait, if necessary, give a certain characteristic in order to show a holistic image of a particular hero. As you already know, functional-semantic types of speech (description, reasoning and narration) are an integral part of the Russian language, and now more about types of speech types of description.

In all texts of this type, the authors almost always present readers with static pictures that are taking shape in our head in small pieces. The author always lists the objects, some of their features, a detailed description, due to which we imagine this or that situation (picture, landscape, etc.) in our head while reading. If you think a little, you can understand that in each next sentence of the text, some features of what was discussed in the previous one are clarified - this, by the way, is the main feature of the descriptive text. When writing them, you must strictly adhere to the following structure:

1. Introduction (first impression).
2. Description of all the details around.
3. Conclusion (assessment of events, final conclusion).

For several years now, there have been several specific types of descriptive text:

• description of the surrounding nature;
• environment;
• a description that characterizes the personality of a particular person;
• portrait description.

This type is used in various areas of our life, and its parameters depend on the point of view of the author or the narrator, the style of writing, the genre of the text, and much more.

Reasoning example

Reasoning, as a functional and semantic type of speech in the Russian language, plays an important role in such a popular communicative and cognitive process. The type of speech now in question is pure inference latest knowledge, and also simply demonstrates both the author's train of thought and the way to solve the problem that has arisen. If you pay attention to the structure of such texts, you can understand that the story is a kind of chain of sequentially interconnected sentences. Example:

“Under the influence of various electromagnetic waves, an atom can go into a reduced energy state or vice versa, and the probability of one or the other outcome is equal. In the second case, the magnetic waves themselves will begin to weaken, and in the first situation, they will increase. In the case when the so-called paramagnet is in warm equilibrium, atomic particles slowly begin to be distributed over certain sublevels. This happens in accordance with the world-famous Boltzmann law. From the foregoing, it follows that the number of atomic units that are there in less energy, simply greatly exceeds the number of those atoms that have more energy.

Storytelling Example

Narrative texts reveal certain events that are related to each other. Sentences in narrative texts tell about a particular action, phenomenon, event, etc., but do not describe what is happening in any way. For example:

“In the Moscow region, a special interdepartmental operation called “Help a Child” was launched not so long ago. According to the plans made, it can be understood that the creators (organizers) want to help children who cannot obtain a certificate or passport of a citizen Russian Federation. In addition, specialists from the regions of the whole state with great pleasure agreed to help get Required documents parents of children…”

In short, a narrative is considered a specific story about something - it is a kind of news presented in a magazine or book.

It is important to note that the narrative is considered the main (main) part of the entire text. Many philosophers argue that narrative in literature plays the most leading role narration is the soul of all Russian literature. A writer is only a person who is able to present the material to the reader in an exciting and interesting way, and with the help of the narrative mood, this can be done much better.

In narrative texts, the date of what is happening is always accurately indicated, and sometimes also the time, which makes reading such texts much more interesting, because it seems that everything happened exactly as it is told in the book.

Trinity

Taking absolutely any work, and then scrolling through several dozen pages, you will find only three currently known types of Russian speech. This is especially true for novels. No one can write such a work without such functional and semantic types of speech as narration, reasoning and, of course, description. One way or another, in one of its forms, each type occurs in any text. However, some authors try to write a work using only one functional-semantic type of speech, which, of course, they still sometimes succeed, but it is simply impossible to read the text in this spirit. Even if you think about it, who wants to read 200 pages of a story that makes no sense, but it is about some building. The author describes one building on 200 pages - it's terribly boring. Few will want to read this, because most readers love dynamic stories with elements of character description, with certain suspicions, guesses that are revealed only at the end of the work.

The works, based only on the description, can easily be called "booklets" that are given out on every corner of your town. It is simply impossible to build an interesting and intriguing text on the description of something, and if something works out, then it is unlikely that anyone will like it. Therefore, functional-semantic types of speech are distinguished in the Russian literary language. Which ones, we examined in the article.

Functional-semantic types of speech - description, narration, reasoning - are used by authors when writing works. Some creators consider the description the most “inconvenient”, because it is impossible to create a masterpiece using only it. But, for example, you can write an interesting text about something in the style of narration or reasoning, and it is likely that many will like it. Functional-semantic types of speech are distinguished according to certain criteria, which were discussed in the article.

