How and why develop logical thinking. How to develop logical thinking for an adult

Every day we are faced with many tasks, the solution of which requires our ability to think logically. Logic as the ability to think and reason consistently and consistently is required in many life situations, from solving complex technical and business problems to persuading interlocutors and making purchases in a store.

But despite the high need for this skill, we often make logical errors without knowing it ourselves. Indeed, among many people there is an opinion that it is possible to think correctly on the basis of life experience and so-called common sense, without using the laws and special techniques of "formal logic". To perform simple logical operations, to make elementary judgments and simple conclusions, common sense can also come up, and if you need to know or explain something more complex, then common sense often leads us to delusions.

The reasons for these misconceptions lie in the principles of development and formation of the foundations of people's logical thinking, which are laid down in childhood. Teaching logical thinking is not carried out purposefully, but is identified with mathematics lessons (for children at school or for students at the university), as well as with solving and passing various games, tests, tasks and puzzles. But such actions contribute to the development of only a small fraction of the processes of logical thinking. In addition, they quite primitively explain to us the principles of finding solutions to tasks. As for the development of verbal-logical thinking (or verbal-logical thinking), the ability to correctly perform mental operations, consistently come to conclusions, for some reason we are not taught this. That is why the level of development of logical thinking of people is not high enough.

We believe that logical thinking a person and his ability to know should develop systematically and on the basis of a special terminological apparatus and logical tools. In the classroom of this online training, you will learn about self-education methods for the development of logical thinking, get acquainted with the main categories, principles, features and laws of logic, and also find examples and exercises for applying the acquired knowledge and skills.

What is logical thinking?

To explain what "logical thinking" is, we divide this concept into two parts: thinking and logic. Now let's define each of these components.

Human thinking- this is a mental process of processing information and establishing links between objects, their properties or phenomena of the surrounding world. Thinking allows a person to find connections between the phenomena of reality, but in order for the connections found to really reflect the true state of affairs, thinking must be objective, correct, or, in other words, logical, that is, subject to the laws of logic.

Logics translated from Greek, it has several meanings: “the science of right thinking”, “the art of reasoning”, “speech”, “reasoning” and even “thought”. In our case, we will proceed from the most popular definition of logic as a normative science about the forms, methods and laws of human intellectual mental activity. Logic studies ways to achieve truth in the process of cognition in an indirect way, not from sensory experience, but from knowledge gained earlier, therefore it can also be defined as the science of ways to obtain inferential knowledge. One of the main tasks of logic is to determine how to come to a conclusion from the existing premises and obtain true knowledge about the subject of thought in order to better understand the nuances of the subject of thought under study and its relationships with other aspects of the phenomenon under consideration.

We can now define logical thinking itself.

This is a thought process in which a person uses logical concepts and constructions, which is characterized by evidence, prudence, and the purpose of which is to obtain a reasonable conclusion from the existing premises.

There are also several types of logical thinking, we list them, starting with the simplest:

Figurative-logical thinking

Figurative-logical thinking (visual-figurative thinking) - various thought processes of the so-called "figurative" problem solving, which involves a visual representation of the situation and operating with images of its constituent objects. Visual-figurative thinking, in fact, is a synonym for the word "imagination", which allows us to most vividly and clearly recreate the whole variety of various actual characteristics of an object or phenomenon. This type human mental activity is formed in childhood starting at about 1.5 years old.

To understand how developed this type of thinking is in you, we suggest you take the Raven Progressive Matrices IQ Test.

The Raven test is a scale of progressive matrices for assessing the intelligence quotient and the level of mental abilities, as well as the logical thinking, developed in 1936 by John Raven in collaboration with Roger Penrose. This test can give the most objective assessment of the IQ of the tested people, regardless of their level of education, social class, occupation, language and cultural characteristics. That is, it can be argued with a high probability that the data obtained as a result of this test in two people from different points world will evaluate their IQ equally. The objectivity of the assessment is ensured by the fact that the basis of this test is exclusively images of figures, and since Raven's matrices are among the non-verbal intelligence tests, his tasks do not contain text.

The test consists of 60 tables. You will be offered drawings with figures related to each other by a certain dependence. One figure is missing, it is given at the bottom of the picture among 6-8 other figures. Your task is to establish a pattern that connects the figures in the figure and indicate the number correct figure by choosing from the options provided. Each series of tables contains tasks of increasing difficulty; at the same time, the complication of the type of tasks is also observed from series to series.

Abstract logical thinking

Abstract logical thinking- this is the completion of the thought process with the help of categories that do not exist in nature (abstractions). Abstract thinking helps a person to model relationships not only between real objects, but also between abstract and figurative representations that thinking itself has created. Abstract-logical thinking has several forms: concept, judgment and conclusion, which you can learn more about in the lessons of our training.

Verbal-logical thinking

Verbal-logical thinking (verbal-logical thinking) is one of the types of logical thinking, characterized by the use language tools and speech structures. This kind of thinking involves not only skillful use thought processes but also good command of one's speech. We need verbal-logical thinking for public speaking, writing texts, arguing and in other situations where we have to express our thoughts with the help of language.

Application of logic

Thinking using the tools of logic is necessary in almost any field human activity, including in the exact and humanitarian sciences, in economics and business, rhetoric and public speaking, in the creative process and invention. In some cases, strict and formalized logic is used, for example, in mathematics, philosophy, and technology. In other cases, logic only provides a person with useful techniques for obtaining a reasonable conclusion, for example, in economics, history, or simply in ordinary “life” situations.

As already mentioned, often we try to think logically on an intuitive level. Some do it well, some worse. But when connecting the logical apparatus, it is still better to know what kind of mental techniques we use, since in this case we can:

• More precisely, choose the right method that will allow you to come to the right conclusion;
• Think faster and better - as a consequence of the previous paragraph;
• It is better to express your thoughts;
• Avoid self-deception and logical fallacies,
• Identify and eliminate errors in the conclusions of other people, cope with sophistry and demagoguery;
• Use the right arguments to convince the interlocutors.

Often the use of logical thinking is associated with the rapid solution of tasks for logic and passing tests to determine the level intellectual development(I.Q.). But this trend is related to more with bringing mental operations to automatism, which is a very small part of how logic can be useful to a person.

The ability to think logically combines many skills in the use of various mental actions and includes:

1. Knowledge theoretical foundations logic.
2. The ability to correctly perform such mental operations as: classification, concretization, generalization, comparison, analogy and others.
3. Confident use of key forms of thinking: concept, judgment, conclusion.
4. The ability to argue your thoughts in accordance with the laws of logic.
5. Ability to quickly and effectively solve complex logical problems (both educational and applied).

