Social sphere - includes professions related to the provision of various social benefits and services to the population. The social sphere includes: healthcare, - presentation

Everything that is connected with the needs of the population and with those goods, products and services that it consumes, refers to economics of the social sphere. In order to study, analyze and explore all the processes taking place in this area, it exists as a science. It deals with the nature of people's needs, consumption needs, its structure, both as an individual and a family, various social groups, as well as regions of the country and society as a whole.

In addition, the subject of study of the social economy is the income of the population. This is an analysis of their types and sources. After all, the level of income, including money, is an important aspect or characteristic of the state of society.

It is precisely how the incomes and expenses of the citizens of the country are correlated, how the consumer budget of an individual and a family is formed in terms of gender, age, territory and profession, that is the subject of study of social economics. This includes accumulation and savings. Money property owned by people. That is, everything that can determine the standard of living and well-being is the social component of the economy.

The social sphere cannot be separated from the forms of ownership, the interests of people in terms of ownership, as well as relations between social groups. This includes: appropriation, education, both personal and family property, property redistribution.

The basis of the life of any society and individual is the production of goods (material and intangible). Their distribution includes not only finished products of production (goods and services), but also the factors of production themselves, that is, accessibility to them. Here the principles of distribution of property are already decisive, because the means of production must have their own owners. Under market conditions, distribution occurs according to the principle of accumulated property, income differentiation is intensifying, which is also due to the formation of the population's own incomes, and the social stratification of society is intensifying. To smooth this gap between different social strata, state intervention is very appropriate.

This creates more favorable living conditions for the most vulnerable part of the population (children, the disabled, pensioners), smooths out social tensions in relationships.

The extent to which the redistribution of the gross domestic product for these purposes is correct is the extent to which the state succeeds in leveling economic differences between social strata and improving relations in society.

The implementation of such goals of the state is carried out through the distribution of food and various services, cash payments and the adoption of certain boundaries in the form of a living wage and a minimum wage that stabilize incomes.

At the state level, social programs are being developed aimed at ensuring the following constitutional rights of citizens:

free medical care and education;

material support for the elderly and disabled;
payments for maternity and childhood.

There are three main areas in which the state regulates distribution processes:

Part of the payments to the population depends mainly on the results of their work, although this also takes into account the needs, the degree of their satisfaction for a normal existence.

Needs are prioritized, payments should satisfy them as much as it is vitally necessary. This includes child support, co-payments for certain types of treatment.

Statutory benefits and services to support certain categories of the population. Such state support is provided mainly through various non-productive institutions.

The degree of state support depends not only on the economic condition of the country, but also on other factors: historical, national and political, as well as on the ethical accepted norms of a particular society.

The purpose of the economy of the social sphere

Before talking about the forms and methods used by enterprises and institutions of social protection of the population for their implementation, they are carefully studied by scientific institutions and tested in practice. That is, the main principles of this are scientific justification and practical use. Except general principles in the social economy, there are also specific ones.

The main one is principle of humanism. It consists in recognizing that the highest and main value is the person himself and the protection of his rights, dignity, providing conditions for his self-realization. AT modern society social work is aimed mainly at creating social and economic well-being for the individual.

social justice- this is the principle that is applied in the equalization of income and their correct distribution. To do this, a fair price of labor is established, a fair level of income, which approaches the average from the minimum. The boundaries of income for the management staff are determined if the state enterprise has beggarly salaries for the rest of the staff. The incomes of civil servants are regulated, which should eliminate excessive distortions in incomes in comparison with the national economy.

By principle of public expediency there is a definition of those categories of the population that really need state support. Compliance with this principle helps to avoid the growth of dependent attitudes and prevents a decrease in the labor activity of the population. This principle is reflected in the provision of targeted social assistance.

To establish the best ratio of spending on social needs to deductions for their implementation, it is applied principle economic efficiency . At the same time, it is important to take into account not only GDP, wages, incomes of the population, but also the ratio between social benefits and wages.

The principle of state priority in solving social issues and material support for certain segments of the population.

Economic autonomy of local authorities is the principle on which the division of powers between the federal and local levels is based. The minimum is provided by the state, and payments that can be more than that are independently determined at the local level. This implies the interest of the population and administration in the economic development of their region or locality.

In social protection of the population, there are also such principles as labor motivation pay for work, improving the quality of life, the principle of increasing needs. They are designed to maintain the optimal ratio between the production and consumption of products and goods. It is on these principles that fair distribution is possible in the implementation of the mechanism of social protection of the population.