If you still want to read a work in a certain style, no one can forbid you to do this, but it’s better not to waste time on this, but to find a text in which the author used all three types of speech, you will really like this work.

Output

It is worth noting that the problem of the Russian language, which was touched upon in the article, is of great importance in the lives of people who speak their own language. mother tongue. Many do not know at all what functional-semantic types of speech are, but this is the basis of the Russian language.

Now let's talk a little more about the development of a person's personality. Any process, including the development of a person's personality, the development of the ability to communicate with other people, is simply impossible when a person does not know the styles and functional-semantic types of speech. If people do not know how to analyze what they read, they cannot determine the type of this or that text, then what kind of development of mankind can we talk about? Everyone should be able to write texts using all three types of speech: description, narration and reasoning.

Well, now we can repeat that the functional-semantic types of monologue speech, expressed by some language means, are divided into three types: description, narration and reasoning. Detailed information about each of the types you can find in this article.

The functional-semantic types of speech and their examples, as well as the types into which they are divided, were listed above.

Federal Agency for Education

Department of Foreign Languages

Coursework in the discipline "Russian language and culture of speech"

on the topic

"Functional Types of Speech".

Completed:

Checked:

Introduction…………………………………………………..…………..3

Working with terminology………………………………….…………..4

Functional types of speech:

Description………………………………………………………………….5

Narration…………………………………………….…..………8

Reasoning………………………………………………..………..10

Memo…………………………………………………….…….......13

Conclusion…………………………………………………………….…..14

Literature……………………………………………………….…..15

Introduction

The problem of human knowledge of functional types of speech is very relevant. We communicate a lot with different people: at home, at work, in various in public places and the ability to correctly build your speech is of great importance. It is also important to be able to understand other people. We need all this in order to be understood correctly, so that a person, reading a work, listening to someone, has the most complete and clear idea of ​​what is at stake, can better understand the problem. Knowledge of the functional types of speech is necessary to create competent texts in accordance with the tasks of communication in various fields. human activity to perform well in front of an audience.

Process communication development personality is impossible without the formation of a theoretically clear idea of ​​the functional and semantic typology of speech, without developing the ability to analyze the text in terms of its belonging to a certain type, the ability to create texts in accordance with the communicative-functional, compositional-structural, lexical-grammatical characteristics of one or another functional type of speech.

In this paper, we will talk about the functional types of speech: description, narration, reasoning. Will be considered characteristics each type of speech, definitions of these types are given, examples of use are given.

The tasks facing this work are: to give a basic definition based on several sources, to characterize the types of speech, to explain the relevance of this topic, to show examples of the use of speech types.

A huge contribution to the development of the Russian language was made by scientists: Vinogradov Viktor Vladimirovich (1894-1969) - Soviet literary critic and linguist-Russianist, Anatoly Vlasovich Zhukov (philologist-Russianist) and others.

Working with terminology

In the textbook of the Russian language N.Yu. Shtreker "Russian Language and Culture of Speech" gives the following definition of the type of speech: the type of speech is understood as a text (or a fragment of text) with a certain generalized meaning (an object and its sign; an object and its action; an assessment of an event, a phenomenon; causal relationships, etc. .d.), which is expressed by certain linguistic means.

This definition makes us understand that the type of speech has a certain meaning and is expressed by certain linguistic means.

In the textbook for universities Graudina L.K., Shiryaeva E.N. "Culture of Russian speech" about the functional and semantic types of speech it is said: the type of speech is a monologue narrative - information about developing actions, monological description - information about the simultaneous features of the object, monological reasoning - about cause-and-effect relationships. Semantic types are present in speech depending on its type, purpose and on the speaker's conceptual intention, which determines the inclusion or non-inclusion of one or another semantic type in the general fabric of oratory speech; the change of these types is caused by the speaker's desire to more fully express his thought, reflect his position, help listeners perceive the speech and most effectively influence the audience, and also give speech a dynamic character.

IN this definition it is emphasized that functional types are present in speech depending on its type, the author's intention.

Nechaeva O.A. in the book "Functional-semantic types of speech (description, narration, reasoning)" indicates the definition of types of speech: functional types of speech are communicatively conditioned typified varieties of monologue speech, which traditionally include description, narration and reasoning.

This definition shows us that types of speech serve to communicate people with each other.