Of course, such operations of thinking with the use of logic as definition, classification and categorization, proof, refutation, conclusion, conclusion and many others are used by every person in his mental activity. But we use them unconsciously and often with errors without a clear idea of ​​the depth and complexity of those mental actions that make up even the most elementary act of thinking. And if you want your logical thinking to be really correct and strict, this needs to be specially and purposefully studied.

How to learn it?

Logical thinking is not given to us from birth, it can only be learned. There are two main aspects of teaching logic: theoretical and practical.

theoretical logic , which is taught at universities, introduces students to the main categories, laws and rules of logic.

Practical training aimed at applying the acquired knowledge in life. However, in reality modern learning practical logic is usually associated with passing various tests and solving problems to check the level of development of intelligence (IQ) and for some reason does not affect the application of logic in real life situations.

To actually master logic, one should combine theoretical and applied aspects. Lessons and exercises should be aimed at the formation of an intuitive logical toolkit brought to automatism and consolidation of the acquired knowledge in order to apply them in real situations.

According to this principle, the online training that you are now reading was compiled. The purpose of this course is to teach you how to think logically and apply the methods of logical thinking. Classes are aimed at familiarizing with the basics of logical thinking (thesaurus, theories, methods, models), mental operations and forms of thinking, rules of argumentation and laws of logic. In addition, each lesson contains tasks and exercises for practicing the use of acquired knowledge in practice.

Logic lessons

Having collected a wide range of theoretical materials, as well as having studied and adapted the experience of teaching applied forms of logical thinking, we have prepared a number of lessons for the full mastery of this skill.

We will devote the first lesson of our course to a complex, but very important topic- logical analysis of the language. It is worth mentioning right away that this topic may seem to many to be abstract, loaded with terminology, inapplicable in practice. Don't be scared! The logical analysis of language is the basis of any logical system and correct reasoning. Those terms that we learn here will become our logical alphabet, without knowing which it is simply impossible to go further, but gradually we will learn to use it with ease.

A logical concept is a form of thinking that reflects objects and phenomena in their essential features. Concepts are different types: concrete and abstract, singular and general, collective and non-collective, irrelative and correlative, positive and negative, and others. Within the framework of logical thinking, it is important to be able to distinguish these types of concepts, as well as produce new concepts and definitions, find relationships between concepts and perform special actions on them: generalization, limitation and division. You will learn all this in this lesson.

In the first two lessons, we talked about the fact that the task of logic is to help us move from an intuitive use of language, accompanied by errors and disagreements, to a more orderly use of it, devoid of ambiguity. The ability to handle concepts correctly is one of the necessary skills for this. Other no less important skill- the ability to give correct definitions. In this tutorial, we'll show you how to learn it and how to avoid the most common mistakes.

A logical judgment is a form of thinking in which something is affirmed or denied about the surrounding world, objects, phenomena, as well as relationships and connections between them. Judgments in logic consist of a subject (of which in question in a judgment), the predicate (what is said about the subject), the connective (what connects the subject and the predicate), and the quantifier (the scope of the subject). Judgments can be of various types: simple and complex, categorical, general, particular, singular. The forms of connections between the subject and the predicate also differ: equivalence, intersection, subordination and compatibility. In addition, within the framework of compound (complex) judgments, there may be their own links that define six more types of complex judgments. The ability to think logically presupposes the ability to build correctly different kinds judgments, to understand their structural elements, signs, relationships between judgments, and also to check whether the judgment is true or false.

Before proceeding to the last third form of thinking (inference), it is important to understand what logical laws exist, or, in other words, objectively existing rules construction of logical thinking. Their purpose, on the one hand, is to help build conclusions and argumentation, and on the other hand, to prevent errors and violations of logic associated with reasoning. In this lesson, the following laws of formal logic will be considered: the law of identity, the law of the excluded middle, the law of contradiction, the law of sufficient reason, as well as de Morgan's laws, the laws of deductive reasoning, Clavius's law and the laws of division. After studying the examples and doing special exercises, you will learn how to purposefully use each of these laws.

Inference is the third form of thinking in which one, two or more judgments, called premises, follow a new judgment, called conclusion or conclusion. Inferences are divided into three types: deductive, inductive and inferences by analogy. In deductive reasoning (deduction), a conclusion is drawn from a general rule for a particular case. Induction is an inference in which, from several special cases, general rule. In inference by analogy, on the basis of the similarity of objects in some features, a conclusion is made about their similarity in other features. In this lesson, you will get acquainted with all types and subtypes of inferences, learn how to build a variety of cause-and-effect relationships.

This lesson will focus on multi-premise inferences. Just as in the case of one-parcel inferences, all the necessary information in a hidden form will already be present in the premises. However, since there will be a lot of parcels now, the methods for extracting it become more complex, and therefore the information obtained in the conclusion will not seem trivial. In addition, it should be noted that there are many different kinds of multi-premise inferences. We will focus only on syllogisms. They differ in that both in the premises and in the conclusion they have categorical attributive statements and, based on the presence or absence of some properties of objects, allow us to conclude that they have or do not have other properties.

In the previous lessons, we talked about the different logical operations that make up important part any reasoning. Among them were operations on concepts, definitions, judgments and inferences. So, at the moment it should be clear what components the reasoning consists of. However, nowhere have we touched on the questions of how reasoning can be organized in general and what types of reasoning are in principle. This will be the theme last lesson. To begin with, reasoning is divided into deductive and plausible. All types of inferences discussed in previous lessons: inferences on a logical square, inversions, syllogisms, enthymemes, sorites - are precisely deductive reasoning. Them hallmark consists in the fact that the premises and conclusions in them are connected by a relation of strict logical consequence, while in the case of plausible reasoning there is no such connection. First, let's talk more about deductive reasoning.

How to take classes?

The lessons themselves with all the exercises can be completed in 1-3 weeks, having learned the theoretical material and practiced a little. But for the development of logical thinking, it is important to study systematically, read a lot and constantly train.

For maximum effect, we recommend that you first simply read the entire material, spending 1-2 evenings on it. Then go through 1 lesson daily, doing the necessary exercises and following the suggested recommendations. After you have mastered all the lessons, engage in effective repetition in order to remember the material for a long time. Further, try to apply the methods of logical thinking more often in life, when writing articles, letters, when communicating, in disputes, in business, and even at your leisure. Reinforce your knowledge by reading books and textbooks, as well as with the help of additional material, which will be discussed below.

Additional material

In addition to the lessons in this section, we tried to pick up a lot of useful material on the topic under consideration:

• Logic tasks;
• Tests for logical thinking;
• Logic games;
• Most smart people Russia and the world;
• Video tutorials and master classes.

As well as books and textbooks, articles, quotes, auxiliary trainings.

