Phraseological units of biblical origin.

On the Fourth Beatitude

“Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they shall be filled” (Matthew 5:6)

At first glance, it may seem that Christ is praising the hungry (Church Slavonic “hungry” means “hungry”). But the Gospel repeatedly testifies: Christ Himself ate and drank, and even made wine out of water (see John 2:1-11). Moreover, Christ's participation in the meals was so open that some said of Him: "Here is a man who loves to eat and drink wine, a friend to tax collectors and sinners" (Matt. 11, 19).

It turns out that Christ Himself did not strive to become hungry and thirsty, but called others to this. And all the more strange are the words of Christ that feeding the hungry and giving drink to the thirsty is one of the greatest virtues: “For I was hungry, and you gave Me food; I was thirsty, and you gave Me drink... Then the righteous will answer Him: Lord! when we saw you hungry and fed you? Or thirsty, and drink? And the King will answer them: “Truly, I say to you, because you did it to one of the least of these My brothers, you did it to Me” (Matthew 25:35, 37, 40). Or, perhaps, the considered commandment of beatitude has a different meaning?

The center of the fourth beatitude is the word "truth". Those who hunger and thirst for the fourth commandment are those who seek the truth, and at the same time do not want anything in return. A hungry man first of all wants to satisfy his hunger and thirst, he is unlikely to be interested in anything else. Believers should strive first of all for the truth.

But what is truth - honesty, justice or something else? Perhaps Christ wants believers to be sincere, truthful people? This is a very useful quality for any person, not only for a believer. But still it is a little different. The word "truth" means righteousness (this is how the Greek original can be translated). And this means that those who are hungry and thirsty for righteousness are those who seek righteousness, who want to be satisfied with righteousness. Hunger and thirst are constant companions of man. How many times a day do we eat and drink? The same is true in the spiritual life. Righteousness cannot be satisfied once. The desire for righteousness must accompany the believer at all times.

The great missionary, the apostle Paul, spoke best of all about righteousness: “I consider everything loss for the excellency of the knowledge of Christ Jesus my Lord;

Christ and be found in Him, not with my own righteousness, which is from the law, but with that which is through faith in Christ, with the righteousness from God by faith” (Philippians 3:8, 9). The apostle Paul wanted only one thing - to be with Christ. These are the hunger and thirst we hear about in the Beatitudes.

In the Gospel of Matthew there is a story about the temptation of Christ by the devil. Before going out to preach, Jesus Christ stays in the wilderness for forty days, fasting. And now the tempter comes to Him and says: “If You are the Son of God, say that these stones become bread. He answered and said to him: It is written, Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceeds from the mouth of God” (Matt. 4:3, 4). Righteousness is what becomes the content of human life. There is famous saying“We are our desires.” These words have no place in the Gospel. Because at the very beginning of the Gospel, Christ shows that a person lives not only to satisfy his desires. Christ endures hunger but rejects temptation. And then Christ endures suffering and death, but returns life to all. Therefore, the only possible truth and righteousness is life with Christ and becoming like Him.

The gospel is a call to feel our dependence on God, dependence on righteousness. This call runs like a red thread through all the beatitudes. See your poverty before God, mourn your sins, become meek, hunger and thirst for the truth of God. The righteousness of God becomes the sole criterion or measure of our lives. If we consider the expression “Everyone has his own truth” to be correct, then where to look for this truth and how then to distinguish sin from virtue? If for us the truth is confined within the narrow framework of personal interests (after all, this is where the temptation lies: “Say, and the stones will become bread,” and even earlier, the serpent-tempter offered the first people: “Taste the fruit, and you will be like gods” (see Gen. 3:1-5)), then we are already doomed to the slavery of our own flesh. But God is calling us, reminding us that it is not by bread alone that we gain real life.

But what kind of nourishment does Christ promise to those who are hungry and thirsty for righteousness? The psalmist exclaims: “Those who seek the Lord do not endure the need for any good” (Ps. 33, 10). And the Lord asks a question, to which He Himself answers: “Is there such a person among you who, when his son asks him for bread, would give him a stone? and when he asks for a fish, would you give him a snake? If then, being evil, you know how to give good gifts to your children, how much more will your Father in heaven give good things to those who ask Him” (Matthew 7:9-11).

Christ compares God to the father of a family who is always ready to take care of his children, even if he himself is evil or dishonest. This does not mean that God is also evil and dishonest. It's just that even if sinners love their children, God loves us all the more and is ready to share everything with us. Just as Christ shared with man even death itself. The only question is, how often do we ourselves seek that truth, the search for which the Gospel constantly calls us to? You can't be righteous on schedule. Christ cannot be answered: "My working day of the righteous is over for today." Christianity is not a job, hobby or club. Christianity is life. Life with God. All our needs find meaning only in God. It is very convenient to think that God is somewhere far away and has nothing to do with me personally. It is much more difficult to feel God here and now. Because it obliges us to seek Him, to strive for Him. But "the Kingdom of Heaven is taken by force, and those who use force take it by force" (Mt. 11:12).

Newspaper "Saratov panorama" No. 46 (974)

(abstract-research work)

Scientific adviser: Sokolskaya Elena Viktorovna, teacher of the highest category, MOBU secondary school No. 38, Taganrog

Introduction

Chapter 1. Phraseologisms, originally from the Bible

Chapter 2

2.1. Ways of Penetration of the New Testament Phraseology into the Russian Literary Language

2.2. Semantic Identity of New Testament Phraseologisms to Original Texts

2.3 Phraseological units of biblical origin in modern Russian

Chapter 3. Dictionary of phraseological units "Eternal Truths"

Conclusion

Bibliography

Appendix 1 Illustrated dictionary of phraseological units.

Introduction

"For those who are interested in the history, culture of their people, phraseology is one of the most fascinating and entertaining areas of the language," said N. M. Shansky, a Russian scientist. His statement served as a starting point for developing the content of the project "Sources of Russian phraseological units", determining its goals and objectives. To achieve the goal of the project, it was decided to investigate the data of science on phraseological units, to study the history of the appearance of phraseological units in the language. It was also necessary to get acquainted with dictionaries of phraseological units, Russian folk tales, proverbs, biblical stories, to study some pages of the history of our country. In the course of working on the project, I studied the fairy tales of A.S. Pushkin, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, fables by I.A. Krylov.

The relevance of the chosen topic is related to the object of study itself. The problem of lack of knowledge about phraseological units became especially acute when graduates of the 11th grade began to take the exam. It turned out that many of the high school students find phraseological units with great difficulty, do not understand their meaning, and do not know how to use phraseological units in speech. Phraseological turns - a special layer of the Russian language, part of the culture of our people - should return to the speech of adolescents and enrich it. Our task is to learn as much as possible about phraseological units by doing some search work. In determining the relevance of our study, we were guided by two criteria - theoretical and practical. Materials and results of the work can be used in special courses and optional classes; in the course of teaching the Russian language and literature at school; in the work of a librarian. Phraseologisms will never leave our language. They embellish our speech, take us far into history, and teach us vital things.

The purpose of the project is to explore phraseological units in comparison with biblical expressions, to promote the penetration of phraseological units into our speech.

This goal involves the solution of the following specific research tasks:

Search for the necessary language information about phraseological units;

Find out the sources of the origin of phraseological units;

Get acquainted with the phraseological dictionaries of the Russian language;

Analyze the phraseological dictionary to identify the frequency of use of phraseological units of biblical origin;

Observe the speech of classmates, find out if they understand the meaning of the phraseological units used;

Create an illustrated dictionary of phraseological units "Eternal Truths".

The proposed hypothesis of this study: if we analyze the semantics and origin of phraseological units in the Russian language, then we can restore a significant part of the biblical teachings and, of course, understand them.

The object of the study is a group of phraseological units of biblical origin, i.e. phraseological units borrowed from the Bible.

The scientific novelty of the study, obviously, lies in the fact that for the first time we made an attempt to compare the words of the original source with the current phraseological unit, to establish their etymological basis.

The project product, a dictionary of phraseological units, is illustrated, contains not only the phraseological unit, its meaning, but also the words of the original source.

The structure of the research work: the work consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion and an appendix.

Phraseological units are the creation of a people, a manifestation of their wisdom and linguistic instinct. Many phraseological units are rooted in history. Old Slavonic phraseological units were fixed in the Russian language after the introduction of Christianity; for the most part, they originate from books, sacred writings - the Bible. It is about such phraseological units that we want to tell you in our dictionary, a feature of which is the presence of illustrations.

Chapter 1. Phraseologisms, originally from the Bible.

Phraseology is a linguistic discipline that studies stable phrases - phraseological units.

The figure of speech, which is called phraseologism, is indivisible in meaning, that is, its meaning does not consist of the meanings of its constituent words. It works only as a whole, a lexical unit. Their meaning is to give emotional coloring to the expression, to strengthen its meaning.

The Bible is one of the main culture-creating texts in the history of European and world civilization.

There are many phraseological units that came to us from the Holy Scripture - from the Bible. Such phraseological units imprint important stories, traditions and legends related not to one person, but to the whole world. Phraseologisms of biblical origin are distinguished by figurative thought and the corresponding language - they often include obsolete words, obsolete forms of declension and conjugation, biblical terminology, etc.

The Bible is a whole library (biblios - a book) of ancient monuments created over 15 centuries (XIII century BC - II century AD). The Bible consists of two major parts. The first part includes books that were compiled before the birth of Christ, their totality is called the Old (literally "Old") Testament. The second part covers books composed after the birth of Christ - such is New Testament. 39 books from the Old Testament and 27 books from the New Testament have survived to this day. Jesus did not write anything about himself. The task of recording the events of His life fell to His disciples. Matthew, the author of the first gospel, was a tax collector. Luke - a qualified historian, the authors Mark, John - the apostles. The gospel is part of the Bible - the "New Testament".

The modern Russian language contains about two hundred accustomed expressions borrowed from the text of Holy Scripture. The largest number of expressions came from the Gospel: "cutting off the head of John the Baptist", the parable of the prodigal son, the legend of how people were fed with small bread, thirty pieces of silver and the way of the cross itself, and everything connected with the crucifixion and resurrection of Christ. The lexicology from the Bible was widely penetrated through works of art advertised not only in special exhibitions, but also in postcards and posters under his own name.

Chapter 2

As already noted, in the modern Russian language there are more than two hundred set expressions, one way or another connected with the text of the Bible. There are especially many phraseological units from the New Testament, primarily from the Gospel. "The Annunciation and the Nativity of Christ", the adoration of the Magi, the beheading of John the Baptist, the parables of the prodigal son, the smart and stupid virgins, the healing of Lazarus and the exorcism of demons, the story of the feeding of thousands with a few breads, the Last Supper, Judas kiss, 30 pieces of silver, the denial of Peter, the way of the cross and the crucifixion, the resurrection and ascension of Christ - this is far from complete list those fragments from the Holy Scriptures that exist in our everyday word usage as textual reminiscences. Perhaps it is worth noting that the titles of the works played a certain role in this regard. visual arts, which nevertheless remained under their names not only on the walls of museums, but sometimes on the pages of albums and on postcards" [Suprun 1995: 23]. It is clear that such a volume of phraseological units makes up a whole layer, very powerful, in the entire phraseological system of Russian language.At first glance, you can see that its composition is very heterogeneous.Let's try to streamline the information about these phraseological units, bring them into a system.

2.1 Ways of penetration of the New Testament phraseology into the Russian literary language.

Very often this layer of phraseology is considered in the literature under the heading "Borrowed phraseological turns". This is only partly correct. In fact, it is more appropriate to indicate that the volume of phraseological units that we are interested in has three sources, according to which they can be divided into three groups:

1. New Testamentisms borrowed from the Old Slavonic language, more precisely, from the Old Slavonic (Church Slavonic) version of the New Testament, which has been in circulation since the introduction of Christianity in Russia to this day. These phraseological turns are quotations from the Gospels, the Acts of the Holy Apostles and other books of the New Testament, written in Old Church Slavonic. This is a fairly large group of phraseological units, such as, for example, hungry and thirsty (truth); choose the good part; into flesh and blood; faith without works is dead; seeking hail; power and those in power, at the forefront, he himself was healed, every deed is good, the voice of one crying in the wilderness, the tombs burnt, let this cup pass me, his wickedness prevails; hedgehog, pisah; a sign of the times; their (us) name is Leshon; stumbling block; the stones will cry out; clanking cymbal; Foundation stone; ringing copper; the abomination of desolation; cast no pearls before swine; not of this world; man will not live on bread alone; nothing hesitating (doubting); now you let go; strain a mosquito; eat locusts and wild honey; you do not know your own; fear for the sake of the Jews; this mystery is great; push and open; daily bread; teasing movements of water; like a thief in the night, etc.

2. New Testamentisms are actually Russian, going back to the synodal translation of the Bible, which saw the light for the first time in 1876 and from that moment became widespread not so much in church practice as among ordinary people, representatives of all classes of society. Today, it is this version, that is, the "Russian Bible", and not the Church Slavonic text, that is available to an ordinary Russian person.