So, we will give our definition of the type of speech based on the above definitions. Functional types of speech are communicatively conditioned typified varieties of monologue speech, which are expressed by certain linguistic means.

Functional types of speech

Consider the main functional types of speech, characterizing each of them in detail.

Description

Description is a functional type of speech, the essence of which is to express the fact of the coexistence of objects, their features at the same time. The description serves for a detailed transfer of the state of reality, images of nature, terrain, interior, appearance. For example:

"The Kochanovsky estate stands on the river, opposite the village. The estate is not rich - the house is covered with wood chips, on both sides the gate connects it to the outbuildings, in the left outbuilding there is a kitchen, in the right rig, a cowshed, a shed. One window of the kitchen overlooks the river, but you can’t see the river , the old hard raspberry tree props up the outbuilding ... "(K. Fedin. Shepherd).

In the content of descriptive texts, the main thing is objects, properties, qualities, and not actions. Therefore, the main semantic load is borne by nouns and adjectives. Nouns refer to specific vocabulary (river, village, house, gate, outbuilding, window, etc.). Words with a spatial meaning are widely used - the circumstances of the place (on the river, against the village, etc.). The verbal predicates are either weakened in meaning, erased (the estate stands on the river; the window overlooks the river), or have a qualitatively pictorial meaning (a hard raspberry tree props up the outbuilding). The verb form of the present tense is often used, expressing the long-term state of the object or the "timeless" state (standing, connecting, propping up).

Imperfect past tense verbs indicate the state of the described phenomena at the time of observing them (whitened, bloomed). Even perfective verbs in descriptive contexts convey a property, a characteristic of an object, and not an active action (a barely noticeable path branched off from it, winded between the pines and died in a clearing).

The description is characterized by the uniformity of the forms of the predicate, which is an indicator of the static character of the depicted. The most frequent descriptions are with a single plan of the present tense or with a single plan of the past tense. The degree of staticness in descriptions with a past tense plan is lower than in descriptions with a present tense plan.

The description may include a sequence of nominative and elliptical constructions, which creates a peculiar nominative style, most vividly represented in remarks. dramatic works, screenplays, diary entries. For example:

"A large room, a corner of the house; Vassa has lived here for ten years and spends most of the day. A large desk, in front of it is a light armchair with a hard seat, a fireproof wardrobe, on the wall is an extensive, brightly colored map of the upper and middle reaches of the Volga - from Rybinsk to Kazan ; under the map - a wide ottoman covered with a carpet, on it a pile of pillows; in the middle of the room there is a small oval table, chairs with high backs; double glass doors to the terrace to the garden, two windows - also to the garden. A large leather armchair, on the windowsills - geraniums, in the wall between the windows on the floor in the tub - bay tree. A small shelf, on it is a silver jug, the same gilded ladles. Near the ottoman there is a door to the bedroom, in front of the table there is a door to other rooms "(M. Gorky. Vassa Zheleznova).

In such descriptions, objects seem to be captured by a video camera. The proposals are equal in relation to each other. They can be grouped in other ways, it all depends on the "reference point".

The enumerative meaning of descriptive text is often conveyed by a parallel connection of sentences.

This is clearly demonstrated by the texts of the descriptive sciences (biology, geology, etc.), which include logical units in the form of whole paragraphs, which consist of sentences expressing parallel connected judgments with a single subject and different predicates.

For example:

"The common one is already well distinguishable by its dark, almost black color ... Distributed in the European part of the country, in Siberia east to Transbaikalia and in some places in Central Asia. It keeps along the banks of swamps, rivers, ponds. It feeds on frogs, lizards, rodents, less often insects. Fish rarely eats" (S.P. Naumov. Vertebrate Zoology).

For artistic text characteristic contamination of the description with the narrative. Elements of descriptiveness are present in almost any narrative text.

Sometimes the semantic load in the description falls on the action, in this case they speak of a "dynamic description" - a type of transitional speech bordering on the narrative. The dynamic description conveys the flow of actions with small time intervals in a limited space. The structural content of the description is reduced to the temporal relation of simple following. Due to the fact that all attention is focused on fixing the dynamics, on a number of moments of action, their "step-by-step" nature, such content determines the selection of proposals that have an independent character. Dynamic description is often used to show external events, being a means of naturalistic reflection of reality (there is a special term for the naturalistic method of a very detailed description of an action with great accuracy in rendering details - "second style").