Books and textbooks on logic

On this page we have selected useful books and textbooks that will help you deepen your knowledge in logic and logical thinking:

• "Applied Logic". Nikolai Nikolaevich Nepeyvoda;
• "Textbook of logic". Georgy Ivanovich Chelpanov;
• "Logic: lecture notes". Dmitry Shadrin;
• "Logics. Training course" (training and metodology complex). Dmitry Alekseevich Gusev;
• "Logic for lawyers" (collection of problems). HELL. Getmanova;

"Cross out the excess"

For the lesson, you will need cards with rows of 4-5 words or numbers.

The child, after reading the row, must determine which common feature combines most of the words or numbers of a series, and find one extra. Then he must explain his choice.

Option 1

Words are combined in meaning.

Pan Pan,ball , plate.

Pen,doll , notebook, ruler.

Shirt,shoes , sweater dress.

Chair, sofa, stool,closet.

Cheerful,brave , joyful, happy.

Red Green,dark , blue, orange.

Bus, wheel, trolleybus, tram, bike.

Option 2

Words are not united by meaning, but by formal features (for example, they begin with one letter, with a vowel, there is the same prefix, the same number of syllables, one part of speech, etc.). When compiling such a series, you need to make sure that only one sign matches. The exercise requires high level attention development.

phone, fog,port , tourist. (Three words begin with the letter "T".)

April, performance, teacher,snow , rain. (Four words end in "b".)

Wall, paste,notebook , legs, arrows. (In four words, the stress falls on the first syllable.)

drawing, power, wind, life, minute. (In four words, the second letter is "I".)

Option 3

16, 25, 73, 34 (73 is extra, for the rest the sum of the digits is 7)

5, 8, 10, 15 (8 is extra, the rest are divisible by 5)

64, 75, 86, 72 (72 is extra, the rest of the numbers have a difference of 2)

87, 65, 53, 32 (53 is too much, the rest have the first digit more than the second by 1)

3, 7, 11, 14 (14 is extra, the rest are odd)

"Invisible Words"

For the lesson, you will need to type words in which the letters are mixed.

For example, there was the word "book", it became - "nkagi". This evil sorceress got angry and made all the words invisible. It is necessary to return each word to its former, correct form. Completing a task requires a high concentration of attention. During the exercise, the ability to analyze the material is trained.

Option 1

restore correct order letters in words.

Dubrzha, kluka, balnok, leon, gona, sug.

Selnots, imza, chenite, tarm, myase.

Pmisyo, kroilk, bubaksha, stovefor, bomeget.

Kovora, kirutsa, shakok, sakob.

Option 2

To make it more interesting for the child to complete the task, you can group the words into columns so that after decoding the first letters of correctly spelled words will also form a word.

Write the invisible words correctly and read the new tree, consisting of the first letters of the deciphered words.

PTLAOK -

CHREKA -

GIRA-

VDUZOH -

ADE-

BRUAT -

Answer: hello.

VAUD -

URVAK -

CHICO -

CSSLA -

Answer: lesson.

KSOTMU -

LEWY -

OFF -

OKNEA -

Answer: cinema.

POSEK -

SHOW -

KODCHA -

AVSUTG-

CHER -

OBADI -

KHUKYAN -

Answer: a gift.

Option 3

Restore the correct order of the letters in the words and find among them one superfluous in meaning.

1. Here are invisible animals, but one word is superfluous (perch).

Yazats, devmed, black, nokyu, dexterous.

2. Here are invisible flowers, but one word is superfluous (birch).

Pyualtn, Zora, Bzerea, Snarsits, Lydnash.

3. Here the trees are invisible, but one word is superfluous (acorn).

Oinsa, bdu, zhuldier, nelk.

Option 4

Find another in one word by rearranging the letters.

1. Find the invisible animals by swapping the letters in the words.

Strength, salt, jar, peony.

2. Find the invisible game in the word.

Cone.

3. Find an invisible tree in the word.

Pump.

4. Find an item of invisible clothing in the word.

Bast shoes.

5. Find the invisible flower in the word.

Midge.

Option 5

There are many invisible words hidden in one word. For example, in the very word "word" several words are hidden: hair, solo, ox and fishing. Try to find as many invisible words as possible in the words:

pillow

keyboard

rocket

score

present

parents

"Another Letter"

In this exercise, riddles and tasks are given, according to the conditions of which, by replacing one letter in a word, you can get a new word. The number of letters in words cannot be changed. For example: oak - tooth, dream - catfish, steam - feast.

Option 1

Guess riddles.

They can put us at school

If we don't know anything.

Well, if with the letter "T",

He meows at you.(count - cat)

Anyone will pass through it.

With the letter "P" - it pours from the forehead.(half sweat)

If "K" - the hostess is crying.

If "G" - the horse is galloping.(bow - meadow)

With "R" - she is an actor,

With "C" - everyone needs it in the kitchen.(role - salt)

With the letter "D" - the entrance to the apartment,

With the letter "3" - lives in the forest.(door is a beast)

With "D" - mom dresses up in a dress,

With "N" - at this time they fall asleep.(daughter - night)

With "L" - the goalkeeper did not help out,

With "D" - we change the calendar. (goal - year)

With the letter "K" - she is in a swamp,

With "P" - you will find it on a tree.(bump - kidney)

With "T" - he is on fire with food,

With "3" - with horns, with a beard.(boiler - goat)

With "R" - and hide and seek, and football.

With "L" - she is given an injection. (game - needle)

Option 2

Words with one missing letter are given. Form as many words as possible, substituting one letter for the gap, as in the sample.

Sample: ...ol - role, salt, mole, pain, zero.

Ro... -

Glasses -

Ba... -

Ar -

Ara -

Aika -

Yen -

Ohm -

Option 3

Get from one word to another through a chain of words by replacing one letter at each stage. For example, how to get the word "goal" from the word "smoke"? It is necessary to make several transformations: smoke - house - com - count - goal. Only nouns can be used in the chain, only one letter changes each time. Performing this exercise, the child learns to analyze and predict the result. It is desirable to reach the goal in the least number of moves, that is, the one with the shortest chain wins.

Get from the word "moment" the word "steam", from the word "cheese" the word "mouth", from the word "house" the word "ball", from the word "moment" the word "hour".

"Houses"

Performing mathematical tasks forms logical thinking. We offer the game "Houses", the content of which can become more complicated depending on the level of knowledge of the child.

Option 1

Put one of the signs of mathematical operations in the free window of the house so as to get a number on the roof.

Option 2

Put one of the signs of mathematical operations in the free windows of the house to get the number on the roof as a result. There are several possible solutions for these tasks.

"Puzzles"

We suggest you teach children to solve puzzles. This lesson perfectly develops logical thinking, methods of analysis and synthesis. To learn how to solve puzzles, you need to familiarize yourself with the special rules for compiling them.

Basic rules for solving puzzles

1. A noun is guessed in the nominative case.

2. Parts of a word are sometimes depicted with drawings or symbols. They may be read in different ways. For example: 1 - unit, count, one. All options need to be checked.