Phraseological phrases from the New Testament related to this group are quotations from the Russian text of the Bible. Some of them replaced the previously known Old Slavonic turns due to the obsolescence of the latter. It is quite difficult to distinguish between two processes: the latest phraseologisation of phrases from the Russian Synodal translation and the replacement of Old Slavonic archaic phrases with Russian equivalents. For simplicity, let's say that the 2nd group includes Russian New Testamentisms proper, which are quotations from Biblical texts. These are phraseological units such as: throw a stone (at someone); he who takes the sword will perish with the sword; coffins painted; reaps where he did not sow; can anything good come from Nazareth?; what is Caesar's to Caesar, (but what is God's to God); With what measure you measure, it will be measured to you again; who is forgiven little, loves little; get away from me, satan; to whom much is given, much will be required from him (it will be asked); whoever is not with me is against me; left hand does not know what the right one is doing; it is easier (more convenient) for a camel to go through the eye of a needle (eye of a needle) than (than) for a rich man to enter the Kingdom of Heaven; be wise as serpents and simple as doves; do not know (know) what they are doing (doing); unknown God; not to have de (where) to lay one's head; you say (you say); do not sow, do not reap; Judge not lest ye be judged); let the dead bury their dead; serve God and mammon; serve mammon; salt of the earth; the sabbath is for man, not man for the sabbath; what you are doing, do it quickly; what is truth? and etc.

3. This group includes numerous phraseological phrases that arose in the Russian language on the basis of New Testament images and situations through their rethinking. Such, for example, are the revolutions of the barren fig tree; Babylonian harlot; prodigal son; beam in the eye; faith moves mountains (moves); whoever comes to us with a sword will perish by the sword; to participate; widow's mite; Wolf in sheep's clothing; in letter and spirit; lost sheep; bury (one's) talent (in the ground); sealed book; go but Golgotha ​​(to the cross); massacre of the innocents; expel from the temple; end of the world; dead letter; carry (one's) cross; there is no prophet in his own country; not one iota; to separate the tares from the wheat; sing Lazarus; poor like Lazarus; build on sand doi built on sand; Judas kiss; send from Pontius to Pilate; transformation from Saul to Paul; ask for Christ's sake; servant of two masters; deadly sin; the secret becomes clear; crown of thorns; pitch darkness; heavy cross; for Christ's sake; penitent Magdalene, etc.

At the same time, it can be noted that some situations described in the New Testament have become fertile ground for the emergence of not one, but several phraseological units. So, for example, the parable of poor Lazarus (Luke 16:20-21) "gave" such expressions as singing Lazarus and poor like Lazarus. The words of Christ: "And everyone who hears these words of Mine and does not fulfill them will be like a foolish man who built his house on the sand" (Matt. 7.26) - became the starting point for the expressions to build / build (something) on sand (sand) and a house built on sand. In the Gospel of Matthew (6.34) there are such words: "... do not worry about tomorrow, for tomorrow will take care of its own: enough for each day of its work." The last phrase in Church Slavonic sounds like his malice, which itself has become winged, dominates the day. In addition, the topic of the day also originates from here (“the interest of a given day and a given time in general, exciting society” [Ashukins 1966: 255]).

Turnovers widow's mite and make (her) mite go back to the story of a poor widow who put all her livelihood - two mites - on a sacrifice for the temple (Lk. 21. 1-4). N.P. Matveeva mentions the turnover of the last mites [Matveeva1995: 4: 88]. The parable of the prodigal son (Lk.15.11-32) gave the Russian language the expression prodigal son and the return of the prodigal son (this phraseological unit is associated with the title of Rembrandt's painting of the same name, written on the gospel story).

The words of Christ in the Gospel of Matthew (6.24) that no one can serve two masters: God and mammon, exist in modern language in the form of four phraseological units: serve two masters, serve God and mammon, serve mammon, servant of two masters. We have also noted cases of controversial etymology of some expressions, but they will be discussed later, when characterizing phraseological collections.

2.2 Semantic identity of New Testament phraseological units to original texts.

Among the phraseological units that directly or indirectly go back to the New Testament texts, there are those that are used in modern Russian in a different meaning than the one that was in the original. In this case, two types of such phraseological units can be distinguished.

Phraseologisms used in the New Testament in their direct meaning and rethought later by readers of the Bible.

So, for example, Old Slavonicism pitch darkness meant "outer darkness" (a synonym for hell). Now this expression means "unrelieved darkness." Phraseologism gnashing of teeth ("furious malice") in the gospel text meant "teeth grinding from hellish torment". Both of these expressions go back to the Gospel of Matthew (8.12), where we read: "But the sons of the kingdom will be exiled into outer darkness, there you will weep and gnash your teeth."

Another interesting expression of the teasing movement of water originates from the Gospel of John (5.2-4). It tells about the pool of Bethesda in Jerusalem, where the sick were cured: “There is a pool in Jerusalem at the Sheep Gate, called in Hebrew Bethesda [that is, the house of mercy], in which there were five covered passages; In them lay a great multitude of sick people, blind, lame, withered, waiting for the movement of water; For the angel of the Lord at times went into the pool and disturbed the water, and whoever entered it first after the disturbance of the water, he recovered, no matter what disease he was possessed. This expression entered the composition of Russian phraseology with the meaning "to expect better health", and later it also began to mean "waiting for action in general."

The well-known phraseological unit from the evil one comes from the Gospel of Matthew (5.37), where the words of Christ to the disciples are given: “But let your word be: yes, yes; no, no; and what is beyond this, then from the evil one” (i.e. “from devil"). In modern Russian, this expression means "superfluous, unnecessary, something that can be harmful."

Phraseological turnover poor in spirit is a vivid example of enantiosemy in modern phraseology. In the Sermon on the Mount, Christ taught: "Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven" (Matt. 5.3). This phrase meant that the poor in spirit - "this is a person who is ready to courageously endure temptations and trials, persecution and ridicule for the sake of what he loves more than anything in the world. This is a person who is ready with his whole life - and joy, and pain, and boldness, and obedience, and heart, and mind - to serve the Light "(Deacon Andrey Kuraev. Who is poor in spirit // Trud 1997.-April 10). In modern Russian, this expression often means "people who are poor in mind, deprived of spiritual interests" [Ashukins 1966:458].

A rather frequent phraseological unit not of this world is mentioned in the Gospel of John (18.33 - 36) in the literal sense. To Pilate's question to Christ whether He is the king of the Jews, Jesus answers: "My kingdom is not of this world; if my kingdom were of this world, then my servants would fight for me, so that I would not be delivered over to the Jews; but now my kingdom not from here." Like most text in the Bible, this one is open to interpretation. On the one hand, Jesus says that he is not honored here, because he was betrayed, but at the same time, he means, it must be assumed, another kingdom - "the kingdom of heaven." However, in modern Russian, this expression means a person "detached from real life, not adapted to life; dreamer" [Matveeva 1995: 6: 87].

The phraseological turnover of the cornerstone originally goes back to the book of the prophet Isaiah (28.16), but we still consider it New Testamentism, since it is in the New Testament that this expression acquires special strength and significance, it is constantly pointed out in the Four Gospels and in other books. So, for example, in 1 Peter's epistle it says: "For it is said in the Scripture: Behold, I am laying in Seon a cornerstone, chosen, precious; and whoever believes in Him will not be put to shame" (2.6). And in the Epistle to the Ephesians, the Apostle Paul says: "... having Jesus Christ himself as the cornerstone, on which the whole building, being built in harmony, grows into a holy temple, Lord, on which you also are built into a habitation of God by the Spirit (2.20-22). Thus, The expression cornerstone has a double meaning in the New Testament: “a stone laid at the foundation of a building becomes a symbol of Jesus Christ.” In modern word usage, this phraseological unit means “the foundation, the main idea of ​​something” [Ashukins 1966: 340].

A similar fate befell the expressions the abomination of desolation, now you let go, there will be no stone left unturned, etc.

"Turnovers already used in the Bible allegorically, like phraseological units.

Such turns include the expression many are called, few are chosen. It is repeated twice in the Gospel of Matthew. In one parable, we are talking about payment for work in the vineyard. When one of the employees expressed dissatisfaction. That he was paid as much as those who worked less than him, the owner replied: “Take yours and go; I want to give this last the same as you; am I not in my power to do what I want? Or is your eye envious because I am good? So the last will be first, and the first last: for many are called, but few are chosen" (20.14-16).

The second plot is connected with the parable of the wedding feast at the king. Jesus tells how guests were invited to the feast, but they did not come: “then he [the king] said to his servants: the wedding feast is ready, but those invited were not worthy; therefore, go to the crossroads and invite everyone you find to the wedding feast ". When the king saw one man in bad clothes among those who came, he became angry and ordered to execute him, saying at the same time: "He who bound his hands and feet, take him and throw him into outer darkness: there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth; For many are called, but few the elect" (22:8-9, 13-14).

Like this phraseologism, the term salt of the earth, used by Jesus in the Sermon on the Mount in relation to His disciples and other believers, who act according to the commandments of God, migrated from the New Testament to the Russian language (Matthew 5.13). In the Sermon on the Mount there is also an expression left hand does not know what the right hand is doing (Matt. 6.3) as a symbol of secret alms. True, now this phraseological unit is used when they want to emphasize someone's illogicality in actions.

From the Sermon on the Mount, the expression “do not throw pearls before swine” and the phraseological phrase throw pearls (before someone) are borrowed, going back to the words of Christ: “Do not give shrines to dogs and do not cast your pearls (c.-sl. beads) before swine, so that they did not trample him down with their feet, nor did they turn and tear you to pieces" (Matt. 7.6), which means "do not waste your words with people who cannot understand them, who do not want to appreciate their meaning."

There are also such words of Christ in the New Testament: do not pour new wine into old wineskins (in the text - shabby), used immediately as an aphorism with the meaning "you cannot create anything new without breaking with the old" [Ashukins 1966: 435]. The full phrase reads as follows: “They also do not pour new wine into old wineskins; otherwise the skins break, and wine and wine flow out, and the skins are lost, but young wine is poured into new wineskins, and both are saved.” (Matthew 9.17, Mark 2.22, Luke 5.37-38).

Allegorically used in the Bible and turns stones cry out, to separate the sheep from the goats; reap where he did not sow; ringing copper; clanking cymbal and others.

In general, we can conclude that the Russian language actively borrows expressions from the Bible, regardless of whether they are used in a direct or metaphorical sense. The consciousness of a Russian person accepts them in finished form or rethinks them, giving them new meanings. We have already mentioned some cases of such rethinking. Other examples can be given.

Thus, the phraseologism lesser brothers, according to the words of Christ (Matt. 25.40), has long been understood as "people of low social status, destitute" [Ashukins 1966: 386]. However, now, thanks to Sergei Yesenin, who wrote the famous lines "And the beast, like our smaller brothers, Never hit on the head", this turn has acquired the meaning "animals, animals in general, for which people are responsible." Such semantics has already found official confirmation in new dictionaries, and if N.P. Matveeva mentions both meanings, then in the "Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language for Schoolchildren" only the last meaning is indicated with reference to Yesenin, and not to the Gospel.

The reasons for changing the initial turnover value can be different, sometimes curious. So, in the New Testament, in the Epistle of James (1.17) it says: "Every good deed and every perfect gift does not descend from above, from the Father of lights ...". In place of the word good in the Old Slavonic version is the word good, i.e. a short adjective in the function of defining in postposition to the noun deed. The general meaning of the phrase: "everything good in the world comes from God." In Russian, the phrase was truncated, and the short adjective good began to be perceived as a noun in the function of the predicate, because two grammatical forms coincided. As a result, a phraseological unit was formed - every deed is good with the meaning: "everything that is not given (done) is good."

Whatever the reasons for the change in the original meaning of this or that New Testamentism, all this is evidence of the life of the language, its dynamics and development.

2.3 Phraseological units of biblical origin in modern Russian.

The phraseologisms of biblical origin that interest us are conventionally divided by scholars into three groups.

"Phraseological units borrowed from the Old Slavonic (Church Slavonic) version of the New Testament: hungry and thirsty (truth), flesh and blood, those in power, at the forefront, the voice of one crying in the wilderness, a stumbling block, daily bread. The text of the Bible in Church Slavonic appeared from the moment introduction of Christianity in Russia and is still used in Orthodox worship.

"Phraseologisms from the Russian text of the Bible: throw a stone; whoever takes a sword with a sword will perish; to Caesar's; with what measure you measure, it will be measured to you; whoever is not with Me is against Me; judge not, lest you be judged; salt of the earth. How we remember that the books of the Holy Scriptures were translated into Russian in the 19th century under Metropolitan Philaret (Drozdov).Some of the phraseological turns of this group replaced the previously known Church Slavonic ones.

"Phraseological turns that arose in the Russian language on the basis of New Testament images and situations by rethinking them: the prodigal son; a beam in the eye; make (his) mite; a wolf in sheep's clothing; massacre of babies; bear (his) cross; there is no prophet in his own country ; build on the sand; Judas kiss; the secret becomes clear; bury (your) talent (in the ground).

For example, the expression to bury talent in the ground passed into our speech from the biblical parable about a certain slave who, having received talent from his master (the ancient Jews called it the largest monetary unit), did not use it, but buried it in the ground. When the master asked the slave what he had used his talent for, the slave replied: “Sir, I knew you that you are a cruel man: you reap where you did not sow and gather where you did not scatter, and, being afraid, went and hid your talent in earth; here is yours!"

In modern language, the word "talent" has acquired a new meaning: "talent, ability", and the expression "bury talent in the ground" now means "leave abilities unused, do not develop, do not apply them."

There are phraseological units used in the New Testament in their direct meaning and rethought later by the readers of the Bible. So, for example, in Church Slavonic, pitch darkness meant hell, the underworld. Now this expression is used in the meaning of "complete, hopeless darkness, ignorance, painful life."