Outline of the lesson of the Russian language in grade 10
Popova L.Yu., teacher of Russian language and literature

Topic: Characteristics of functional and semantic types of speech. Structure. Linguistic and stylistic features. Function. The semantic basis of the type of speech.

The objectives of the lesson: deepening knowledge about the functional and semantic types of speech, structure, linguo-stylistic features, functions, semantic basis of speech types. Consolidation of text analysis skills of different styles and types of speech, text analysis skills with different types of speech in one text.
Methods and techniques: deepening previously studied material, text analysis; verbal, visual, practical. Application of computer technologies.
Class type: lesson-research, stylistic experiment.
Equipment: multimedia installation, table “How to determine the type of speech (memo).

Lesson progress
Organizing time. Communication of the topic of the lesson, acquaintance with additional literature on this topic, handouts, table.
Examination homework. Analysis of the figurative means of the language in the proposed text (According to Belov). Blitz survey on the topic studied in the previous lesson “Descriptive and expressive means of language, stylistic figures. Stylistic coloration words (stylistic connotations).
Learning new material.
Consolidation of the studied material.
Summary of the lesson.
-Our speech (theme, compositional and linguistic design, etc.) depends both on the goal, motive, circumstances of communication, and on the situation being described. All the diversity of the content of our statements can ultimately be reduced to three types:
the world in statics, perceived objectively, at the same time;
the world in dynamics, perceived in motion, in time;
world in cause and effect relationships.
In the first case, the statement is realized in the form of a description, in the second - in the form of a narrative; in the third - in the form of reasoning.
Consider character traits these functional-semantic types of speech.
(Students write notes)

DESCRIPTION

Description - a functional-semantic type of speech, which consists in depicting a number of signs, phenomena, objects or events that must be imagined at the same time.
The world is static. To the text, you can ask the question - what is the object?
The basis of the description is a list, enumeration of signs, properties of an object, phenomenon. The purpose of the description is for the reader (listener) to see the subject of the description, to present it in his mind.
Description structure:
general idea of ​​the subject;
scroll hallmarks subject;
author's assessment, conclusion, conclusion.
Main types of descriptions
Most often they talk about scientific, business and artistic descriptions. A scientific, business description is a description that gives a list of essential features of an object, a concept of its properties. In descriptions of a scientific nature, the main thing is accuracy, logical consistency. Business descriptions are instructions, announcements. Artistic descriptions are descriptions where images of images and impressions predominate. The main thing here is to give a vivid idea of ​​the subject, while not necessarily exhaustive, complete.
Description functions
Descriptions can be portrait, landscape, event. An important function of description is the creation of figurative pictures: the situation, the atmosphere of events, which is often achieved by the selection of bright details, a long enumeration of them.
Linguistic and stylistic features of the description
The relationship between sentences is usually parallel. First - the first sentence or paragraph as the starting point. All other sentences are related in meaning to the first one, concretizing it. These sentences are less closely related or not grammatically related at all. Each sentence is relatively independent.
The unity of the species-temporal forms of verbs-predicates is characteristic. Verbs are most often in the form of an imperfect form, more often the past tense, and for special clarity - in the form of the present tense. In the description, verbs do not denote a successive change of events, but the simultaneity of what is happening. If the verbs are of the perfect form, then usually with the meaning of a sign, and not an active action. Syntactic parallelism is characteristic. Frequency use nominal predicates, nominal and impersonal proposals. The description uses more words denoting qualities, properties of objects. Synonyms, definitions, incomplete sentences are widely used.
An example of an artistic description is an excerpt from the story by I.A. Bunin “ Antonov apples". Working with this text It is necessary to prove that the text is of type description.
(In the process of joint analysis of the text with students, we conclude that the text is a type of speech description)
The aunt's garden was famous for its neglect, nightingales, doves and apples, and the house for its roof. He stood at the head of the yard, near the garden, - linden branches hugged him, - he was small and squat, but it seemed that he would not live forever - he looked so thoroughly from under his unusually high and thick thatched roof, blackened and hardened with time. Its front façade always seemed to me alive: it was as if an old face was looking out from under a huge hat with hollow eyes, windows with mother-of-pearl glasses from rain and sun. And on the sides of these eyes were porches - two old large porches with columns. Fully fed doves always sat on their pediment, while thousands of sparrows rained from roof to roof And the guest felt comfortable in this nest under the turquoise autumn sky.
M. Prishvin "The First Frost". Working with this text It is necessary to prove that the text is of type description.
The night passed under a large clear moon, and by morning the first frost fell. Everything was gray, but the puddles did not freeze. When the sun came up and warmed up, the trees and grasses were covered with such strong dew, the fir branches looked out of the dark forest with such luminous patterns that the diamonds of all our land would not be enough for this decoration. The pine queen, sparkling from top to bottom, was especially beautiful. Joy jumped in my chest like a young dog.