3. Commas before a picture or symbol indicate the number of letters to be discarded from the beginning of the word indicated by the picture or symbol. For example: ,☆ - reads like "riding".

4. Commas after a picture or symbol indicate the number of letters to be discarded from the end of the word indicated by the picture or symbol.

5. If equality is indicated above the figure, for example A \u003d And, then the letter A must be replaced with And.

6. If the equality 2 = And is indicated, then the second letter in the word must be replaced with And.

7. Letters or drawings may be depicted inside other letters, above them, below them, behind them and on them. This is how the parts of the words “in”, “above”, “under”, “for”, “on” are denoted.

8. The numbers above the figures mean a change in the order of the letters in the word.

Use the rules to solve puzzles.

"Addition and Subtraction"

To develop the ability to think logically, we offer exciting examples of addition and subtraction. These are special examples that do not use numbers familiar to the child, but words. With them and must be done mathematical operations, after guessing the original word and writing the answers in brackets. Here is a sample solution for such examples.

Addition

Given: boo + shade = unopened flower

Solution: bu + tone = bud

Subtraction

Given: mode of transport - o = unit of measurement Solution: metro - o = meter

Option 1

Replace the words in brackets with the ones you need to use addition to get the correct equality.

b + food = bad luck

k + insect = girl's hairstyle

y + bad weather with rain = danger

y + country house = success

o + opponent = long hole

y + child-girl = angler's tackle

o + tool = edge of the forest

c + animal hair = distributed during fun

y + one = done to the patient

m + fish soup = insect

y + ball in goal = in triangle

for + country house = needs a decision

ka + reward = whim

o + locality= piece of land

av + tomato = weapon

ba + shade = white bread

ob + for scooping up food = on a notebook and on a book

ku + for nails \u003d hand with fingers pressed to the palms

ko + played by actor = monarch

by + misfortune = success in battle

at + Pine forest= apparatus

at + battle = waves near the shore

Answers : misfortune, scythe, threat, luck, ravine, fishing rod, edge, laughter, prick, fly, angle, task, whim, vegetable garden, automatic machine, loaf, cover, fist, king, victory, device, surf.

Option 2

Replace the words in brackets with the ones you need to use subtraction to get the correct equality.

vessel - a \u003d money is stored there

moralizing poem - nya = deep voice

underwear - s = afraid of everything

tomato - at = separate book

shallow place in the river - b \u003d they are written on the blackboard

strong fear - great master = snake

bird - pronoun = criminal

military unit - k \u003d we walk on it at home

facial hair of a man - solemn verse = pine forest

bird - eye = garbage

flower - with = game

fantasy - ta = knight's weapon

you can cook in it - ate = pet

on the neck in winter - f = geometric figure

young plant - oc = human height

the goalkeeper is standing in them - a = on clothes around the neck

sport - c = body has right and left

Answers: bank, bass, coward, volume, chalk, already, thief, floor, boron, rubbish, lotto, sword, cat, ball, growth, gate, side.

"Next Number"

The ability to compare and analyze is well developed when performing tasks in which it is required to identify patterns. We suggest using series of numbers for this. The child needs to find a pattern within a series of numbers and continue it following the same logic.

3, 5, 7, 9 ... . (Row of odd numbers, next number 11.)

16, 22, 28, 34 ... . (Each next number is 6 more than the previous one, the next number is 40.)

55, 48, 41, 34 ... . (Each next number is less than the previous one by 7, the next number is 27.)

12, 21, 16, 61, 25 .... (In each pair of numbers, the numbers are reversed, the next number is 52.)

"Definitions"

Each object or phenomenon has many signs, but we do not always notice them. When performing this task, the child must look at objects and phenomena from different angles.

The exercise can be performed individually or collectively, in the form of a competition.

Option 1

Come up with as many definitions as possible that characterize objects or phenomena. (The task trains analysis skills, as it is necessary to distinguish parts from a whole.)

Snow - cold, fluffy, light, white, lacy, iridescent, thick, beautiful, etc.

River -

Firework -

Clouds -

Kitty -

Rainbow -

Option 2

Think over the listed definitions and guess the object or phenomenon that they characterize. (This option is more difficult, when performing synthesis skills are trained: it is necessary to combine all the signs and determine which subject they refer to. The hint is the gender of adjectives and participles.)

Gusty, hurricane, warm, piercing - wind.

Dark, quiet, moonlit, black - ... (night).

Long, asphalt, forest, broken - ... (road).

Kind, caring, beloved, beautiful - ... (mother).

Short, long, cut, shiny - ... (hair).

Magical, interesting, folk, kind - ... (fairy tale).

Strong, fragrant, sweet, hot - ... (tea).

Hot, cheerful, long-awaited, sunny - ... (summer).

Loyal, shaggy, noisy, beloved - ... (dog).

Round, bright, yellow, hot - ... (sun).

"Confusion-2"

This exercise contains sentences in which some words are mixed up or replaced. In order to complete tasks, you need to use logical thinking.

Option 1

Due to unforeseen circumstances, one word disappeared from the sentence, and an inappropriate, random word took its place. Put things in order in each sentence: delete a random word and return the correct word.

I overslept this morning, I was in a hurry, but, unfortunately, I came to schoolbefore. (with delay)

I boughtlong loaf , presented it to the conductor and got on the train, (ticket)

It was hot outside, so Masha put onfur coat (sundress)

On the roof of my grandmother's housestick from which smoke came out when the stove was heated. (pipe)

Whenit dawned , we began to look into the night sky, looking at the stars and the moon. (it got dark)

I like to swim on the beach and wallow on pavement.(sand)

Option 2

And in these sentences, the words changed places, and it became very difficult to understand what was being said. Restore the correct word order in the sentences.

My friends on the children's playground were playing.

Five in the Russian language I received a lesson.

Aquarium fish are interesting to watch life.

I made all for gifts to relatives.

It was quiet on the street after fresh and thunderstorms.

It is possible to see stars in the falling night sky in August.

"Assignments with text"

To complete the exercise, prepare excerpts from the texts.

Completing tasks with texts perfectly develops logical thinking. In this exercise, we present several options for such tasks. They apply to any passages unfamiliar to the child. literary works(fairy tales, stories, etc.).

Option 1

Read the passage and invite the child to come up with 5-7 headings for it. They should reflect the main content and be original. Tell the child that you can use the words from the text. If the exercise is performed by several people, then it can be carried out in the form of a competition.

Option 2

Read a passage consisting of 10-15 sentences and ask them to convey its content in 2-3 sentences, that is, to do brief retelling. This exercise will form the child's ability to generalize the material, to highlight the main thing. Such tasks are useful for the development of logical thinking.

Option 3

Read the passage to the child, skipping the middle part, which the child must complete. The logical connection of the insert invented by the child with the beginning and end of the original text is evaluated.