Conclusion

The leading role in the economy of the social sphere is assigned to the general social policy pursued by the state in a market economy. It should be carried out with the help of such subtle tools in order, on the one hand, to alleviate social tension in relations between different strata of society and their standard of living, and on the other hand, to stimulate the high efficiency of the work of hired workers.

The main task of the state at the same time is to provide favorable conditions for the life of the most vulnerable groups who cannot provide for themselves due to limited working capacity or its absence, as well as to support low-income citizens. This is done through the distribution of income, through various payments. It is important to create all kinds of conditions for taking an active part in the implementation of social programs and bearing a certain responsibility in providing social benefits to the population, while maintaining its high motivation for development and prosperity.

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Premises, structures, buildings where people are temporarily or permanently in significant numbers are objects of the social sphere. They can be divided into classes and types according to the way they are used. Social facilities in our turbulent times must ensure the safety of the people there, including from the terrorist threat. Here it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of the contingent - age, physical condition, and the like, as well as its number. Such objects of the social sphere are categorized (classified) precisely because each class and type, that is, each category, requires the creation of an appropriate level of protection, and this is determined by the specifics and scope of security, organizational, regime and other measures to fully protect them from threats, including including terrorist ones.

Public service

Establishments where there are more visitors than employees serving them belong to the third type. These are objects of the social sphere, the list of which is not so long. These are outpatient clinics and polyclinics, sports and recreational institutions. This also includes their domestic premises, sports and training facilities (without stands). The fourth section of this classification includes design and scientific organizations, educational establishments, administrative institutions. These premises are used only for a certain time during the day, and there is a permanent contingent there, who is accustomed to these conditions. Usually these are people of a certain physical condition and age. For example, schools and out-of-school, secondary special, vocational educational institutions, universities, institutions for advanced training. This also includes design, editorial, publishing, information, research, offices, offices, banks, and administrative institutions.

Otherwise, the same objects of the social sphere are classified according to the types of protection. Their definition by class is as follows. There are objects that are subject to state protection, for others - the protection of PSOs (non-departmental security units) is mandatory, others are protected by PSOs (private fourths are protected by everything - from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation to PSOs, PSOs and similar organizations, and the fifth have no protection. Such a distribution produced with a forecast possible consequences if a terrorist act is committed, and the main criteria are the number of victims, the size material damage as well as the emergency zone. Everything related to the objects of the social sphere is classified according to these two criteria: functional and types of protection.

Social work

The vital activity of all groups and strata of the population depends primarily on the conditions that predetermine the level of development of society, the state of social care, social policy and its content, as well as the possibility of implementing it. The characteristics of the objects of the social sphere directly depend on all of the above, since social services are necessary for all people without exception, regardless of age, health, occupation, and so on.

The population is naturally structured, and the foundations of each structure are very different. Some need a theater, and others need an equestrian complex. Still others, in general, turned out to be in such a difficult life situation that without a certain object of the social sphere they cannot solve the problems that have arisen. Such a contingent needs social help, support, protection. The reasons can be deviant behavior, trouble in the family, health, orphanhood, homelessness, and the like. These people themselves become an object - but social work certain institutions: courts, hospitals, administrative institutions and other organizations.

realities

It is possible to identify another important group that requires the work of certain objects of the social sphere. First of all, it is the environment, environment, and so on. The form of settlement also has exclusively importance, since the concentration of people is extremely uneven: in the metropolis, for example, there is even a state circus, but in the village the cinema did not survive.

There are also intermediate forms of settlement, where the saturation with household and cultural objects also leaves much to be desired. For many people, the rural library is also inaccessible, since in the whole country they are closed no less often than hospitals, schools and kindergartens. Transport and landscaping, which are in the department of local administrative objects of the social sphere, are almost everywhere in stagnation. On the other hand, communication facilities are developing, there is the Internet almost everywhere, and therefore the rural library is not in demand enough.

Infrastructure

Objects of the social sphere constitute the social infrastructure in the totality of enterprises and industries that ensure the normal existence and livelihoods of the population. This includes housing and its construction, cultural facilities, organizations and enterprises of the healthcare system, educational institutions and preschool education. You can not do without organizations and enterprises related to leisure and recreation. This includes catering, retail, services, passenger transport, sports and recreation facilities, public service communications, legal and notary offices, banks and savings banks ... The list of social facilities is much longer.