Among the phraseological turns that go back to biblical texts, there are those that are used in modern Russian in a different meaning than the one that was in the original. Such phraseological units include: the topic of the day, the root of evil, the Babylonian pandemonium, the talk of the town, etc.

There is a group of phraseological units used already in the Bible allegorically, as phraseological expressions. For example, from the Sermon on the Mount, the expression do not throw pearls in front of pigs and the phraseological phrase throw pearls (before someone) are borrowed, going back to the words of Christ: “Do not give shrines to dogs and do not cast your pearls (c.-sl. beads) in front of pigs, lest they trample it under their feet and, turning, tear you to pieces", which means "do not waste words with people who cannot understand them, do not want to appreciate their meaning."

It should be noted that phraseology is one of the most "conservative", slowly changing subsystems of the language. In phraseology, they are preserved much longer obsolete words, archaic forms and constructions than, for example, in vocabulary.

Very serious changes took place in the language in the 20th century. Before the revolution, the Law of God was a compulsory subject; Holy Scripture was read and studied by everyone. The state after 1917 became atheistic, the persecution of Orthodox Church. The Bible was no longer published, spiritual books were banned. The new generations of Russian people, not knowing the biblical texts, did not use in their speech many turns and expressions known earlier. Some of the biblical phraseological units are outdated, out of use: to do the will of the sender, original sin, Egyptian executions seeking hail, happy as Enoch, verbosity, etc.

Chapter 3. Dictionary of phraseological units (see appendix).

Conclusion

Orthodoxy left a strong imprint on Russian culture. The Russian language has retained in its composition an extensive layer of biblical phraseology. However, for a long time the Russian reader was cut off from direct contact with the Holy Scriptures. It is unfortunate that people often use biblical expressions without knowing exactly what they mean. Apparently, the modern reader needs to become more familiar with the text of the Bible for a better understanding and perception of biblicalisms associated with entire biblical stories, as well as for a deeper understanding of ancient Russian and Russian classical literature. In this situation, the creation of a dictionary of biblical phraseology, the beginning of which we have already laid, becomes more relevant than ever.

During the work on the project, we learned a lot about the origin of phraseological units that are often used in our everyday speech. After all, it is very important to know the history of your language, otherwise we will lose that "thread" that connects the past and the future, which shows all the wealth of the Russian people!

In general, we can conclude that the Russian language actively borrows biblical phraseological units from the Holy Scriptures, more often rethinking them.

I believe that all the objectives of the work have been achieved. We wanted to show all the beauty of our speech, and the significance of the Bible on the "shelf of Russian and world culture."

Bibliography:

1. Akhmanova O.S. Dictionary of linguistic terms. - M.: Sov. encyclopedia, 1966. - 607s.

2. Bible. Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments. - Mikkeli, 1993. - 537p.

3. Vartanyan E.A. From the life of words. - M.: Detgiz, 1960. - 240 p.

4. Vereshchagin E.M. Biblical element of the Russian language: Russian speech,

Presentation

The article presents some biblical phraseological units - both well-known and those whose meanings can not explain everything. The Bible is without a doubt one of the greatest books of all time. Its comprehension is an endless process that has been going on for many centuries. Today there are many schools whose representatives study this book, explain its contents.

The Bible as a monument of literature

It must be said that the Bible is not only the banner of Christianity, "holy scripture", a set of rules of life. It is also a historical record and great monument literature. The Bible (its ancient Greek text) translated into Old Slavonic was known to our distant ancestors. The modern reader gets acquainted with the text already in Russian translation. However, both Russian and Old Slavonic variants are sources of stable combinations and aphorisms of the modern language.

Mythological and biblical phraseological units have firmly entered our lives. Today in the Russian language there are more than 200 set expressions that are associated with the text of the holy book of Christians. Many biblical phraseological units were borrowed from mainly the Gospel. The adoration of the Magi, the parables of the stupid and clever virgins, the prodigal son, the beheading of I. the Baptist, the Kiss of Judas, the denial of Peter, the resurrection of Christ - this is by no means a complete list of fragments from the main holy book of Christians that are in everyday use of words. Biblical phraseological units associated with these plots are widespread; and their meaning and origin are known even to people who are far from religion. After all, these stories were rethought by many writers, poets, artists, directors, etc. They left a big mark on world culture.

Let's look at some biblical phraseological units. You will learn the meaning and origin of each of them.

Throwing beads

Biblical phraseological units, examples of which are presented in the article, are used not only in oral speech. Quotations from the works of writers and poets are often sent to them, and sometimes the titles of the works themselves. For example, one of Hermann Hesse's novels - This work was first published in 1943, and in 1946 the author received the Nobel Prize for it and other achievements in literature.

Surely the title of the novel causes you to associate with the expression "throwing pearls." It means "to pay attention to unworthy people, to be humiliated." If you show your innermost feelings and thoughts to those who are not able to appreciate, accept and understand them. The origin of this phraseological unit is biblical. We meet him in the Gospel of Matthew when talking about the conversations of Christ with his followers. In the Sermon on the Mount, which is considered a "program" in Christianity, it is said that one should not give "shrines to dogs", and one should not throw pearls in front of pigs, otherwise they will trample it with their feet and tear you to pieces.

You may ask: “Why beads and not pearls?”. The fact is that small river pearls were called beads in Russia. Our ancestors mined it in the northern rivers. After some time, beads began to be called any small bone, glass and metal beads that were used for embroidery. Pearls were drilled, then strung on threads and used to decorate clothes. So another expression (not biblical) appeared - “a pattern sewn with beads”.

To participate

So they say, in particular, about a person who has taken a feasible part in any business. This expression is evangelical in origin. One of the parables tells of a poor widow who put in only 2 small coins while collecting donations. The word "coins" in Greek sounds like "mite". Despite her apparent modesty, her donation turned out to be more important and larger than the many rich gifts. After all, it was made from a pure heart. The one who, without committing noticeable and grandiose deeds to everyone, acts honestly and sincerely, makes his contribution to the common cause.

Other biblical phraseological units are also very curious. The examples and their meaning will surely interest many. Let's take a look at another expression.

Voice in the wilderness

From ancient times this expression came to us, denoting appeals that were in vain and remained unanswered. The Bible talks about the prophet Isaiah. He cried out (called) to the Israelites from the wilderness, warning that God was coming, so the way had to be prepared for him. His words were then repeated by John the Baptist. He said them just before the arrival of Jesus Christ to him. In the Bible, therefore, this expression had a slightly different meaning than it does now. It was a call to listen to the voice of truth, to listen.

People don't often do this. Therefore, over time, the emphasis in circulation began to be placed on the futility and hopelessness of an appeal addressed to someone.

Antediluvian times

In Russian, there are many expressions to refer to prehistoric, ancient times: in time immemorial, under King Pea, a long time ago, during it. Another came from the Bible - in antediluvian times.

Of course, we are talking about the flood, which God, angry with people, sent to the earth. The abyss of heaven opened up and it began to rain. It lasted for 40 days and 40 nights, as the Bible says. up to the very high mountains the land was flooded. Only Noah and his family managed to escape. This righteous man, by order of God, built Noah's ark - a special ship, where he placed all the birds and animals in pairs. After the flood ended, the earth was repopulated by them.

Bury talent in the ground

This expression is used when talking about a person who does not develop natural abilities. He neglects what he is gifted with. Do you know that the word "talent" in this expression originally meant a monetary unit?

The gospel parable tells how one man, having gone to distant countries, distributed money to his slaves. He gave one of them 5 talents, another 3, and the last one only one talent. Returning from a journey, this man called his slaves and asked them to tell how they disposed of the gifts. It turned out that the first and second made a profit by investing talents in the business. And the third slave just buried it in the ground. Of course, he saved the money, but did not increase it. Is it worth talking about who was condemned and who was praised by the owner?

Today, this expression reminds us that we should use talents, talents, reveal them. They must not perish within us without bearing fruit.

We have already considered 5 biblical phraseological units. Let's move on to the next one.

Egyptian executions

This expression is also found in the Bible when it is told how the Egyptian pharaoh for a long time did not agree to grant freedom to the people who lived as slaves in his country. According to tradition, God was angry with him for this. He sent 10 severe punishments that successively fell upon the Nile country. In Old Slavonic, "punishment" is "execution". They were as follows: the transformation of the water of the Nile into blood, the invasion of Egypt by toads and various reptiles, a lot of midges, the arrival of "dog" flies (especially evil ones), the loss of livestock, a terrible epidemic that covered the entire population with abscesses, hail, which was interrupted by fiery showers. Then followed darkness, which lasted for many days, the death of the firstborn, not only among people, but also among livestock. Pharaoh, frightened by these disasters, allowed the enslaved people to leave Egypt. Today, the "Egyptian execution" refers to any torment, severe disaster.

Manna from heaven

In modern Russian, there is another interesting expression - wait like manna from heaven. It means waiting passionately and for a long time, while hoping only for a miracle. Indeed, the manna from heaven was a miracle. Thanks to her, an entire nation was saved from starvation.

The Bible says that the famine came when the Jews wandered in the wilderness for many years. People would be doomed to death if manna from heaven had not suddenly begun to fall from heaven. What is it? It resembled modern semolina. The latter was named so in memory of the manna, which was given to the chosen people by God.

However, scientists today found that there is an edible lichen in the desert. As it matures, it cracks and then rolls into balls. Many nomadic tribes used this lichen for food. Probably, the wind brought these edible balls, which were described in the legend from the Bible. Despite this explanation, the expression "manna from heaven" still means miraculous help, unexpected good luck.

We continue to describe biblical phraseological units and their meanings. The origin of the next one is no less interesting.

Burning bush

Most likely, this beautiful image was borrowed by our ancestors from Hebrew traditions. In the Bible, the “burning bush” is a thorn bush that burned without burning, since God himself appeared to Moses in its flame. Today we rarely use this image. One of the options for its use is when you need to portray a person who “burns” in any business (for example, at work), but does not lose strength, becomes more and more active and cheerful.

thirty pieces of silver

Judas Iscariot is considered the most contemptible traitor in history. He was one of the disciples of Jesus Christ. This man betrayed the teacher for only 30 pieces of silver, that is, for 30 silver coins. That is why such an expression in our time is understood as “the price of blood”, “the price of betrayal”. Many other allegorical words and phraseological units of biblical origin are based on the same legend. The very name "Judas" is used to designate a traitor. And the "kiss of Judas" refers to the concept of treacherous affection, hypocritical and insidious flattery.

These biblical phraseological units and their meanings have long been used in fiction. When Saltykov-Shchedrin, the famous Russian satirist, endowed one of his characters, Porfiry Vladimirovich Golovlev, with all sorts of negative traits- a predator, a hypocrite, a saint, a rhetorician, a torturer, etc. - it was clear that Judas Iscariot was the prototype of this hero. It is no coincidence that Golovlev was nicknamed Judas by his own brothers.

There is an opinion that the phrase "shakes like an aspen leaf" is associated with stories about this biblical character. Having repented, the traitor hanged himself on the bough of this particular tree. So it was defiled. Now the aspen is allegedly destined to tremble forever.

From Pontius to Pilate

This expression is one of many ancient ones based on error. According to legend, when Jesus was captured and put on trial, neither Herod (the Jewish king) nor Pontius Pilate (the Roman governor) did not want to take responsibility for the execution. Several times they directed Jesus to each other under various pretexts. One could say that Christ was "driven from Herod to Pilate." However, our ancestors were confused by the fact that Pontius Pilate is like the names of two Romans, although such names were quite natural. There were such historical characters as Julius Caesar, Septimius Severus, Sergius Katilika. In the minds of our ancestors, Pilate was divided into 2 people - "Pilate" and "Pontius". And then the story itself was confused. This is how the idea appeared that Christ was being passed "from Pontius to Pilate". Today, these words act as a mocking definition of red tape, when people are driven from boss to boss, instead of solving the case.

doubting Thomas

We have already described 10 phraseological units of biblical origin. Many of those that we have not talked about are worthy of attention, but only a few can be presented within the framework of one article. The following expression is simply not to be missed - it is widely used, and its origin is quite interesting.

Very often one hears the phrase: “Oh, you unbelieving Thomas!”. It has become so familiar that we sometimes do not pay any attention to it when we pronounce it ourselves or hear it from someone. Have you ever wondered where it came from? Do you know who Thomas is? It is believed that we are talking about one of the 12 apostles whom Jesus Christ chose for himself. Thomas was distinguished by the fact that he was distrustful of everything and everyone.

However, there are not one, but two original versions of the origin of this expression. The first of these appeared in ancient Jerusalem even before Jesus chose Thomas as his apostle.

Thomas had a brother named Andrew. He once saw Jesus walking on water and told Thomas about it. As a future apostle did not believe him. Then Andrew invited him to go with him and ask Jesus to walk on the water again. They went to Christ. He repeated his miracle. Thomas had no choice but to admit his own wrong. It was from that time that he began to be called Thomas the Unbeliever.

The second version is considered more significant. After the crucifixion of Jesus and his subsequent resurrection, as the Bible says, Thomas did not exist when Christ appeared to the apostles. When they met him, they told him what had happened. However, Thomas did not believe. He said he would not believe until he himself saw the nail wounds on Jesus' hands and put his finger in those wounds. The second time, when the Savior appeared before his apostles already in the presence of Thomas, Christ invited him to do so. You probably guessed that Thomas then believed in the resurrection.