Option 4

Read the passage and invite the child to come up with a continuation of the text. This task develops both imagination and logical thinking, since the content of the continuation must be justified by the previous events described in the passage.

"Pantomime"

This game perfectly develops logical thinking. What is pantomime? Pantomime is a performance with the help of facial expressions and gestures, without words. The minimum number of participants is 5, one of them is the leader, the rest are divided into two teams. The facilitator guesses the words, monitors compliance with the rules and awards points for the correct completion of the task. Teams take turns playing the game.

The leader goes out with a member of the first team from the room in which the rest of the players are, and calls the word. For example "bath". The player must, with the help of pantomime,

show the given word to your team, whose members can ask questions. The demonstrator cannot answer, but can only nod his head or use other gestures. Its goal is to show a given object or phenomenon in such a way that the team can quickly guess. The facilitator may limit the time for pantomime. For each word guessed by the team, 1 point is awarded. Then the task is given to the second team. The game can be played with three participants, one of which is the leader. Then points are not awarded, but words are simply guessed.

All the exercises and games that are offered in this article will help children master the techniques of logical thinking, learn to think logically on practical material. The gradual complication of tasks allows you to develop logical thinking. This will help the child at school, make the process of mastering knowledge easier, more interesting and more successful.

Help the child by explaining the essence of the tasks and examples of their implementation, which are given in the exercises.

The exercises proposed in the book will allow the child to independently compare, analyze, synthesize, classify.

Having mastered the skills of logical thinking, the child will learn to draw conclusions, think clearly and clearly, solve any problems. This is the surest way to excellent study!

Interested in how to develop logic? So you understand that without it you can not live. Tips, games and exercises are collected for you in the article.

The ability to think logically is indispensable, because thanks to it you can find a way out of difficult situations, calculate your actions a few steps ahead, anticipate enemy traps, and find a fast path to success.

If you are less fortunate, then you should deal with the fact how to develop logic because without it it is impossible to live in this world.

What is logic and how to develop it?

The word logic itself came to us from the ancient Greek language, in which λόγος is translated as reasoning or thought.

There are plenty of definitions for the term "logic", but I believe that the most correct of them is the ability to think intelligently.

If we consider logic as a science, then it should be understood that this is a branch of philosophy that studies the cognitive intellectual activity of a person.

A person who is able to think logically can, on the basis of the information he has (even if scattered and inaccurate), draw the right conclusion and thus get to the bottom of the truth.

Logic allows you to get acquainted with the nuances of the subject being studied, and not just to gain general knowledge.

Logical judgments were characteristic of different cultures, but the pioneers of logic, the cultures that created a real cult of logic, were Chinese, ancient Greek and Indian, where works on this science appeared as early as the 4th century BC.

Why are so many people today wondering how to develop logic?

Naturally, like most humanities scholars, I studied logic at the university.

This subject, which seemed incredibly boring and useless to many, was taught to us by a true fan of her craft.

The teacher was able to reach out to us and explain why her subject should be given attention and how the ability to think logically will be useful to us in the future.

For the rest of my life I remembered the words of my logic teacher:

It was the ability to think logically that helped our distant ancestors survive among the dangers that await them at every step. Primitive people, being in the wildest environment, analyzed the situation, made conclusions and learned from their own mistakes, which helped them not only survive, but also develop.
Today's scientific and technological progress is certainly pleasant and useful, and I would be lying if I said that I was dissatisfied with it and would like to return to the primitive system, but it is the abundance of computers and other technology in our lives that leads to the destruction of logical thinking.
A person is so accustomed to trusting a machine that is able to think for him that he does not want to strain his thinking once again.
Looking at all this, I think that American films about the subjugation of mankind by robots are not so fantastic.

Fortunately, not everyone is ready to give up logical thinking.

Many people prefer to develop logic, realizing what a serious trump card they will have in front of those who have forgotten how to think logically at all.

Why try to develop logic?

Logical thinking is useful to you in any kind of activity.

Even the cleaning lady must understand that she needs to mop the floors moving from the far wall to the exit, because if she starts mopping the floors in reverse, she will destroy her work with her own dirty feet.

And managers who are responsible not only for themselves, but also for their subordinates cannot do without logic, so they need to constantly work on its development.

If you are still not sure whether you need to think about how to develop logic, I am ready to give you a few more arguments.

Being able to think logically, we can:

• find the easiest and safest way out of a problem situation;
• avoid both professional and life mistakes;
• to be one step ahead of our ill-wishers and competitors whom God has deprived of logic;
• express your thoughts competently, so that everyone around them understands them;
• quickly formulate a thought so as not to delay the answer to the question posed and not blurt out the first stupidity that came to mind;
• not become a victim of self-deception and deceit by other people;
• it is easy to find arguments in order to bring your own point of view to the interlocutors and persuade them to your side;
• see the mistakes that you or the people around you make and quickly eliminate them.

Games to help develop logic

There are a number of games that both adults and children should play if they want to develop their logic and improve their logical thinking:

It's simple: either you learn to think logically, or until the end of your days you will play chess disgustingly.

This game is a little easier than chess, but it also helps a lot.

Another game familiar to many from childhood that develops logic.

Rebuses, crossword puzzles, puzzles.

Yes, and banal crossword puzzles are suitable for developing intelligence and logic.

Associations.

Choose a word and try to come up with as many associations as possible for it.

Reversi or otello.

A board game with black and white pieces and a board that resembles a chess board.

It teaches not only logical, but also strategic thinking.

Erudite or Scrabble.

Words must be made from letters.

Exercises that will help develop logic

If you decide to seriously improve your logical thinking, then games alone are indispensable.

You will have to perform at least one daily, or better, several exercises from this list:

Solving anagrams.

From letters mixed in random order, you need to make a normal word.

Solution of special logic puzzles.

Both on the Internet and in bookstores, enough collections with such puzzles are sold.

You can start with this simple one: a man shaves his beard every day, but continues to walk with a beard on his face. How is this possible?

The choice of words that connect two phrases.

For example, “opens doors”, “birds lined up” is the key.

Making crosswords or puzzles.

Come up with 5 ways to use any item

Or find 5 ways out of some situation.

To develop logical thinking, we suggest you immediately go to practice

and solve the puzzle with matches in the following video:

If you are too lazy to do exercises every day and are not a hopeless person in terms of logical thinking, then you can develop logic in simple ways, imperceptibly even to yourself:

Reading detectives.

The more detective literature you read, the more you will understand the logic of the actions of specialists who are investigating a crime.

Performing some action.

At least sometimes explain to yourself: why are you doing this, what will happen if you don’t, what will be the result if you make a mistake, etc.

1. Learn to write and perform other actions with your left hand if you are right-handed and with your right hand if you are left-handed.