NARRATORY

Narration is a story, a message about an event in its temporal sequence.
The world in dynamics - tells about actions and events in a certain time sequence. The narrative text develops in time, has a plot, characters. You can ask the question to the text - what happened?
The basis of the narrative is a story about events, actions, deeds. To narrate means to tell about what is happening, to report events in a certain sequence.

Text structure:
The plot is the beginning of a contradiction (conflict) that forms the basis of the plot, the initial episode, the moment that determines the sequential deployment of the action.
The main part: the development of the action, the climax is the highest point of tension in the development of the action.
The denouement is the outcome of events, the resolution of contradictions (conflict).
Narrative functions are diverse, associated with the individual style, genre, subject of the image.
Linguistic and stylistic features of the narration
The connection between sentences is chain. Sentences are maximally dependent on each other, especially adjacent ones: they are related to each other on the basis of either lexical repetition, or with the help of demonstrative and other pronouns, or synonymous replacement.
The story can be told in the first person or in the third person.
We find the author's narration, for example, in A.I. Kuprin's story "Olesya". Working with this text It is necessary to prove that the text is a narrative type.
(In the process of joint analysis of the text with students, we conclude - a text of the type of speech is a narrative)
I was writing a letter one day and suddenly I felt that someone was standing behind me. Turning around, I saw Yarmola approaching, as always, soundlessly in his soft sandals.
- What do you want, Yarmola? I asked.
- Yes, I'm surprised how you write. If only I could. No, no, not like you,” he hurried in embarrassment, seeing that I was smiling. - I would only have my last name
-Why do you need it? - I was surprised. Why do you need to be able to write a surname?
And you see, what a deal, panych, ”Yarmola answered unusually softly,“ we don’t have a single literate person in our village. When you need to sign some kind of paper, or it’s a matter of the volost, or something no one can do, the headman only puts a seal, but he himself does not know what is printed in it, It would be good for everyone if someone could sign.
Such solicitude of Yarmola - a notorious poacher, a careless vagabond, whose opinion the village assembly would never even think to consider - such concern for the public interest of his native village for some reason touched me. I myself offered to give her lessons. And what hard work it was, all my attempts to teach him to read and write consciously.

REASONING

Reasoning - verbal presentation, clarification of any thought; aims to clarify some concept; develop, prove, or disprove an idea.
The world in cause-and-effect relationships - the causes of phenomena and events are outlined. In general, a thesis is proved or refuted, a conclusion or generalization is made. To the text, you can ask the question - why?
The basis of reasoning is a listing of facts, arguments that substantiate the conclusion to which the author seeks to lead the reader.
Reasoning structure:
thesis is the main idea.
proof (or refutation) of this idea, i.e. arguments with examples.
conclusion or conclusion.
The main area of ​​use of reasoning is scientific, popular science speech. However, reasoning is also widely encountered in fiction, especially in intellectual, psychological prose. Reasoning can be constructed as a proof of the truth or, conversely, the falsity of the thesis put forward. The argument may contain all the elements (thesis, proof, conclusion), or there may be no conclusion that is already contained in the thesis.
Linguistic and stylistic features of reasoning
In the text between the thesis and arguments, as well as between individual arguments, a logical and grammatical connection is established. All facts presented must be convincing and confirm the thesis put forward.
The relationship between sentences is mixed. Characteristic is the use of verbs in the form of the present or future tense, perhaps the presence in the text of impersonal verbs or personal verbs in impersonal form.
An example of reasoning is an excerpt from the story of K.G. Paustovsky “The Art of Seeing the World” (book “ Golden Rose"). Working with text, it is necessary to prove that the text is a type of reasoning.
(In the process of joint analysis of the text with students, we draw a conclusion - the text of the type of speech is reasoning)
The knowledge of poetry enriches the language of the prose writer most of all.
Poetry is amazing. She returns the word to its original, virgin freshness. The most erased, completely “spoken” words by us, having completely lost their figurative qualities for us, living only as a verbal shell, in poetry begin to sparkle, ring, and smell sweet!
How to explain this, I do not know. I suppose that the word comes to life in two cases.
First, when he gets back his phonetic (sound power). And to do this in melodious poetry is much easier than in prose. Therefore, both in a song and in a romance, words act on us more strongly than in ordinary speech.
Secondly, even an erased word, placed in verse in a melodic musical sequence, is, as it were, saturated with the general melody of the verse and begins to sound in harmony with all other words.
And finally, poetry is rich in alliterations. This is one of her precious qualities. Prose has the right to alliteration.
But that's not the point.
The main thing is that prose, when it reaches perfection, is essentially, genuine poetry.