The meaning of biblical phraseological units

Of course, these are not all biblical phraseological units. There are a great many of them, we talked about only a few of them. Phraseologisms of biblical origin, as you can see, are still widely used in the language. And this is not surprising, because the Bible is one of the most important books in the history of mankind. It greatly influenced the development of many areas of life. The language has not been left out. It includes numerous phraseological units of biblical origin. Examples and their meaning are still being studied by linguists. And writers and poets draw inspiration from biblical stories. For example, a collection that includes poems about the revolution and war is called "The Burning Bush".

Mikhail Lermontov, Nikolai Gogol, Anton Chekhov, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Alexander Pushkin... Mythological and biblical phraseological units are found in the work of each of them. Probably, there is no such Russian writer in whose works it would be impossible to find a single biblical turn.

What other phraseological units of biblical origin do you know? You can leave examples of them in the comments to this article.

Hungry and thirsty

Hungry and thirsty
From the Bible. The Gospel of Matthew (ch. 5, v. 6) says: "Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they shall be satisfied."
Used: in the literal sense - about people who are thirsty and hungry.
Allegorically: about people who passionately desire something.

encyclopedic Dictionary winged words and expressions. - M.: "Lokid-Press". Vadim Serov. 2003 .

Hungry and thirsty

Expression from the Gospel (Matt., 5, 6): "Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they shall be satisfied"; used in the literal sense - about people who are thirsty and hungry, and figuratively - about passionately desiring something.

Dictionary of winged words. Plutex. 2004

See what "Hungry and Thirsty" is in other dictionaries:

Hungry and thirsty- wing. sl. An expression from the Gospel (Matt. 5:6): “Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they shall be filled”; used in the literal sense of people who are thirsty and hungry, and figuratively about passionately desiring something ... Universal additional practical explanatory dictionary by I. Mostitsky

Book. About people who passionately want something. /i>

hungry- Hungry and thirsty (iron.) Waiting, achieving something. [from the gospel expression hungry and thirsty for the truth] ...

thirsty- Hungry and thirsty [from the gospel expression hungry and thirsty for the truth] ... Phraseological dictionary of the Russian language

Hungry and thirsty. Book. About people who passionately want something. /i> An expression from the Gospel. BMS 1998, 23 ... Big dictionary of Russian sayings

GOSPEL. PART II- The Language of the Gospels The Problem of New Testament Greek The original NT texts that have come down to us are written in ancient Greek. language (see art. Greek language); existing versions in other languages ​​are translations from Greek (or from other translations; about translations ... ... Orthodox Encyclopedia

Hungering, hungry, hungry (poet.). incl. action present temp. from hunger. ❖ Hungering and thirsty (iron.) expecting, achieving something (hungry and thirsty for the truth from the gospel expression). Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

Main article: The Commandments of Jesus Christ The Beatitudes, Orthodox icon of the Beatitudes (makari ... Wikipedia

Christian values- The Revaluation of Values ​​by Christianity The Christian message meant, without a doubt, the most radical revaluation of values ​​in the history of mankind. Nietzsche even spoke of a total revolt against ancient values, programmatic ... ... Western philosophy from its origins to the present day

Prugavin (Alexander Stepanovich), publicist ethnographer. Born in 1850 in Arkhangelsk, he studied at the local gymnasium and the Petrovsky Agricultural and Forestry Academy, but did not finish the course there due to participation in student unrest. Until 1879 ... ... Biographical Dictionary

Books

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• The study of Christianity. How Religion Is Built, Corrado Augias, Remo Cacitti. The latest creation of the well-known in Russia Italian publicist Corrado Augias is devoted to a thoughtful study of the first four centuries of the formation of Christianity as a religion, politics,…

Research work

Experience of the Dictionary of Biblical Phraseological Units

Scientific adviser: Matsenova N. V.,

teacher of Russian language and literature

INTRODUCTION

The topic of this scientific work was chosen by me, of course, not by chance. I have been studying at the Orthodox gymnasium "Sofia" since the first grade. We study the Law of God, the Church Slavonic language, the foundations of Orthodox culture. We get acquainted with the texts of the books of Holy Scripture not only in the classroom, but also during Orthodox services, since most of the liturgical texts are quotations from the Bible.

This academic year, for the first time, we talked about phraseology, which studies set phrases that are integral in meaning. Only three lessons were devoted to this topic. But for this a short time I realized that this topic is one of the most interesting in the Russian language.

Biblical phraseological units seemed to me especially interesting, because sometimes we don’t even realize that some phrase or expression is taken from the Bible, where it could have a completely different meaning.

I was also struck by the fact that a separate, independent dictionary of biblical phraseological units does not exist. And large phraseological dictionaries do not always provide exhaustive etymological information about the origin of one or another biblical phraseological unit. Therefore, I set myself the task: based on existing phraseological dictionaries, to compile a small dictionary of phraseological units and winged expressions of biblical origin.

Such a dictionary can become a serious tool for conducting Russian language lessons and etymological circle classes. Using this vocabulary material, you can prepare tasks for the school round of Olympiads in Russian and Church Slavonic.

EXPERIENCE OF THE DICTIONARY OF BIBLICAL PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS.

Phraseologisms as a linguistic phenomenon.

We can express our thoughts with ready-made combinations of words, verbal formulas, otherwise phraseological units. Phraseological turnover - this is a reproducible unit of two or more stressed words, integral in its meaning and stable in its composition and structure.

Phraseologisms can often be replaced with one word, less expressive. Beat the thumbs- mess around Nick down- remember, rub glasses- deceive.

The meaning of phraseologism is most often not direct, but allegorical. For example: down in the mouth- looking sad and ends in the water - hide all traces of an unseemly deed; like a fish in water- in their environment, freely, at ease; muddy the water- to confuse others, deliberately introduce confusion into any issue.

The degree of semantic indecomposability and changeability of parts in different phraseological units different. Therefore, linguists often group phraseological units on the basis of the cohesion of words within expressions. Based on this principle, we can conditionally divide all phraseological units into four groups.

Phraseological combinations - in which one of the words is used only in a phrase with a certain narrow circle of other words, for example, expressions biting frost, vtemyashivatsya in the head. A feature of such combinations is the easy interchangeability of the rare words included in it by others. Really, biting frost without prejudice to meaning, replaced by words hard frost, get in your head - sit in the head.

Phraseological units are so holistic stable combinations, in which individual words have not yet lost their direct meanings, but which in the aggregate acquire a figurative meaning.

« Hold your pocket wider”, For example, two centuries ago it was used in its direct meaning. A bag or sack was called a pocket, which was worn over clothes. If necessary, they could be opened, "keep wider." Now we think of these pockets when we want to say: “Well, wait! So I filled your wide-open "pockets"!

Phraseological units are figurative expressions that arose on the basis of once free phrases. They represent a closer union of words than phraseological combinations.

Phraseological unions - ossified, frozen, cemented, indissoluble, unchangeable, unmotivated semantic units. Phraseologisms of this category are also called “vitamins of speech”, “highlights of the language”, “remarkable anomalies”, absolutely untranslatable into other languages. For example: goof, how to give a drink, sit in a puddle.

Phraseological fusions in their mass are idiomatic expressions ,or simply idioms . Idiomatic expressions - indecomposable phrases peculiar only to a given language, the meaning of which does not coincide with the meaning of the words that make them up.

Word idiocy - Greek origin. It meant "strangeness, incomprehensibility." Idiocy as a linguistic term entered a number of European languages, including Russian, but then was replaced by the word idiom.

We are speaking: how to drink- meaning: "for sure, by all means" or "simply, without any effort." You can endlessly puzzle over the phrase goof and never find the origins of the idiom that makes sense: "to be in an unenviable position, to blunder" if you do not familiarize yourself with the history of crafts. Prosak - a machine on which ropes were twisted. A careless movement could drag the worker into the machine and lead to injury.

Phraseological expressions - qualitatively different from the three previous types of phraseological units. In such turns, each word has a free meaning, and all together they appear before us as ready-made complete sentences. In the role of phraseological expressions are folk proverbs, aphorisms, sayings - all those ready-made formulas of speech that contain the completeness of the phrase, edification, affirmation, conclusion. These expressions include: a rolling stone gathers no moss; no matter how you feed the wolf, he keeps looking into the forest; like a dog in the hay: she does not eat herself and does not give to cattle.

It is rightly said: one cannot properly master a language without studying its phraseology. But something else is also undeniable: it is impossible to master phraseology properly without understanding where and how this or that phraseological unit appeared in the language, what is its genealogy and what is its meaning.

The Bible is one of the sources of phraseological units.

Scientists have not yet developed a unified view on how to classify certain groups of phraseological units, how one of the groups differs from the other, on what basis to study them. And this is understandable, because there are a lot of all kinds of difficulties and subtleties in the study of set expressions.

All phraseological richness used in speech can be considered in the aspect: "one's own" and "alien". That is, what was created by the Russian people, Russian literature and what was created by the creativity of other peoples, other literatures. Then we call “ours”, for example, such turnovers as it is written with a pitchfork on the water; seventh water on jelly; better bread with water than a pie with trouble; without water - and neither there nor here ...

Many of these phraseological units have come into use from professional speech. For example: beat the buckets, get into a mess, sharpen the laces, pull the gimp- from the speech of artisans.

A number of expressions that arose on the basis of ancient Greek myths, ancient literature, folklore and included in the fund of many languages ​​of the world, we consider international: Augean stables, Achilles' heel, scales of Themis (myths of Ancient Greece); to catch fish in troubled waters (based on one of Aesop's fables).

A huge layer in the phraseological system of the modern Russian language is biblical phraseology. Bible - this is the Book of books, Holy Scripture, the Word of God addressed to people; grandiose historical chronicle of mankind, an outstanding monument of world literature.

More than two hundred stable combinations, aphorisms from the Bible are known in our language. Some of them have come into use so actively that sometimes we do not even think about and do not notice that these expressions are of biblical origin.

There are many phraseological dictionaries, but there is no separate dictionary of biblical phraseological units. I decided to compile such a dictionary, using mainly the “Historical and Etymological Reference Book”, published by St. Petersburg University in 1998. There are 182 phraseological units in my dictionary.

The dictionary entry of my dictionary is built like this:

1) keyword phraseological expression;

2) the phraseological expression itself;

3) the meaning of phraseology

4) litters: obsolete, archaic, bookish, high, joke, iron, etc.;

5) etymological reference.

IV. Dictionary of biblical phraseological units.

Lamb :

Lamb of God - obsolete. book. or iron. A meek, timid, harmless person.

The expression is associated with the biblical tradition about the slaughter of "the lamb (lamb) of God" by Abraham. The Lamb (lamb) is a type of Christ, giving Himself to a voluntary slaughter for the sins of the world.

Adam :

Old Adam - obsolete. book. About a person who must spiritually renew himself, free himself from old habits and views.

The expression goes back to the Epistles of the Apostle Paul to the Romans, Ephesians, Colossians, where it means “a sinful person, burdened with a load of attitudes and habits accumulated over long life from which he must free himself.

From Adam - obsolete, often joking. or iron. Since ancient times, for a long time; from the very beginning.

The idiom is based on the biblical idea of ​​Adam as the most ancient person on earth, created by God “with his own hand”.

Akrids:

Eating locusts [and wild honey] - obsolete, book Live from hand to mouth, undernourish, endure extreme distress and deprivation.

Phraseologism goes back to the gospel text about John the Baptist, who, leading a hermit life in the desert, "ate locusts and wild honey." Akrids (from Greek akris) - “edible locust” or “bush leaves.

Hungry :

Hungry and thirsty - bookstore About people who passionately want something. The expression entered the literary language from the Gospel: "Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they shall be satisfied." (Matthew 5:3-12; Luke 6:20-23). Ironically used in the literal sense - "about people who are hungry and thirsty."

Harlot:

Whore of Babylon - bookish, disapproved Extremely depraved, dissolute woman.

A text about the city of Babylon, full of temptations. (Gen. 11, 1-9).

Babylon:

New Babylon - more often publ., disapproved. About a gigantic, crowded industrial city.

The fame of Babylon, reinforced by biblical texts, made it a symbol of crowds, confusion, disorder and depravity in many languages. Any huge, rich and noisy city is called New Babylon when they want to point out not only its beauty and splendor, but also all the terrible things that happen in it every day.

Camel:

It's easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle - bookish, sometimes joking. About the complete impossibility of comprehending or doing something.

Turnover Old Slavonic, part of the biblical saying. It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the Kingdom of Heaven (Matt. 19:24; Luke 18:25). Originally in saying needle eye meant not a hole in a needle, but a narrow gate of one of the outposts of Jerusalem, through which it was impossible or almost impossible for a camel to pass. The expression must be taken literally. Metaphorically meaningful, it meant and means the impossibility to drag something big through a small hole, then - the impossibility to do anything at all.

Will:

Do the will of the sender - obsolete. book. Carry out the orders of the sender. somewhere.

Expressions from the Gospel (John 4:34).

Your will (your) - as you wish, as you please.

The expression is from Old Slavonic, with the original meaning "about the will, desire of God." From the Gospel, with subsequent rethinking: "Thy will be done."

That is the will of God (God, the Lord) - obsolete. book. About smth. happened regardless of anyone. wishes, plans, calculations.

An expression from the Bible (Rom. 12, 2).

Resurrection:

Resurrection (resurrection) of Saint Lazarus - obsolete. book. or joke. 1. Recovery after a severe and prolonged illness. 2. Renewal, restoration of smth. old, long forgotten. Lazarus is a friend of Jesus Christ who lived in Bethany with sisters Martha and Mary. Resurrected by Christ on the fourth day after death (John 11).