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Good day, dear friends! Do you remember what grades you got in school? I remember. There are no triples in my certificate. But during any year of study there were triples, deuces, and even cola sometimes happened. So I think, who is Alexandra, my daughter, like? Excellent student, hangs on the honor roll! Apparently those additional exercises that we do with her are bearing fruit.

Lesson plan:

Exercise 1

A very interesting exercise! Useful not only for children, but also for adults. This exercise is used as a test at the casting of radio hosts. Imagine, you come to the casting, and they say to you: “Come on, my friend, connect us a chicken with a pole.” In all seriousness, they say so!

The meaning is precisely in this, it is necessary to combine two absolutely unrelated concepts. Radio presenters need this in order to quickly and beautifully compose lead lines to songs during live broadcasts, for easy transitions from one topic to another.

Well, the kids are suitable for the development of creative, creative, quick thinking.

So how do you connect a chicken with a pole? Lots of options:

1. The chicken walks around the post.
2. The chicken was blind, walked and crashed into a pole.
3. The chicken was strong, hit the pole, and it fell.
4. The pillar fell right on the chicken.

Do you want to work out? Good. Connect:

• chamomile with milk;
• headphones with a jellyfish;
• moon boots.

Exercise 2. Word Breakers

If in the previous exercise we connected, then in this we will break one long word into many short ones, consisting of letters of a large word. According to the rules, if a letter occurs in a long word 1 time, then repeat in short words you can't do it twice.

For example, the word "switch" breaks down into:

• tulle;
• key;
• beak.

I don't see any more options, do you?

You can break any long words, for example, “holiday”, “picture”, “towel”, “polar explorer”.

Exercise 3. Puzzles

Solving puzzles helps to think outside the box, creatively. Teaches the child to analyze.

Rebuses may contain images, letters, numbers, commas, fractions, placed in a very different order. Let's try to solve some simple puzzles together.

1. On the first we see the syllable "BA" and "barrel". Connect: BA + Barrel = Butterfly.
2. On the second, the principle is the same: Baran + KA = Bagel.
3. The third is more difficult. Cancer is drawn, and next to it is “a = y”. So in the word cancer, the letter "a" must be replaced with the letter "y", we get "hands". To this we add another "a": hand + a = hand.
4. The fourth rebus with a comma. Since the letter “A” is the first, the guess word begins with it. Next, we see the “fist”, after the picture there is a comma, which means that the last letter must be subtracted from the word “fist”. Let's get "cool". Now we combine everything together: A + kula = shark.
5. The fifth rebus is only at first glance difficult. You need to remove the letter “and” from the word “saw”, and read the word “cat” backwards. As a result, we get: pla + current = handkerchief.
6. The sixth, fully alphabetic rebus. Everything is clear with the first and last letters, but what about the middle? We see the letter "o" drawn in the beech "t", so let's say "in t o". We connect: A + WTO + P \u003d AUTHOR.

Trained? Now try to solve the puzzle yourself.

You can share your answers in the comments. You will find many puzzles in children's magazines and.

Exercise 4. Anagrams

Can an orange be turned into a spaniel and vice versa? "Easily!" anagram lovers will answer. You don't even need a magic wand.

An anagram is a literary device that consists in rearranging the letters or sounds of a certain word (or phrase), which results in another word or phrase.

Just as easily, a dream turns into a nose, a cat into a current, and a linden into a saw.

Well, shall we try? Let's make it so:

• the "carriage" flew to the stars;
• "word" grew on the head;
• "lace" learned to fly;
• "atlas" became edible;
• "pump" settled in the forest;
• "mote" became transparent;
• the “roller” was placed on the table before dinner;
• "bun" learned to swim;
• "chamomile" was spinning by the lantern on summer evenings;
• "Park" could not live without water.

Exercise 5. Logic problems

The more logic puzzles you solve, the stronger your thinking becomes. After all, it is not for nothing that they say that mathematics is gymnastics for the mind. Indeed, when solving some of them, you directly feel how the brain moves.

Let's start with the simpler ones:

1. Kolya and Vasya solved problems. One boy decided at the blackboard, and the other at the desk. Where did Vasya solve problems if Kolya did not solve them at the blackboard?
2. Three old grandmothers live in the same entrance, on the third, fifth and seventh floors. Who lives on what floor, if grandmother Nina lives above Valya's grandmother, and Galya's grandmother lives below Valya's grandmother?
3. Yura, Igor, Pasha and Artem finished in the top four in the running competition. Who took what place? It is known that Yura did not run first or fourth, Igor ran after the winner, and Pasha was not the last.

And the next three problems Sashulya brought from the Mathematical Olympiad. These are tasks for the third grade.

“The gardener planted 8 seedlings. Of all but four, pear trees have grown. All but two pear trees grow pears. Pears from all fruit-bearing pear trees except one are not tasty. How many pear trees have tasty pears?”

“Vasya, Petya, Vanya wear ties of only one color: green, yellow and blue. Vasya said: “Petya does not like yellow". Petya said: "Vanya wears a blue tie." Vanya said: "You are both deceiving." Who prefers what color if Vanya never lies?

And now attention! A task of increased difficulty! "On the backfill," as they say. I couldn't solve it. I suffered for a long time, and then I looked at the answers. She is also from the Olympics.

“The traveler needs to cross the desert. The transition lasts six days. The traveler and the porter who will accompany him may take with him a supply of water and food for one person for four days each. How many porters will the traveler need to realize his plan? Enter the smallest number."

If you still fall asleep on any task, then contact me, I will help)

Exercise 6. Match puzzles

Matches are not toys for children! A tool for training thinking. For safety reasons, I suggest replacing matches with counting sticks.

These simple little sticks make very complex puzzles.

First, let's warm up:

• fold two identical triangles from five sticks;
• of seven sticks, two identical squares;
• remove three sticks to make three identical squares (see picture below).

Now more difficult:

Move three sticks so that the arrow flies in the opposite direction.

The fish also needs to be turned in the other direction, while shifting only three sticks.

After shifting only three sticks, remove the strawberry from the glass.

Remove two sticks to make two equilateral triangles.

The answers can be found at the end of the article.

Exercise 7

And now let's work as Sherlock Holmes! Let us seek the truth and discover lies.

Show the child two pictures, on one of which depict a square and a triangle, and on the other a circle and a polygon.

And now offer cards with the following statements:

• some figures on the card are triangles;
• there are no triangles on the card;
• there are circles on the card;
• some of the figures on the card are squares;
• all shapes on the card are triangles;
• there are no polygons on the card;
• There are no rectangles on the card.

The task is to determine whether these statements are false or true for each picture with figures.

Such an exercise can be carried out not only with geometric shapes, but also with images of animals. For example, put a cat, a fox and a squirrel on the picture.

Statements can be as follows:

• all these animals are predators;
• there are pets in the picture;
• all the animals in the picture can climb trees;
• all animals have fur.