Teacher: It should be noted that the types of speech considered are rarely found in isolation. Most often in the text, fragments of different types of speech are presented in combination, and sometimes in such a close that it is difficult to distinguish between them. Consider an excerpt from A.P. Chekhov's story "A House with a Mezzanine".
Task: It is necessary to determine the type of speech of the given text. Work with text.
(The context begins with a declarative sentence and immediately turns into a description).

One day, returning home, I accidentally wandered into some unfamiliar estate. The sun was already hiding, and evening shadows were stretched on the flowering rye. Two rows of old, closely planted firs stood like two solid walls, forming a gloomy beautiful alley.
(Next follows the narration again):
I easily climbed over the fence and walked along this alley, sliding along the spruce needles, which here covered the ground by an inch.

(Then again the description):
It was quiet, dark, and only high on the peaks in some places a bright golden light trembled and shimmered like a rainbow in the webs of a spider. There was a strong, stuffy smell of pine needles.

Work on the table "How to determine the type of speech" (memo), we use a multimedia installation.

HOW TO DEFINE THE TYPE OF SPEECH (MEMO)

The function of speech (description - describe; narration - tell; reasoning - prove).
The semantic basis of the type of speech (the simultaneity of phenomena, signs - in the description; the sequence of phenomena, actions - in the narrative; causal relationship - in reasoning).
The nature of the message (an enumeration of simultaneous, constant signs, phenomena - in the description; a message about changing, successive actions - in the narrative; a message in the form of a conclusion, evidence - in the argument).
Characteristic features of the type of speech:
static - in the description;
dynamism - in the story;
the presence of a provision that needs to be proven.
Language signs:
verbs in one form of tense, definitions - in the description;
Verbs different forms time, moods - in the narrative;
introductory words, conjunctions, impersonal verbs - in reasoning.
Description - WHAT IS IT?
Narrative - WHAT'S HAPPENING?
Reasoning - THESIS - JUSTIFICATION - CONCLUSION

Summary of the lesson. Generalization of the studied material.
Homework: determine the type of speech of the text (According to Belov).

Source text for homework

(1) The winter, defeated by April, is gone, worn out. (2) Here, in the disturbing darkness, the universal, no longer layered, but tight, dense heat was born and moved, turning itself into a powerful and even wind. (3) The trees ready to bloom trembled, the clouds darkening in the sky collided with their broad foreheads. (4) Dim spring lightning fell into the warm darkness of the forest, and the first crackling thunder boldly swept.
(5) A terrible silence languishes in the forest after this roar. (6) The wind does not blow, but presses completely, everything freezes.
(7) The rain hissed in the night profusely and briefly. (8) Everywhere in the scurrying, disappearing crown of the head, the earth smelling of roots is snuffling: grass sprouts are stirring in myriad numbers, raising and plowing open last year's leaves, needles and rotting twigs.
(9) In the morning, golden pillars of vapor rise in the clearings of the forest; like good signs, they silently and quickly change their gigantic contours. (10) On the birches, the branches come to life barely audibly; from bursting buds, they also change. (11) The sun comes out very quickly. (12) Furiously new, with indefinite outlines, it warms the still pale, but thickening with every minute green birch forest. (13) The birds sing excitedly, the earth continues to sniff and squeak, everything changes its image every minute. (14) Everywhere in the world life and freedom, and the heart sympathizes. (15) May there be no end to freedom and joy! .. (According to Belov)