The process of infrastructure development has accelerated significantly in all countries without exception. high level economic indicators since the second half of the twentieth century. demanded not only a sharp increase in intelligence and the quality of the workforce, but also the promotion of health. Everything has changed work motivation which served as a stimulus for the development of various areas of the social sphere. The creation of a qualitatively new technologically material base in the infrastructure sectors ensured its highly efficient functioning. All branches of material production have undergone a scientific and technological revolution, which significantly reduced the number of people employed there, and as a result, it became possible to significantly redistribute the workforce from production to the service sector, so the variety of infrastructure facilities has become more significant, and their number has grown many times over. The quality and standard of living of the population in the bulk of it has risen.

Infrastructure of the economy

The classification of economic objects of the social sphere consists of two areas - production and non-production, that is, social, which, in turn, is divided into industries and sub-sectors associated with the production process. This is how the conditions for social and labor activity of people are provided, their existence is enriched with the services of everyday life, culture, interpersonal and social communication. Thus, the entire social infrastructure can be divided into socio-economic, providing comprehensive development human personality - this is culture, health care, education, and everyday life, which creates the necessary conditions for the life of people - this is the housing stock, utilities, retail, and so on.

Statistical studies, which are carried out on their own within the country, as well as by international organizations, put the level of social infrastructure in the first place. For example, indicators such as the number of beds in hospitals, the number of doctors, teachers in primary and secondary schools. Such objects characterize not only the level of social infrastructure, but also a fully existing reality. With the help of such studies, it is possible to designate a stable set of all material elements that provide the conditions for rational and effective human activity in all aspects of personal and public life. This approach to the classification of objects in the social sphere is somewhat general, but in comparison with others it is of great importance in practical application.

Point and Line

The social infrastructure is divided into "point" and "linear", where the latter should be understood as a network of automobile and railways, power transmission and communications, and the like. The definition of point infrastructure is the objects themselves, such as theaters, libraries, schools, clinics and everything else. This type of classification can be applied at almost all levels of the organization of the social sphere. A production organization has some elements of a linear infrastructure, but in general it is a point, and if we take into account the level economic region, then the separation will be almost equal, and - interacting.

In this way of classification, the form of infrastructure organization is clearly defined, without detailing its content. When studying the problems of the region's economy, they usually use the concepts of general district infrastructure, elements of inter-district significance of infrastructure facilities, and the like. If specific certainty, which is always inherent in social infrastructure, is not at the forefront, such a division not only has the right to exist, but is also quite convenient for monitoring large areas.

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The fact that social infrastructure facilities consist of a complex of various educational, cultural and health institutions, enterprises Catering and trade, passenger transport, water supply and sewerage, financial, postal and telegraph institutions, sports and health facilities (this includes not only sports palaces, stadiums and swimming pools, but also rest houses, and parks with entertainment and sports programs), - in a word , an incredible number of entities that are absolutely different from each other, differing in their functions, goals and objectives, speaks of the impossibility of compiling a complete picture.

The element-by-element characteristic of the infrastructure is similar to the usual enumeration series, where each institution, institution, organization is practically not connected with each other in any way, and other types of activities of the population are taken into account rather weakly. It is more convenient and much more legitimate to classify objects social culture regarding the levels of organization of the society in question. Since there is no universal classification method as such, the division occurs according to the tasks assigned to analysts.

Analysis

Most often, they begin with an analysis of the infrastructure of society as a whole. The practice of management uses quite widely both general and calculated indicators that characterize the level of condition, provision and development trends for each of the infrastructure elements. The very development of indicators provides an opportunity to study the interrelationships and mutual influences of the meaningful processes of the development of society and the existing material base.

At the level of a large economic region, social infrastructure is studied within its rather closed system of the economy, while it is possible to compare the development indicators of different economic units, which provides a basis for obtaining rich information regarding the achievement, advance or lag of one or another object from others and to develop a decision on taking effective action. Already at this level, it is necessary to introduce certain amendments to the development coefficient, taking into account the natural-climatic, national and other characteristics of the region.

Administrative division

Social infrastructure is classified and applied to administrative division- republics, territories, regions, districts, cities, since this is also a necessary element in concretizing universal problems. At any of these levels, some of the fragments of the social infrastructure may be missing. If the social organization is not up to par, the set of objects of the social sphere will naturally be limited. The main criterion here is quantitative, clearly defining how much the needs of the population in their everyday life are satisfied. There is a necessary set of infrastructure elements, that is, a certain list of social facilities that cannot be replaced by anything. Not a single, even the best additional canteen will replace the missing clinic, and even if there is a club in each district locality, and in some places chic palaces of culture, this does not justify closed kindergartens.