Eye:

To see a knot in someone else's [but not to notice a log in one's own]; noticing a knot in the eye - whose, who has disapproved. To notice small flaws in other people, not seeing your own, much larger ones. (Matthew 7:1-5).

Voice:

The voice of one crying (crying) in the wilderness - bookstore A call that goes unanswered.

The prophet Isaiah presents a messenger who calls from the wilderness to the Israelites to prepare the way to God: to make “straight ... in the steppe the paths of our God” But the prophet’s call was not heard and remained “a voice crying in the wilderness” (Is. 40, 3).

Calvary:

Go / go to Calvary - bookstore high Follow the path of torment, suffering (usually for a just, just cause).

Path to Calvary - bookstore high life path associated with martyrdom, suffering (usually for a just, just cause).

Head:

Bow (bow) head - bookstore Find somewhere. sanctuary, sanctuary, haven.

The expression is borrowed from the gospel text, where it meant "to find shelter" (Matt. 8:20; Luke 9:58).

Raise / raise (raise / raise) your voice - resolutely oppose someone, smth., directly express their negative opinion about someone, smth.

Mountain:

Move mountains / move (roll / roll) - About someone. ability and ability to do big things.

The expression arose on the basis of the saying: “Faith moves mountains”, going back to the Gospel text (Matt. 17, 20), that a person who has faith can command the mountain to move from one place to another, and this will happen.

Grief:

Woe from Wit - bookstore About the misunderstanding of a smart and independent person by mediocre people and the troubles associated with this.

Possibly inspired by a biblical saying. "There is much sorrow in much wisdom" - from Ecclesiastes.

Throat:

Get up / get up (become / become) across the throat - disapproved. Something very disturbing, extremely tired.

The turnover is probably connected with the biblical story about Adam and Eve eating the apple of the forbidden tree of the knowledge of good and evil. A piece of apple stuck in Adam's throat. Wed Adam's apple - "Adam's apple".

Mister:

Serve two masters - bookish, disapproved Work, act, pleasing two opposing sides.

The expression is a biblical phrase (Matthew 6:24): “No one can serve two masters: either he will hate one and love the other; or he will be zealous for one, and neglect the other. You cannot serve God and mammon (wealth).

Grad:

Seekers of the city - archaic. book. high People looking for better forms of life, social justice.

The expression is from the gospel text: “We are not imams for the abiding city, but we seek the coming city” - literally: “For we do not have a permanent city here, but we are looking for the future” (Heb. 13, 14). Under the coming hail in the Gospel is meant the "Kingdom of Heaven."

Sin:

Original sin - obsolete, book The main, original sin, from which all the rest come.

Original sin is (according to the Judeo-Christian religious doctrine) the sin that the “first people” Adam and Eve committed in paradise, having tasted the fruit forbidden by God from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.

Mortal sin - bookstore A big, inexcusable vice, an unforgivable offense.

The expression goes back to the Bible (I post. John, 5, 16-17).

sins youth - joke. Mistakes and delusions of youth, which are not always pleasant to remember in adulthood.

Turnover - from the Bible: "Do not remember the sins of my youth and my crimes ..." (Ps. 24, 7), or inspired by biblical texts.

Coffin :

coffins boiled - obsolete, bookish, contempt. 1. What-smth. insignificant, hypocritical, hiding behind external brilliance. 2. A person whose appearance hides something that causes disgust.

An expression from the Gospel (Matt. 23, 27), where the hypocrites are likened to the fallen, that is, painted with lime (v.-sl. vapno“lime”) to coffins, (in Russian translation painted) which from the outside seem beautiful, “but inside are full of the bones of the dead and all kinds of uncleanness.”

Breast:

Beat (pound) oneself in the chest - sometimes irony. Passionately assure of the sincerity of what was said or done, of one's honesty.

An expression from the Bible, which describes the customs of self-torture on the occasion of the death of kings or relatives in ancient times.

Gryadeshi:

Are you coming? - archaic. book. or joke. In what direction are you moving, developing?

An expression from the Church Slavonic text of the Bible, where the phrase literally means "Where are you going?". Quoted also in Latin: Quo vadis? The turnover gained fame thanks to the name of the Russian translation of the novel by the Polish writer G. Sienkiewicz (1894 - 1896).

Gift :

God's gift - bookstore Talent, talent, innate ability.

The expression is a re-arranged st.-sl. gift from God.

giving :

Every gift is good - 1. Book. high Any charitable deed is useful and noble. 2. Shuttle. Better something than nothing; any gift of fate should be rejoiced.

St.-sl. giving - “offering”, “gift”, good - “good” (cf. good “good”). The saying is from the Epistle of the Apostle James (1, 17). The turnover belongs to the active phraseological composition of the language, despite the presence of an archaic component.

Case :

Rest from deeds (works) of the righteous - bookish, sometimes joking.

God, having created the world in six days, on the seventh day "rested from all his works" (Genesis 2:3).

Tree :

Eat / eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil - bookstore 1. Acquire knowledge, comprehend the meaning of various phenomena. 2. Learn something important and forbidden, learn something that was previously hidden.

The expression arose from the biblical text about the tree of the knowledge of good and evil growing in paradise, the fruits of which Adam and Eve were forbidden by God to eat. Whoever tasted them would become omniscient, like God, would know what good and evil are. In Russian, this expression is from Old Slavonic, as evidenced by the forms of the words to taste and the tree.

Spirit :

give off/give off the spirit - die.

The expression is connected with the idea of ​​God's creation of man by "breathing" into him the breath of life. At death, the breath comes out of him in the same way.

Poor in spirit - bookstore disapproved 1. About humble, devoid of pride and dignity people. 2. About people who are poor in mind, deprived of spiritual interests.

The expression is Old Slavonic, borrowed from the Gospel (Matt. 5:3; Luke 6:20), where it characterizes people who are humble and devoid of pride.

Enoch :

Happy as Enoch - bookstore archaic About a very happy person, blissful from happiness.

The comparison was created according to the biblical text about the righteous Enoch, whom God took to heaven for his piety (cf. I. Sir. 49:16; Heb. 11:5; Gen. 5:24).

Victim:

evening sacrifice - bookstore obsolete disapproved About people of dubious behavior, posing as oppressed innocence.

The expression is the words from the Bible: “Let my prayer be directed as incense before Your face: the lifting up of my hands is like an evening sacrifice” (Ps. 140, 2).

To sacrifice - to whom; to what. To sacrifice something to someone, to deprive oneself of something because of someone.

Phraseologism of biblical origin. After the Lord sent flies to the lands of the Egyptian pharaoh, the latter asked Moses and Aaron to "sacrifice to your God."

Offer [in] sacrifice to Moloch [whom, what] - book. obsolete To give to a cruel, inexorable force that requires human sacrifice, someone, something very expensive.

Phraseologism arose on the basis of the biblical image of the bloodthirsty god of the Canaanites (Phoenicians) - a copper idol with a bull's head, to which human sacrifices were made (Lev. 18:31; 20:2; 2 Kings 23:10). The image of Moloch is often found in Russian literature of the early 20th century. (for example, in the story of A. I. Kuprin "Moloch").

Delusion :

mislead / mislead whom - to create a misconception, to disorient someone.

The expression is a phrase from the Bible: “He [Jesus] said: beware lest you be deceived, for many will come under my name, saying that it is I; and this time is at hand: do not follow them” (Luke 21:8).

rear :

Rear behold; merit the rear behold - obsolete. book. iron. 1. Not to see the true face of something; knowing anything is unfounded. 2. About extreme self-humiliation, about groveling before the "powerful ones of the world".

According to Hebrew law, when Jehovah (Jewish God) appeared to them, people had to fall on their faces. Those who allowed themselves to look at Jehovah were smitten with death. Only Moses Jehovah allowed to contemplate the “back”: “Behold my back” (Ex. 33, 20-23). Hence the figurative meaning of the turnover - "not to see the true face of something."

Earth :

Promised land - bookstore high approval 1. A place where someone passionately dreams and aspires to go. 2. An object of passionate desires, aspirations of hopes, etc. 3. A place where contentment, abundance, happiness reign.

The expression - from the Bible, denoting the promised (old. Promised) land of Palestine, where God, fulfilling his promise, brought the descendants of Abraham - the Jews from Egypt, where they languished in captivity. God told Moses that He would bring the Jews to "a good and spacious land, where milk and honey flows" (Ex. 3, 8 and 17). The Promised Land of Palestine is named in the Epistle to the Hebrews (11, 9).

malice :

The wickedness of the day - often published What's in given time it is especially important, relevant, what interests and worries everyone at the moment; the subject of fierce controversy.

The turnover goes back to the saying from the Church Slavonic text of the Gospel - “His malice prevails for a day”, where malice means “care”. In the second half of the XIX century. adj appeared in Russian. topical, formed from a combination of malice of the day, i.e., "cares of the day." The expression is an inaccurate translation from ancient Greek. The original Greek text in the Gospel (Matt. 6, 34). It was translated into Old Slavonic as follows: “His wickedness prevails for the day” (lit. “For this day, your own troubles, difficulties, worries are enough”). In the canonical Russian text of the Gospel, this place is translated more accurately: "Enough for each day of your care." The word "malice" does not appear in this translation. Fans of flaunting quotations in the Old Slavonic language put into circulation the expression "the topic of the day" at first, most likely in a joking sense. Then it acquired a stable character with the rethinking of the word "malice". However, at the present time, “topics of the day” are much more common in the press, and not “topics of the day”, although adj. topical at the same time remains.

Serpent :

Wise [e] snakes and meek [e] like doves - obsolete. book. disapproved About wise, insightful and malice-meek people.

To the ancient Jews, for reasons that are no longer too clear to us, the serpent, i.e. the serpent seems to be a model of wisdom, and even the all-seeing and omniscient Satan himself was embodied precisely in the serpent (see the serpent tempter). In the 10th chapter of the Gospel of Matthew, it literally says: "without falsehood, like doves."

Serpent Tempter - bookstore disapproved or joke-iron. About a person who seduces with something unlawful, forbidden.

That is why Satan, the devil, began to be called the tempter, the serpent-tempter.

The Omen :

Sign (sign) of the times - bookstore or publ. high 1. A social phenomenon, especially characteristic, typical of a given time. 2. An event or phenomenon that leaves its mark on all the events of a given period.

The expression is borrowed from the Bible (Matt. 16:1.4). St.-sl. A sign is a sign.

Tooth:

tooth for tooth - simple. Without any concessions to each other in a squabble, quarrel, bickering, fight.

Turnover - from the biblical saying: “An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, a hand for a hand, a foot for a foot, burning for burning, an ulcer for an ulcer, harm for harm; as he did damage to the body of a person, so it should be done to him. (Ex. 21:24; Lev. 24:30).

beating :

Massacre of the innocents - bookstore 1. Brutal massacre of defenseless, inexperienced and the like people, the application of strict measures in relation to many. 2. Shuttle. About strict measures in relation to someone.

King Herod of Judea, having heard about the birth of Christ (Messiah) from the Magi, was frightened and ordered to exterminate all boys under two years old in the city of Bethlehem and its environs in order to kill the future “King of the Jews” among them.

Search:

Seek and find - archaic, bookish To find, you need to search hard. (Matthew 7:7). Church Slavonic you will find- form of the second person pl. numbers from verb. find (cf. acquire) - "to find."

Judas:

Judas the traitor - bookish, contempt. About a traitor.

The expression arose from the gospel story about the betrayal of one of the twelve disciples of Jesus - Judas Iscariot (Matt. 25, 48-49). Judas sold his teacher to the Jewish high priests for 30 pieces of silver.

Iota:

Not one iota - bookstore Absolutely not at all, without any deviations from anything.

The expression goes back to the gospel saying (Matt. 5, 18): "Not a single iota, not a single tittle will pass (i.e., disappear) from the law until everything is fulfilled." Iota is not only the name of a letter in the Greek alphabet, but also the name of a thin dash under lowercase vowels, which was used to distinguish the meanings of these sounds. The omission of this dash does not matter for pronunciation, but indicates some grammatical forms and is not allowed by the rules. Hence the meaning of "something extremely small, insignificant." The gospel saying says that even the slightest change in the law (i.e., in the religious prescriptions of Moses) is not allowed: not only the text cannot be changed, but even one line in it.

Execution:

Egyptian executions -obsolete book. disapproved About extremely severe disasters, torments, misfortunes.

From the biblical story about how God, as a punishment for Pharaoh's refusal to let the Jewish people go free, sent ten severe punishments (executions) to Egypt: the waters of the Nile turned into blood, the loss of livestock began, terrible epidemics, etc. (Ex. 7-12) .

A rock:

Throw / throw (throw / throw, throw / throw, launch / launch) the first stone in whom - book. disapproved To discuss someone, to blame someone for something.

Stoning (i.e. throwing someone to severe bruises or death) with stones was one of the types of public execution of those condemned in Ancient Judea. The expression goes back to the Gospel (John 8, 7). Jesus said to the scribes and Pharisees, who brought to him a woman convicted of adultery: "He that is without sin among you, let him first cast a stone at her."

Give a stone (serve / serve) instead of bread - obsolete. book. disapproved Instead of genuine beneficence, get rid of the one who seeks help with something unnecessary, superfluous (about callous, heartless people).

The expression goes back to the biblical story (Matt. 7, 9): “Is there such a person among you who, when his son asks him for bread, would give him a stone (alegorically about God's mercy”).

stumbling block - bookstore A serious hindrance, obstacle, difficulty encountered in doing something.