Pictures and statements to them can be selected independently.

Exercise 8. Instruction

We are surrounded by the most miscellaneous items. We use them. Sometimes we do not pay any attention to the instructions that are attached to these items. And it also happens that there are simply no instructions for some very necessary items. Let's fix this misunderstanding! We will write the instructions ourselves.

Take, for example, a comb. Yes, yes, the usual comb! That's what we got with Alexandra.

So, instructions for using the comb.

1. A comb is a device for making hair smooth and silky, made of plastic.
2. Use a comb should be with increased shaggy and curly.
3. In order to start combing, approach the comb, gently take it in your hand.
4. Stand in front of a mirror, smile, bring the comb to the roots of your hair.
5. Now slowly move the comb down to the ends of your hair.
6. If there are obstacles in the form of knots on the way of the comb, then run the comb over them several times with weak pressure, while you can scream a little.
7. Each strand of hair is subject to processing by a comb.
8. Combing can be considered finished when the comb does not meet a single knot on the way.
9. After combing, it is necessary to rinse the comb with water, put it in a place specially designated for it.
10. If a tooth has broken off a comb, you need to throw it in the trash.
11. If all the teeth of the comb have broken off, send it after the tooth.

Try writing instructions for a pot, or slippers, or a glasses case. It will be interesting!

Exercise 9. Making up a story

Stories can be made different ways, for example, on a picture or on a given topic. By the way, this will help. And I suggest you try to compose a story based on the words that must be present in this story.

As always, an example.

Words are given: Olga Nikolaevna, poodle, sequins, turnip, salary, gray hair, castle, flood, maple, song.

Here's what happened to Sasha.

Olga Nikolaevna walked down the street. On a leash, she led her poodle Artemon, the poodle was all shiny. Yesterday he broke the lock on the locker, got to the box of glitter, and poured it all over himself. And Artemon gnawed through the pipe in the bathroom and made a real flood. When Olga Nikolaevna came home from work and saw all this, gray hair appeared in her hair. And now they were going for turnips, as turnips calm the nerves. And the turnip was expensive, worth half the salary. Before entering the store, Olga Nikolaevna tied the poodle to a maple tree and, singing a song, went inside.

Now try it yourself! Here are three sets of words:

1. Doctor, traffic light, headphones, lamp, mouse, magazine, frame, exam, janitor, paper clip.
2. First grader, summer, hare, button, gap, bonfire, Velcro, shore, plane, hand.
3. Konstantin, jump, samovar, mirror, speed, sadness, trip, ball, list, theater.

Exercise 10

We have already worked as detectives. Now I propose to work as a police officer. The fact is that the words in well-known proverbs and sayings violated the order. We will deal with violators of the order. Try to arrange the words the way they are supposed to stand.

1. Food, comes, time, in, appetite.
2. You will pull out, not, labor, from, a fish, a pond, without.
3. Measure, one, a, one, seven, cut, one.
4. And, ride, sled, love, carry, love.
5. Waiting, no, seven, one.
6. Word, cat, and, nice, kind.
7. One hundred, a, rubles, have, don't, have, friends, a hundred.
8. Falls, not, apple trees, far, apple, from.
9. Flowing, stone, not, water, recumbent, under.
10. Autumn, consider, by, chickens.

I want to clarify. We don't do this on purpose. That is, it doesn’t happen that I say: “Come on, Alexandra, sit down at the table, let’s develop thinking!” No. All this in between times, if we go somewhere, we go, before going to bed instead of books. It is very interesting to engage in, so you don’t have to force anyone.

Well, now the promised answers to matchstick puzzles!

Puzzle Answers

About two triangles of five matches.

About two squares out of seven.

We get three squares.

Expand the arrow (watch the color of the sticks).

We turn the fish.

And about two equilateral triangles.

I recently found this video on the Internet. It has completely different exercises. We tried, until it turns out with difficulty. Well, let's practice. See if you can use it too.

Dare! Get busy! Develop with your children. Try these "golden" exercises. Show off your results in the comments!

Thank you for your attention!

And I look forward to visiting again! Here you are always welcome!

Every day a person has to look for solutions different problems or just put facts together. In everyday life, we rarely think that such skills can be developed. It seems to many that this is unrealistic for adults, others refer to the lack of time. Today we will consider such a question as the development of logical thinking.

What it is?

In order to fully understand what kind of phenomenon this is, let's pay attention to its components - the actual thinking and logic.

Thinking is understood as a mental process during which information is processed and connections are established between events, objects or phenomena. The factor of subjectivity, that is, a personal attitude to something, is very strong here.
Logic leads to objectivity in our thinking. Simply put, it is the science of correct, true thinking. It has its own methods, laws and forms. The “cornerstone” for her is experience and knowledge, not emotions.

In order to come to simple conclusions, common sense is enough. But in difficult situations one cannot do without appropriate thinking, which helps to “work out” the most correct course of action even with a minimum of facts.

Important! The first exercises are best done one-time. For example, solve one crossword puzzle or play a few simple games of chess. This will be enough to get you started.

Logical thinking is a process in which a person resorts to logical concepts based on evidence and reasonableness. Its goal is to get a reasonable conclusion based on "givenness", that is, specific premises.

There are three types of logical reasoning:

• Figurative-logical. With it, the situation is, as it were, “played out” by the imagination, while we recall the images of the objects involved or the features of phenomena. Yes, you can call it imagination.
• Abstract. Here it is already more complicated, categories, objects or connections that do not exist in reality (that is, abstractions) are used.
• verbal in which people share their logical judgments with others. Here, not only the tendency to analyze is important, but also competent speech.

What is it for?

The ability to think logically is valuable for everyone, regardless of the type of activity. True, for some it is a means of obtaining a general, everyday conclusion, while others use formalized and strict logic (engineers, philosophers, mathematicians).

Did you know? Aristotle was the first to systematize knowledge of logic. The philosopher wrote a series of six works on basic concepts and categories. This collection is known as the Organon.

Mind training helps:

• Faster and more accurate to draw the right conclusions even in;
• Calculate soberly, avoiding self-deception and not allowing yourself to be deceived;
• Fix your own mistakes and ;
• State your arguments clearly and concisely;
• Persuade the interlocutor, giving the necessary arguments.

Logical thinking: innate or acquired?

The ability to think logically is a trait that people acquire. This is confirmed by both psychologists and other specialists. No one is born with the gift of logical thinking already formed.

Even the simplest level, figurative-logical, manifests itself by the age of one and a half years, when babies begin to analyze everything that surrounds them, and gradually separate the important from the secondary.

Meanwhile, anyone can reach the level of abstraction. Often we talk about non-existent phenomena without even thinking about the fact that our logical apparatus is working hard at this time.
Teachers and "techies" will confirm that their own experience and regular training perfectly develop logic, even if a person was far from regular multi-level thinking. There would be a desire.