The expression is borrowed from the Bible (Is. 8, 14, etc.). According to legend, a stumbling block is a stone that was laid by God in Zion. Unbelievers, people who did not want to keep the laws, stumbled (i.e. stumbled) about him.

Foundation stone [what] - book. 1. Foundation, foundation of something. 2. Basis, the main idea of ​​something.

“I am laying in Zion a stone, a tested stone, a cornerstone, firmly established” (Isaiah 28:16).

The stones will cry - obsolete. book. disapproved About something terrible, outrageous, causing indignation.

The expression is taken from the Gospel of Luke. This is part of Jesus' response to the requests of the Pharisees to forbid the disciples from glorifying when Jesus entered Jerusalem: "... if they keep silent, the stones will cry out" (Luke 19:40).

Do not leave / do not leave stone unturned from what - destroy, destroy something to the ground, without a trace.

Christ foretold the destruction of Jerusalem by gesturing around its opulent buildings and saying, “Do you see these great buildings? All this will be destroyed so that there will be no stone left unturned.”

stoned whom - obsolete. book. To denigrate, harass, or punish someone intensely.

The expression is often used in the Old Testament. In biblical times, stoning was one of the types of execution for people who committed serious offenses.

Caesar:

Caesar's to Caesar [and God's to God (and God's to God)] [give (repay)] - bookstore Let everyone be rewarded, paid according to his merits, position in society, according to rank.

“Render back what is Caesar’s to Caesar’s and to the Gods of God” (Matt. 22:15-21). The Pharisees sent to Jesus asked him if it was permissible to pay taxes to Caesar. Jesus, pointing to the image of Caesar and the inscription on the denarius, said: "Give Caesar's to Caesar, and God's to God."

Cymbal:

Clashing cymbal (sounding) - bookstore archaic contempt. About magnificent, solemnly sounding and loud phrases, behind which are empty and fruitless content.

From the first letter of the Apostle Paul to the Corinthians: “If I speak with the tongues of men and angels, but do not have love, then I am a ringing brass and a sounding cymbal” (1 Cor. 13, 1). Cymbal (or cymbal) - ancient musical instrument type of modern timpani (see beat the timpani), consisting of hollow copper hemispheres, which were struck against each other. In Judea, cymbals, making loud ringing sounds, were used in worship.

The ark:

Ark of the Covenant (revelation ) - bookstore archaic Something sacred, inviolable; shrine, repository of something cherished, sanctuary.

In the Bible, the Ark of the Covenant is a box made according to God's command, where the tablets were kept, on which the law of God was inscribed. In the Orthodox Church, the ark is on the throne along with the cross and the Gospel and serves to store spare holy gifts.

Noah's ark; ark of salvation - 1. Shuttle-iron. About a house or other room filled with a lot of people, crowded with them. 2. Book. high Rescue tool.

The expression is associated with the biblical story about the global flood, from which the righteous Noah escaped with his family and animals, since God had taught him to build an ark in advance, i.e. vessel. “Bring also into the ark [of every livestock and of all creeping things and] all animals and of all flesh in pairs” (Gen. 6, 19; 6 and 7).

Goat:

Scapegoat (redemption) - obsolete. rarely. often disapproved. About a person who is blamed for the mistakes, misdeeds, sins of others (often innocent of them).

The biblical expression (Lev. 16, 21-22; 16, 9-10) arose on the basis of a special rite that existed among the ancient Jews: laying the sins of the whole people on a living goat. In atonement for sin, it was supposed to sacrifice a ram (ram) and two goats. The ram was burned, and one of the goats was slaughtered “as a sin offering,” and the lid of the ark was sprinkled with its blood. All the sins of the Jewish people and all their iniquities were transferred to the second goat by a special prayer. On the day of absolution, the high priest laid both hands on the head of a living goat as a sign of laying on him all the sins of the Jewish people, after which the goat was sent into the wilderness, “so that he would bear their iniquities into an impenetrable land” (Lev. 16, 9-10). At the time of the rite of such absolution, all those present were considered cleansed.

Knee:

kneel/kneel (kneel) before whom, than - book. high 1. Submit, humble, recognize someone else's power over oneself. 2. With respect, reverence, treat someone, something, recognize the greatness, dignity of someone, something.

(Acts 9, 40; Acts 11, 5) In the Bible, this verb phrase has a direct meaning: its metaphorization and, accordingly, phraseologisation occurred in the Russian language.

Root:

root of evil - bookstore The basis of any vice, misfortune, the source of evil.

A fragment of the text of the Bible (Job. 19, 28), borrowed by the Russian literary language from Old Slavonic, into which the books of Holy Scripture were previously translated. A fragment of the text of the Bible (1 Tim. 6, 10): “As if the root of evil was found in me. For the love of money is the root of all evil, which, having indulged, some have deviated from the faith and subjected themselves to many sorrows.

Bone:

Bone from bone and flesh from flesh whom, whose - book. 1. Generation, the brainchild of someone, something. 2. About someone's blood relationship with someone. 3. About someone's ideological relationship with someone, something.

The expression goes back to the biblical story about the creation of a woman, according to which God took a rib from a sleeping Adam and created Eve (Gen. 2, 21-23). Adam, waking up and seeing Eve, said: "This is bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh."

Suit:

[Walk] dressed as Adam (Eve) - joke. or iron. About a naked, naked, undressed person.

The expression arose on the basis of biblical traditions about life in paradise, where Adam and Eve walked without clothes and were not ashamed.

Cross :

Carry (accept) your cross - bookstore high Patiently endure suffering, adversity, put up with your sad fate.

(John 19:17; Matt. 10:38; Luke 14:27).

Idol :

Do not make yourself an idol - last book. One should not create a deity, an idol from someone, something.

The second commandment of Moses, requiring believers not to create any false gods (Ex. 20, 4). Idol - " pagan god, idol.

Kupina :

Burning bush - obsolete. book. high Something indestructible, imperishable, eternal.

Biblical expression burning bush Literally means "fireproof bush". In the flame of this thorn bush, God himself appeared to Moses (Ex. 3, 2).

Lazarus :

Lazarus (Lazarus) sing (pull, sing) - disapproved. iron. Cry, cry, trying to pity, beg for something.

Expression poor like Lazarus, sick like Lazarus, pretend to be Lazarus, sing Lazarus go back to the name of the gospel beggar - Lazarus (ancient Hebrew El "azar "helper to God"). Weakened from hunger, sick with leprosy, Lazarus lay at the gates of the rich man, in vain begging for alms. He refused him even the remnants of food that fell from his crowded table. But after death, the rich man landed in the underworld, and Lazarus - in paradise (Luke 16, 19-25).In Russia, the spiritual verse about Lazarus was a favorite song of wandering beggars.

Mite :

Widow's mite - obsolete. joke-iron. A humble donation made from the bottom of my heart.

Lepta is a small copper coin in Ancient Greece. The source of the turnover is the gospel parable of a poor widow who, while collecting donations in the temple, gave everything she had: the last two coins of mite.

Contribute / contribute to what - bookstore approval Make your own, albeit small, feasible contribution to the common cause; take part in something useful.

The expression is actually Russian.

Face:

Regardless (regardless) of faces [criticize, tell the truth] - regardless of the official or social position, the authority of someone (to criticize, to tell the truth).

An expression from the Bible, where the idea of ​​the need to act without partiality, without obsequiousness to superiors is found in many places (Deut. 1, 17; Matt. 22, 16; Mark 12, 14, etc.). The popularity of the expression in the Russian language was facilitated by the poem by G.R. Derzhavin “To the Rulers and Judges” (1787), the content of which is taken from 81 psalms.

Forehead :

copper forehead - bran. About a stubborn, stupid, limited person.

Expression - tracing paper with fr. front d "airain (from the 19th century), which goes back to the Bible, which describes a statue of an idol with a copper forehead: "I knew that you [the house of Jacob] were stubborn, and that there were iron veins in your neck, and your forehead was copper" ( Isaiah 48:4).

Lot :

Righteous Lot - bookstore obsolete The only virtuous person in a bad society.

Connected with the story of the Jewish cities of Sodom and Gomorrah (see Sodom and Gomorrah), destroyed by God for the sins of their inhabitants. Only the righteous Lot survived.

Sly :

[The rest] from the evil one - often joke-iron. About something superfluous, incorrect, harmful.

Jesus, forbidding swearing by heaven, by earth, by the head of the one who swears, said: “But let your word be: yes, yes; no no; but what is more than that is from the evil one” (Matt. 5:37). From the evil one - letters. "from the devil."

Moon :

Nothing lasts forever under the moon (under the sun) - bookstore Everything that is happening now, no matter how new it may seem, has already happened on earth; everything is changeable, transitory, transitory.

Bible saying (Eccl. 1:4-7; cf. 1:11).

Magdalene:

Penitent Magdalene - bookstore iron. About the one who pitifully repents of his misdeeds.

An expression from the Gospel where Mary Magdalene (i.e. from the city of Magdala) was healed by Jesus, who cast out “seven demons” from her, and repented of her depraved life, becoming one of his faithful followers (Mk. 16, 9; Lk. 7:37-48; John 11).

Manna :

Manna from heaven; manna in the desert - about something valuable, rare.

Manna is the food that God sent every morning to the Jews in the desert for forty years when they went to the promised land (Ex. 16:14-16, 31).

Eat manna from heaven - joke. Eat as you need and what you need.

Wait like manna from heaven - very much, with great impatience to wait.

Copper:

ringing copper - bookstore 1. Something big and loud, but essentially empty and barren. 2. About magnificent, but empty words.

An expression from the first letter of the Apostle Paul to the Corinthians (13, 1): "If I speak with the tongues of men and angels, but do not have love, then I am a ringing brass and a sounding cymbal."

Measure:

Measure with the same measure - bookstore Repay, pay the same.

From the Bible (I chapter of the Third Book of Moses).

Place:

Hot spot - joke-iron. and outdated. A place where they drink, play, indulge in debauchery.

Actually, the Russian expression, which arose on the basis of the funeral prayer: "Rest the soul of your servant in a place of light, in a place of greenery, in a place of peace." The word cereal is a derivative of the noun. cereal - in the Old Slavonic language it meant “rich in vegetation, replete with cereals; satisfying". The combination of the place of the green "the resting place of the righteous" is also found in the Bible (Ps. 22, 2).

Sword:

Those who took the sword - they will die by the sword - the one who started the dangerous enterprise will be responsible for its consequences. From the Gospel (Matthew 26:52).

Sheathe the sword - obsolete. Stop hostility. Expression from the Gospel (John 18, 11).

double-edged sword - obsolete. About who can be used in two ways, also to the detriment of the initiator of the action.

The expression is found in some places in the Bible (Ps. 149:6; Proverbs 5:4; Heb. 4:12).

Turn swords into plowshares - high. Refuse military actions, intentions, engage in peaceful work.

An expression from the Bible, from the Book of the prophet Isaiah, who predicted that the time would come when the peoples “will beat their swords into plowshares and their spears into sickles: the people will not raise the sword against the people, and they will no longer learn to fight.” Orala is a form of wine. case pl. numbers other-rus. noun plowed "plow", formed from the verb. yell "plow".

Little finger:

Little finger is not worth it whose someone is insignificant compared to someone else.

Probably from the ancient ritual traditions and rites of some peoples, in which the little fingers or other fingers were cut off. May go back to the Bible.

Grace:

by the grace of God - about real, inborn talent; about a person who is perfect in any business.

Tracing paper from lat. Dei gratia, bible quote: "According to the grace given to me from God, as a wise builder, I laid a foundation, and another stands on it" (1 Cor. 3, 10). Initially, this formula, emphasizing the divine origin of power, was used in the title of the monarch. The use of this turnover in a figurative sense - “born”, “real”, “true” - has been found in the Russian literary language since the beginning of the 20th century.

World:

Not of this world - about a person who is extremely unadapted to life, about a dreamer, dreamer; about a strange, naive, gullible person.

From the Gospel of John: "My kingdom is not of this world" (John 18:36). From Old Church Slavonic. Sei - "this one". This is the old form of the genus. case units numbers are indicated. places. This - this is used instead of the modern form of this.

Powers that be - obsolete. or iron. About people in a high social position. From the Gospel (Matthew 26:52). From the 108th psalm: "Do not rely on the princes and the mighty of this world."

Peace be with you - without punishment, peacefully (let go, leave, leave, etc.).

From the gospel text - the words with which Christ addressed the harlot.

Peacekeeper:

Blessed are the peacemakers - obsolete. high About people who managed to try on someone.

The words of Jesus (Matthew 5:9). In Church Slavonic blessed.

Milk:

Boil with milk and honey - obsolete. To abound in something.

Goes back to the Bible. God promised the prophet Moses to bring the people of Israel out of Egypt and bring them "into a land boiling with milk and honey."

Polyverb:

In polyverb there is (is) no salvation - obsolete. book. Empty verbiage is useless.

The expression goes back to the Gospel: “But when you pray, do not say too much, like pagans, for they think that in their verbosity (c.-sl. polyverb) they will be heard” (Matt. 6, 7).

Nudity:

cover up nudity - to disguise the squalor of thoughts or arguments.

From the Bible, the First Book of Moses.

Nazareth:

Can anything good come from Nazareth? - a contemptuous remark about people from whom nothing sensible can be expected.

The words of one of the future twelve apostles Nathanael, with which he met the news of the appearance of the Messiah in the person of Jesus of Nazareth (John 1, 45-46).