Can adults develop logical thinking?

It is possible and even necessary. The world is changing very quickly, and with the old “baggage” of knowledge, it can be difficult to think about something in a balanced way. Many people think that the basics received at school or university will be enough, but this is not entirely true.

It happens that the first levels are passed easily, and then it’s already “parking”. Do not despair, give a little rest, and the solution will surely come.

Do not be afraid to peep the answers (especially at the very beginning of classes). Knowing the input data and solutions, you can calculate a logical solution path and apply it to other situations.

Important! It also helps to read serious books - historical, philosophical or popular science. It’s not worth “swallowing” them hundreds of pages, read a little, pondering the information.

In many serious companies, HR specialists give candidates such problems in the course of the process, evaluating the speed of the solution and the reasoning of the answer. They can be both purely professional and without reference to the type of activity. So the logic will have to work.

Board games

The first thing that comes to mind is chess. A leisurely game requires analysis and thoughtfulness, while reaction speed is not needed here. You can play with anyone, but it is better to choose a stronger opponent who can show the fastest and most effective combinations. After a few games, you will notice that you yourself are playing complex etudes, counting on a move - two ahead.

There are also plenty of such games for ingenuity. This is a great tool for those who are thinking about how to develop logic. Some of them come with a countdown, but this should not be annoying.
All of them use the principle of "cause and effect". That is, the original data may have several solutions, but only one will be correct. With all the seeming simplicity, it will be difficult for an unprepared person at first - the answer options often seem mutually exclusive, although they are composed in such a way that, it seems, any one fits. This is the essence of training.

Did you know? One of the "fathers" of modern (or non-classical) logic is the Russian philosopher Nikolai Aleksandrovich Vasiliev. Having begun work back in tsarist times, already in 1918 he entered the list of "old" scientists recognized by the Soviet government.

The number of questions can be anything - from 10 or more, so you can "indulge" in such tasks even at lunchtime.

Crosswords and puzzles

Everything is simple here. In an effort to fill in all the cells with the missing words, we “scroll” all our knowledge.

Japanese Sudoku is more difficult. You have to fill in the cells so that in each 3x3 square (and there are usually 9 of them), the numbers from 1 to 9 come across once, and with large lines and columns the same story. Start with the simplest, usually the difficulty is indicated in the task.

An excellent way would be to solve graphic crosswords, at least the same Japanese ones. They have one solution in the form of a picture. It will turn out if you shade the cells correctly (focusing on the indicated numbers). Here, too, you can peep the solution and compare it with the initial data - it can be difficult to navigate right away.

You can try to make your own crossword puzzle. Guessing can be more difficult than looking for an answer, especially since you have to correlate the arrangement of letters and cells.

The study of deduction and induction

To keep things simple, we note right away that deductive method provides a conclusion from the general to particulars, and induction, on the contrary, brings the scattered to the general.

Important! The diary helps to analyze the connection of events. To some, it seems archaic, but at times it is useful to re-read old entries and restore them in subsequent actions and “calculate” possible options for their development.

In life, we often use inductive way, such reasoning is based on facts that may not be true. Then our conclusions have to be substantiated. Often this leads to hasty generalizations and wrong decisions. There is also the so-called incomplete induction, in which the conclusion significantly exceeds the "sum" of individual facts.

These abilities can be developed by mentally “chasing away” various everyday situations and cases.

We develop logical thinking in children

When working with, you have to take into account their age. It is worth remembering this when thinking about how to develop logical thinking in a child.

At different stages of development, equally diverse logical methods are used:

• For the smallest (up to 3 years), clarity and simplicity are important. At this stage, the foundations are laid: kids learn to distinguish between different things and (objects for various purposes and cubes that are different in coloring are used).

Did you know? Mastering logical techniques in early age sometimes leads to unusual results. For example, the legendary mathematician William Sidis consciously called himself an atheist at the age of six, which was a bold step for America at the beginning of the 20th century.

• At the age of 3-4 years, verbal-figurative logic is fixed. The easiest way is to draw with one extra object. The child is offered to tell why he is not suitable. You can also play with words.
• Before school (5 - 6 years old) they take the simplest tasks with numbers and graphic games, and speech and question games complicate;
• After 7 years, they try to improve their speech skills, develop the ability to generalize, analyze and search for cause-and-effect relationships. During this period, they move to abstractions.

Riddles

They must be age appropriate. In this case, the child imagines what objects or phenomena are mentioned in the task. The main emphasis is on figurative thinking - in the form of a riddle, kids usually reveal new "facets" of the things around them.

In any children's store, there are many such sets. Again, choose based on age.

For kids, it is better to choose a set of large figures (the same cubes or balls). They do not contain elements that a child can inadvertently swallow. Assembling simple structures from them (snakes, houses, etc.), you activate the logical apparatus - the baby remembers character traits and tries to recreate them.
To the services of those who are older - prefabricated modules such as "Lego". Here you have to work according to the instructions, correlating the details with the image. The help of parents will be very helpful. Such sets have another plus - nodes can be combined. For example, to assemble another house or another car from “blocks”. It will only benefit by developing thinking.

With younger students it is more difficult - it is not easy to tear modern children away from gadgets, and you will not be interested in banal cubes. This is where parents come into play. In stores you can see kits for assembling models of aircraft or ships. If you buy a set of initial complexity with a small number of parts, you can not only interest the child, but also spend more time with him - without the help of his father, he is unlikely to immediately collect what is in the picture.

Games

For kids, games with geometric shapes are suitable. Offer to find the extra one or collect the same ones. At the same time, ask how they differ.

Did you know? Collecting Rubik's cubes for speed began immediately after their appearance. The current record belongs to Colin Barnes (5.25 s). But the Brazilian Pereira Campagna, with a result of 25.14 s, is hardly inferior to him in skill - he collected the piece ... with his feet!

Here the association is also connected - by showing the figure, you can ask what it resembles. For spatial imagination, they are folded into the simplest structures such as a house.

Speech games are also important, especially those focused on the difference: “in spring it is warm, and in winter it is ...”. If this is a stage already passed, they name the objects and ask them to say which group they belong to.
Older children can be shown the basics of playing chess or checkers. Explaining the move of the figures, you seem to provoke the child to try out different options. Simple "tic-tac-toe" should not be forgotten either.

Puzzles

Such logical "alphabets" lay the foundations of thinking. Their elements are made large and safe for children.

Popular types are dies that are connected if the patterns on them match the desired color or letter. For example, one has a black cat

True, it is better to postpone complex monochromatic sections like the image of the sky - if it was not possible to collect it right away, the child may lose interest or lose faith in his strength.

We learned how to "develop" your logic skills and what it takes. As you can see, it is quite simple for both an adult and a child. Good luck in training!