Sheep:

Separate the sheep from the goats - obsolete. Separate the good from the bad, the necessary, the useful from the unnecessary, the harmful.

An expression from the Gospel (Matthew 25:31-33).

Lost sheep (sheep) - about a person who has gone astray from the right path.

An expression from the gospel parable about a man who had a flock of sheep. When one sheep got lost and disappeared, the owner went in search of him, since every animal from his herd was dear to him. He found the sheep and brought it home on his shoulders (Matt. 18:12; Luke 15:4-6).

Fire:

Pass [through] fire [and] water [and copper pipes] - 1. Experience a lot in life, become experienced. 2. Have a complex, flawed past, become a rogue.3. Be a woman of easy virtue.

The turnover goes back to the biblical motives of trials: “We entered into fire and into water, and you brought us to freedom” (Ps. 65, 12; Is. 43, 2).

Donkey:

Valaam's donkey - 1. Book. A submissive, silent person who unexpectedly protested or expressed his opinion. 2. Bran. Stupid, stubborn woman.

Goes back to the Bible (Num. 22, 27-28). The prophet Balaam was heading on his donkey to the Moabite king to curse the people of Israel. Suddenly, an angel with a drawn sword blocked the way for the donkey, and she began to turn aside. Balaam, who did not see the angel, began to beat the donkey. Then she protested in a human voice.

Base:

Rip to the ground - completely destroy.

From biblical expression raze to the ground(Sir.).

Let off:

Now let go - obsolete. About achieving something long-awaited.

From the gospel story (Luke 2:25-32) about Simeon, one of the inhabitants of Jerusalem, who was foretold that he would not die until he saw Jesus Christ. Simeon spoke the words now letting go when he saw the baby Jesus in the temple.

Spawn:

boorish brat - simple. bran. About a rude, ill-mannered person.

Goes back to the Bible (Gen. 9, 21-27), Canaan, son of Ham, grandson of Noah, was cursed by Noah for being disrespectful to him.

Shroud:

As if a veil had fallen from my eyes from someone - Someone suddenly found out the truth, realized that he was mistaken.

Biblical expression.

Ash:

Sprinkle ashes on your head - bookstore Indulge in extreme grief, sadness on the occasion of any loss, disaster, etc.

The expression goes back to the Bible (Job. 2, 12; Esf. 4, 1), which describes the ancient custom of the Jews to sprinkle ashes or earth on their heads during mourning or about some kind of misfortune.

Finger:

Finger of God - obsolete. book. Something mysterious, mystical, predetermining actions, behavior, fate of someone.

As punishment for Pharaoh's refusal to release the Jews from captivity, God subjected Egypt to severe trials: he turned water into blood, sent frogs, midges, etc. Seeing the midges, the wise men said to Pharaoh: “This is the finger of God” (Ex. 8, 19).

Put your fingers in the sores - obsolete. book. Not trusting another, to be convinced of something by experience.

The Apostle Thomas, when he was told about the resurrection of the crucified Christ, said that he would not believe until he himself put his finger into the wounds from the nails (John 20, 24-29).

Song:

Song of Songs - bookstore The pinnacle of creativity of any author, a wonderful work.

“Song of Songs” is the name of one of the parts of the Bible, written, according to legend, by King Solomon. The lofty poetic merit of this book, which sings of love, has made its title a catchphrase.

Sand :

Build on sand [house, building] - disapproved. In their plans, reasonings rely on insufficiently reliable and verified data.

From the gospel parable. Christ compares those who listen to the words of his teaching, but do not fulfill them, with a reckless person who built "his house on the sand." The first gusts of wind and rain destroyed the house (Matthew 7:26-27).

Feast:

Belshazzar's feast - bookstore Feast, fun on the eve of imminent disaster.

(Dan. 5) During a magnificent feast, a mysterious hand appeared at the Babylonian king Belshazzar, who inscribed on the wall: Mene, tekel, fares. The prophet Daniel explained that the writings foretell the death of the king. On the same night, Belshazzar was killed, and his kingdom was conquered by Darius.

Cry :

Babylonian lament - bookstore About intense sadness, longing.

(Ps. 136), which tells of the anguish of the Jews who were in Babylonian captivity and weepingly remembering their homeland.

Tares:

Separate the tares from the wheat; separate the wheat from the chaff - bookstore Separate the bad from the good, the good from the bad.

The parable tells of a man who sowed wheat; at night an enemy came - a man - and sowed tares (weeds) among the wheat. When the wheat sprouted and the tares appeared, the slaves offered to pull them up. But the owner, so that they would not pull out the wheat along with the weeds, ordered to leave everything until the harvest: first pull out the tares and burn them, and then remove the wheat. According to the symbolism of the parable, the tares are the “sons of the evil one”, and the enemy (man) is the “wakeful devil”.

Captivity :

Egyptian captivity; Egyptian captivity - bookstore About heavy bondage.

From the biblical account of the plight of the Jews in Egyptian captivity (Ex. 1).

captivity :

Babylonian captivity - bookstore About heavy bondage.

It goes back to the Bible (Ps. 136), which tells about the hard life of the Jews in the Babylonian captivity.

Fetus :

The Forbidden fruit is sweet] - about something forbidden, inaccessible, and therefore especially tempting, desirable.

It goes back to the biblical story about the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, the fruits of which God forbade Adam and Eve to pick (Gen. 2, 16-17).

Eat something - bookstore Enjoy the results of what has been done, achieved.

turnover eat the fruit originated directly in Russian. Old Russian form of expression - eat from the fruit.

Flesh:

Enter into flesh and blood whom, whose - to be firmly mastered by someone.

Goes back to the books of the Holy Scriptures.

flesh of flesh whose - about blood or ideological relationship.

When Adam saw Eve, made from his rib, he said, "This is bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh" (Genesis 2:21-23). The flesh is outdated. "the human body".

Pontius:

From Pontius to Pilate [send] - bookstore disapproved To send someone from one to another, without solving matters, without giving an answer.

Captured Jesus was first brought to the Roman procurator Pontius Pilate, who sent him to Herod, the ruler of Galilee, of which Jesus was a native. Jesus refused to answer Herod and was again sent to Pontius Pilate. The people took the names of Pontius and Pilate as the names of two different people, the name of Herod fell out of the presentation.

Sweat :

In the sweat of [one's] brow [work, work, eat one's bread] - with great diligence, tension, making more effort.

Expelling Adam from paradise for the first sin, God told him: “In the sweat of your face you will eat bread” (Genesis 3:19).

The flood :

global flood - about heavy and prolonged rain, flooding, bad weather in general.

Many ancient peoples had legends about a terrible flood that swept the whole world. Greek, Indian, Chinese, Babylonian myths, records on ancient Assyrian clay tablets have been preserved. The Bible tells that, being angry with people, God sent a terrible downpour to the earth, which lasted forty days and nights and destroyed all life (Gen. 7, 11-12). Only the righteous Noah, who became the founder of a new human race, was saved.

Soup :

Sell ​​[s] for lentil stew; give priority to lentil stew - bookstore disapproved To betray someone, to receive an insignificant material reward. (Gen. 25:31-34).

Returning from the hunt, the hungry Esau asked his younger twin brother Jacob lentil stew. Jacob agreed, but demanded that Esau cede his birthright to him in return. Hungry Esau promised him this, and thereby gave Jacob seniority and a large share of the inheritance.

Kiss :

Judas kiss; kiss of Judas - A treacherous act, hypocritically covered up by a manifestation of love, friendship.

In the gospel, Judas is one of the twelve disciples of Jesus who betrayed him. Judas led the guards into the Garden of Gethsemane, where Jesus was, and said that the one he kissed was Jesus. For this betrayal, he received thirty pieces of silver.

Dust :

Shake off the dust from your feet - bookstore To break forever with someone, something, to leave with indignation.

An expression from the Gospel: "... If anyone does not receive you and does not listen to your words, then, leaving that house or city, shake off the dust from your feet" (Mt. 10:14; Mk. 6:11; Lk. 9:5; Acts 13:51).

transformation :

The transformation of Saul into Paul - bookstore About a sharp change in someone's beliefs, views on diametrically opposed ones.

The expression goes back to the biblical story of the apostle Paul. Initially, Paul (then he still bore the name Saul) was a fierce opponent of Christians. He even took part in the murder of one of them, Stefan. But one day, on the way to the city of Damascus, he heard a voice from heaven, reproaching him for the persecution of Christ in the face of his disciples. Shaken, Saul took the name Paul (the word paulus in Latin means “small”, “insignificant”) and turned into a convinced Christian and preacher of Christianity (Acts 9, 1-22).

Limit :

Limit, don't cross it - obsolete. book. A line that cannot be crossed.

The expression goes back to the Church Slavonic text of the Bible (Dan. 6, 7-8).

Parable :

Byword - joke. The subject of general conversation, constant gossip, etc.

An expression from the Bible (Deut. 28, 37). St.-sl. the talk of the town is a form of local (prepositional) plural case. number of nouns. language, meaning "people, tribe". Parable- a short story with a moralizing meaning. Hence, byword- This is a parable known to all peoples.

Advent :

Second coming - the distant future, a time that is not known when it will come, an indefinitely distant time.

The turnover goes back to the gospel predictions about the return of Jesus Christ to earth (“Second Coming”) before the end of the world.

Until the Second Coming [wait] - indefinitely.

Prophet :

No (to carry) a prophet in his own country - People often do not appreciate the merits of their loved ones, compatriots, giving preference to outside authorities.

The expression goes back to the Gospel (Matthew 13:57; Mark 6:4; Luke 4:24; John 4:44). When Jesus, having become famous for his preaching and miracles, returned to his homeland, he was met with incredulity. “There is no prophet without honor, except in his own country,” said the saddened Jesus then.

Way :

God works in mysterious ways - bookstore It is impossible to predict all the twists and turns of fate, to predetermine the future. (Rom. 11:36).

Pervert from the true path - force to deviate from the right thoughts, beliefs, push to something bad. From Old Church Slavonic.

River :

Rivers , flowing with milk and honey - obsolete. About a rich country; about abundance.

The land flowing with milk and honey, or the promised land, the land of Canaan, promised by God to the prophet Moses for the Israelites.

Belt :

Not worthy to untie the strap of his boots - bookstore About someone who is immeasurably worse than anyone.

Turnover of biblical origin (Matthew 1, 7; Luke 3, 16; John 1, 27). This is what John the Baptist said about Jesus Christ.

Decision :

Solomon's solution - bookstore A wise, albeit at first glance paradoxical, solution to a complex issue.

Goes back to the biblical story about the court of King Solomon (Lev. 3, 16-28).

Hand :

Wash/wash your hands - disapproved. Remove from something, remove responsibility for something.

In some ancient peoples, judges and accusers, as a sign of their impartiality, performed a symbolic ceremony: they washed their hands. Special meaning this rite was given when the judge did not agree with the verdict. Washing his hands, he seemed to relieve himself of responsibility for decision. The ritual of washing hands is described in the Bible (Deut. 21:6-7). The expression to wash your hands became widespread thanks to the gospel story, according to which Pilate, forced to agree to the execution of Jesus, washed his hands in front of the crowd and said: “I am innocent of the blood of this righteous man” (Matt. 27, 24).

Samaritan :

Virtuous (Good) Samaritan - bookstore About a person who is always ready to help his neighbor.

The image is borrowed from the parable of Jesus (Luke 10:33-25). Also cited as Good Samaritan, Good Samaritan.

Samson :

Samson and Delilah - bookstore The personification of male power and female charms.

The turnover is associated with biblical heroes. Samson was distinguished by superhuman strength: with his bare hands he tore a lion to pieces; killed a thousand people with a donkey's jaw, etc. At the same time, he was, however, very voluptuous and became a victim of the Philistine Delilah. She found out the secret of his strength, which was in his hair, and cut his sleepy hair. Thus exhausted, Samson was taken by the Philistines, blinded, and made a joke. Hence the allegorical use of the expression in literature: a weak woman makes a hero her toy.

Saint :

holy of holies - about something hidden secret, cherished, inaccessible to the uninitiated.

The expression comes from the Bible, where holy of holies means the part of the Jerusalem temple where the tablets of the covenant- tables of laws, handed down by God himself to the high priest Moses on the heights of Mount Sinai. Only the high priest could enter this part of the temple, and only once a year (Ex. 26:33-34).

rattle :

Grinding of teeth - bookstore Rage, malice.

The expression arose from the gospel description hellish torment: "... there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth" (Mt. 8, 12).

Tablets :

History tablets - high. History pages; story.

A variant of the expression of the Tablet of the Covenant, borrowed from the Bible (Ex. 32, 15-16). By biblical story, God gave Moses on Mount Sinai stone tablets (tablets) inscribed on them with the ten commandments. Hence the turn of the table of history.

Mixing (mixing):

[Babylonian] confusion of languages - about confusion, confusion, stupidity.

According to the biblical story, the inhabitants of Babylon decided to build a tower "to the sky" in order to immortalize themselves. God, being angry at such audacity of people, frustrated their proud plans, confusing their languages, i.e. forcing people to speak in many languages ​​instead of one common language, which is why people no longer understand each other.

Fig tree :

barren fig tree - 1. About a childless woman. 2. About someone whose activity is fruitless.

The expression arose from the gospel story (Matt. 21:19) that Jesus, seeing a fig tree on the way, went up to it, but, finding no fruit, said: “Let there be no fruit from you forever.” And immediately the fig tree dried up.

Under your fig tree - bookstore About the house, a place where you can relax.

The fig tree, which Judea abounded in ancient times, is often mentioned in the Bible (Lev. 4:25; Jn. 1:48; etc.). The shade of the fig tree was highly valued in the East. The expression that arose from here means “resting place”.

Sodom:

Sodom and Gomorrah - bookstore About licentiousness, as well as extreme disorder, noise, turmoil.

The expression arose from the biblical text about Sodom and Gomorrah in Ancient Palestine, which were destroyed by fiery rain and an earthquake for the sins of their inhabitants (Gen. 19, 24-25).

Srebrenik:

thirty pieces of silver - bookstore The price of betrayal.

The expression is based on the gospel story (Matt. 26:25) about the thirty pieces of silver received by Judas for betraying Jesus.

Glass:

Like glass - innocent, pure.

The turnover goes back to the biblical text: "Like clean glass."

Wall:

Jericho walls - bookstore A stronghold falling rapidly.

The expression comes from the Bible. The Jews, on their way out of Egyptian captivity, had to take the city of Jericho on their way to Palestine. But its walls were so strong that it was impossible to destroy them. However, from the sound of the sacred trumpets, the walls of Jericho fell of their own accord, and thanks to this miracle, the city was taken by the Jews (Josh. 6).

Pillar (pillar):

Turn into a pillar of salt (pillar ) - bookstore Petrify with horror or surprise.

The Book of Genesis (19) tells that when the righteous Lot left with his family from the city of Sodom, condemned by God for sins to be destroyed along with Gomorrah, the angel ordered Lot and his family not to look back until they reached the place indicated by him. However, Lotov's wife could not resist, looked around and immediately turned into a pillar of salt.

pillar of fire - bookish, rare. A wonderful sign of omen.

According to the biblical story (Ex. 13, 21-22), the pillar of fire is a miraculous sign that appeared to the Jews during their journey in the desert after fleeing from Egypt.

Pandemonium:

Babel - joke. A chaotic crowd of people, turmoil, confusion.

The expression arose from the biblical story about an attempt to build a tower in Babylon, which was supposed to reach the sky. When the builders began their work, the angry God "confounded their language", they ceased to understand each other and could not continue building (Gen. 11, 1-9). C.-sl. pandemonium- "the structure of the pillar, tower."

Stomach:

Stomach for the sake of - joke. For the stomach.

(1 Tim. 5, 23) “No longer drink only water, but use a little wine for the sake of your stomach (Greek - stomacha) and your frequent ailments.”

The country:

Promised Land - bookstore A place where someone passionately desires to go, as it seems to him the embodiment of abundance, contentment, happiness, etc.

Passion:

Passion of the Lord - bookstore Fear, horror.

"Passion (suffering) of the Lord" - a solemn church service on Thursday during the Holy Week of Great Lent. During this service, passages from the Gospel are read that describe the sufferings of Jesus Christ.

Fear:

Fear for the Jews - bookstore Out of fear of the authorities or any force.

The turnover goes back to the Gospel, to the story of Joseph of Arimathea, who, out of fear of the Jews (according to C.-SL. fear for the Jews) hid that he was a disciple of Jesus (John 19:38).

With fear and trembling - bookstore Feeling fear, fear.

An expression found in several places in the Bible (Ps. 2:11; 2 Cor. 7:15; Phil. 2:12).

Court:

Judgment of Solomon; Solomon's judgment - bookstore Judgment is wise and swift.

The turnover goes back to the Bible. (1 Kings 3:16-28).

Judge:

Judge not lest ye be judged - is used in relation to people who gossip about someone.

Quote from the Gospel (Matthew 7, 1-2): “Judge not, lest you be judged. For with what judgment you judge, you will be judged; and with what measure you use, it will be measured to you.”

Bustle:

Vanity of vanities and all kinds of vanity - bookstore About petty worries, about something insignificant, useless, having no true value.

The expression is borrowed from the Bible; according to c.-sl. - vanity of vanities (Eccl. 1, 2).

Hesitating:

Doubting nothing (doubting) - joke. or iron. No doubt, no hesitation.

An expression from the Epistle of the Apostle James (1, 61). Nothing - "not at all"; hesitating - "doubted."

Son:

Prodigal son - 1. About the one who left his home and then returned. 2. About the one who repented of something after the failures that befell him.

The expression arose from the gospel parable of the prodigal son (Lk. 15, 11-32), who squandered the share of the inheritance received from his father, returned to his father in repentance and received forgiveness.

Secret:

This mystery is great - bookstore About something secret, hidden.

Quote from Ephesians 5:32, which is read during Orthodox rite marriages.

Secret:

The secret has been revealed - about exposing hidden unseemly cases, facts.

“There is nothing hidden that will not be made manifest” (Mark 4:22; Luke 8:17).

Talent:

Bury (bury, bury) talent in the ground - destroy your abilities without using them.

The expression arose from the gospel parable about how a certain person, leaving, instructed the slaves to guard his estate; to one servant he gave five talents, to another two, and to a third one. (Talent is an ancient monetary unit). (Matthew 25:15-30).

Tat:

Like a thief in the night - bookstore Unexpectedly, suddenly.

The expression goes back to the Church Slavonic text of 1 Epistle of the Apostle Paul to the Thessalonians (5, 2). Tat- obsolete. "thief". Wed sacrilege- initial "theft of church property."

Taurus:

Golden (golden) calf - bookstore The personification of money, wealth; the power of money, gold.

From the biblical story of a calf made of gold, which the Jews, wandering in the wilderness, worshiped as God (Ex. 32).

worship the golden calf - bookstore Strive to accumulate gold, wealth.

The Jews during their wanderings in the Arabian desert worshiped a calf cast of gold (Ex. 32, 4, 8, 19, 20).

Dark:

Egyptian darkness - bookstore 1. Hopeless, frightening darkness. 2. Spiritual darkness, ignorance.

An expression of biblical origin (Ex. 10, 22). Egyptian darkness (thick darkness that lasted three days) is one of the ten plagues that God struck the Egyptians to force Pharaoh to let the Jews out of Egypt.

Darkness pitch - bookstore 1. Complete, hopeless, dense darkness. 2. Spiritual darkness, ignorance.

Thomas:

Thomas unfaithful (unbeliever) - bookstore About a person who is difficult to make believe anything.

The turnover came from the Gospel. One of the apostles, Thomas, when he was told about the Resurrection of the crucified Christ, declared: “... if I do not see on His hands the wounds from the nails, and I will not put my finger in the wounds from the nails, and I will not put my hands in His side, I will not I will believe” (John 20:24-29). Infidel - unbeliever.

Bread:

Bread [our] daily - a means necessary for existence; most important, vital.

An expression from a prayer given in the Gospel (Matt. 6:11): “Give us our daily bread today,” i.e. “Give us the bread we need for existence today.”

Man does not live by bread alone (not by bread alone) - bookstore A person should take care of satisfying not only material, but also spiritual needs.

Turnover Old Church Slavonic. It goes back to the Bible: “Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceeds from the mouth of God” (Deut. 8:3; Matt. 4:4; Luke 4:4).

Abyss:

The abysses of heaven opened up - joke. About the pouring rain.

The expression goes back to the biblical story about the global flood (Gen. 7, 11-12): “All the fountains of the abyss were opened, and the abysses of heaven were opened. And it rained on the earth forty days and forty nights. “All the fountains of the great deep were broken up, and the windows of heaven were opened, and rain fell on the earth for forty days and forty nights.”

Part:

choose the good part - bookish, often ironic. Make the most beneficial decision for yourself; to do the best, in comparison with others, business.

The expression is associated with the gospel story about two sisters, Martha and Mary (Lk. 10, 38-42). While Martha was busy with household chores, Mary, "choosing the good part," listened to the teachings of Jesus. The “good part” in the Gospel is understood as concern for the salvation of the soul.

Bowl:

May this cup pass me by - bookstore Let this grief, misfortune not touch me.

An expression from the Gospel - the words of Jesus, uttered by him during the Gethsemane prayer in anticipation of the arrest and impending suffering (Matt. 26:39; Luke 22:42; Mark 14:36).

Drink (drink) the cup to the bottom; drink a bitter cup - bookstore Endure all adversity ordeal to end.

1. The turn originates from the Bible: “Rise, rise, rise, Jerusalem, you who drank the cup of His wrath to the bottom from the hand of the Lord, drank the cup of intoxication to the bottom, drained it” (Is. 51, 17). 2. The expression is actually Russian. It arose on the basis of the phraseological unit: "Let this cup pass from me."

loins :

gird the loins - obsolete. Prepare for battle.

Biblical phrase meaning "prepare for battle, take up arms." It is usually used in a figurative sense. Found many times in the Old Testament.

Language:

Tongue stuck to throat - someone became dumb, fell silent, lost the ability to speak (from fear, confusion, surprise, surprise, etc.).

The expression arose from the c.-sl. Bible text (Ps. 21, 16): "My tongue is stuck to my throat."

PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS OF BIBLICAL ORIGIN

IN THE MODERN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE.

The phraseologisms of biblical origin that interest us are conventionally divided by scholars into three groups.

1) Phraseologisms, borrowed from Old Church Slavonic (Church Slavonic) version of the New Testament: hungry and thirsty (truth), flesh and blood, those in power, at the forefront, the voice of one crying in the wilderness, a stumbling block, daily bread. The text of the Bible in Church Slavonic appeared since the introduction of Christianity in Russia and is still used in Orthodox worship.

2) Phraseologisms from Russian bible text: throw a stone; he who takes the sword with the sword will perish; caesarean to caesar; With what measure you measure, it will be measured to you again; whoever is not with me is against me; don't judge, don't you will be judged; salt of the earth. As we remember, the books of Holy Scripture were translated into Russian in the 19th century under Metropolitan Filaret (Drozdov). Some of the phraseological turns of this group replaced the previously known Church Slavonic ones.

3) Phraseological turns that arose in the Russian language on the basis of New Testament images and situations by rethinking them: prodigal son; beam in the eye; to participate; Wolf in sheep's clothing; massacre of the innocents; carry (one's) cross; there is no prophet in his own country; build on sand Judas kiss; the secret becomes clear; bury (one's) talent (in the ground).

For example, the expression bury talent in the ground passed into our speech from a biblical parable about a certain slave who, having received a talent from his master (the ancient Jews called it the largest monetary unit), did not use it, but buried it in the ground. When the master asked the slave what he had used his talent for, the slave replied: “Master! I knew you that you are a cruel man: you reap where you did not sow and gather where you did not scatter, and being afraid, you went and hid your talent in the ground; here's yours!"

In modern language, the word "talent" has acquired a new meaning: "talent, ability", and the expression "bury talent in the ground" now means "leave abilities unused, do not develop, do not apply them."

There are phraseological units used in the New Testament literally and rethought later by readers of the Bible. So, for example, in Church Slavonic pitch darkness meant hell, the underworld. Now this expression is used in the meaning of "complete, hopeless darkness, ignorance, painful life."

Among the phraseological turns that go back to biblical texts, there are those that are used in modern Russian in a different meaning than the one that was in the original. These phraseological units include: the topic of the day, the root of evil, the Babylonian pandemonium, the talk of the town and etc.

There is a group of phraseological units used already in the Bible allegorically, as phraseological expressions.

For example, from the Sermon on the Mount, the expression do not throw pearls before swine and phraseological turn throw pearls(before someone), ascending to the words of Christ: “Do not give shrines to dogs and do not throw your pearls (c.-sl. beads) in front of swine, so that they do not trample it under their feet and, turning, do not tear you to pieces”, which mean "do not waste words with people who cannot understand them, who are unwilling to appreciate their meaning."

It should be noted that phraseology is one of the most "conservative", slowly changing subsystems of the language. In phraseology, obsolete words, archaic forms and constructions are preserved much longer than, for example, in vocabulary.

Very serious changes took place in the language in the 20th century. Before the revolution, the Law of God was a compulsory subject; Holy Scripture was read and studied by everyone. The state after 1917 became atheistic, the persecution of the Orthodox Church began. The Bible was no longer published, spiritual books were banned. The new generations of Russian people, not knowing the biblical texts, did not use in their speech many turns and expressions known earlier. Some of the biblical phraseological units are outdated, out of use: to do the will of the one who sent, original sin, kamo are coming, Egyptian executions, seeking hail, happy as Enoch, verbosity, etc.

CONCLUSION

Results of my work:

1) theoretically studied the topic "phraseologisms as a linguistic phenomenon and their sources";

2) compiled a dictionary of biblical phraseological units, consisting of 182 phraseological units;

3) analyzed biblical phraseological units from the point of view of their use in speech, grouped them according to their meaning, analyzed their figurative meaning.

At first, phraseological units came from the Old Slavonic (Church Slavonic) text of the Bible, and then from Russian. The Bible was translated into Russian in the 19th century. In the 20th century, many of the Church Slavonic phraseological units became obsolete and fell into disuse.

In general, we can conclude that the Russian language actively borrows biblical phraseological units from the Holy Scriptures, more often rethinking them.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1) Vartanyan E.A. Journey into the word. - M .: "Enlightenment", 1982 (pp. 147-194).

2) Gvozdorev Yu.A. Language is the confession of the people...-M.: "Enlightenment", 1993 (pp. 86-123).

3) Kolesov V. History of the Russian language in stories. - M., 1994 (pp. 60-67).

4) Lustrova Z.N., Skvortsov L.I., Deryagin V.Ya. Conversations about the Russian word. - M., 1978 (pp. 55-76).