Needs of a different order - higher education, certain types sports, artistic creativity and the like must also be fully satisfied. Such infrastructure elements should be distributed in the territory according to the number of the living population. State theaters, for example, are not opened in cities where there are less than two hundred and fifty thousand inhabitants, but people should not feel deprived - they are necessarily served: they either organize trips, or the nearest theater tours, and creative amateur associations are also necessarily created.

The social sphere of activity at the regional level consists in the implementation of spatial processes in society, the introduction of rational forms of organizing people's lives in terms of working conditions, living conditions, responsible for cleaning, personal development, life renewal, population reproduction. This area is directly related to politics, economics, sociology, demographic studies, etc. The question of development in the social sphere as a economic activity are considered exclusively in the context of the organization of people's lives within a specific territory, territorial organization of workers.

The structure of the social sphere of the region includes institutions that promote the reproduction of the population, health care institutions, social protection of the population, the organization of sanatorium and resort, tourist and hotel services, physical education and sports. The task of regional institutions that promote the reproduction of the population is to meet the needs of people. Specialists of health care institutions, for example, study the level of illness of people with certain diseases, the reasons that affect the presence of one or another class of diseases. The presence of the population, the physical condition of people are used to determine the needs in health institutions, a network of medical institutions, a network of nursing homes for the elderly and disabled, sanitary resorts and other institutions. On this basis, determine required amount medical personnel.

The importance for the population living in the territory of a certain region, the masses of the use of educational, cultural and spiritual institutions. The scientific potential of Wa societies and its development depend on the state of education. Educational institutions include general educational institutions and higher educational institutions.

A wide network of cultural institutions contributes spiritual growth society. These institutions include music schools, schools art, libraries, clubs, theaters, museums, etc.

Among the institutions that meet the material and everyday needs of the population, an important place is occupied by institutions of housing and communal and consumer services. The social conditions of life and work of people, the general culture of society depend on their work, on the level of service to the population. A developed organization of public services makes it possible to significantly reduce the time each person spends on household chores, to use the free time to meet cultural needs, organize sports events, and tourism.

The content of the social sphere of activity is defined. The Constitution of Ukraine takes into account the interests of both each individual and all social groups and strata of society, creates conditions for achieving a new standard of living, protecting human health, increasing spiritual and physical potential, ensuring social security of the population. The Constitution of Ukraine guarantees the necessary conditions for the development of all nations, the elimination of crises and conflicts between people, the creation of the necessary socio-economic languages for people's lives. Activities in the social sphere are also aimed at the formation of an enterprising personality, the solution of the problem of Ukrainian culture and the culture of national minorities.

recent scientific research social processes significant attention at the regional level. results scientific research and generalizations of experience practical work provide an opportunity to study and generalize trends in changes in social processes, to assess the impact on these processes of the economic transformation of society, changes in the nature industrial relations skinny.

Considering the social situation of the population living in the territory of a certain region from a systemic point of view, it should be noted that the social sphere is developing as a result of the consistent impact of political, organizational, legal and economic factors. Summarizing the presence of a diverse influence, it can be noted that the formation of the prospects for the social development of the region is carried out under the simultaneous influence of organizational (direct) and economic (indirect) methods, which together determine the content of vertical links "center-region", as well as the content of horizontal links between individual territories, enterprises, teams, etc. Due to this, there are favorable conditions for the analytical and diagnostic assessment of the existing state social relations, assessing the standard of living of people, as well as for the prognostic, normative-target determination of the prospects for social development.

Social processes at the regional level are formed on the basis of the existing:

Social obligations and responsibilities;

Social standards and approved norms;

social restrictions.

Social obligations and responsibility include the establishment of specific obligations between society and the state authorities regarding the accumulation of national wealth and its consumption, compliance with rational correlations between the boundaries of labor productivity and wages, the introduction various forms material incentives for work, rational use material and technical, fuel and energy and natural resources, conservation of the natural environment.

The use of social standards and approved norms provides for ensuring the constitutional rights of citizens to social conditions of residence, employment, satisfaction of their educational, cultural and spiritual needs. Establishing the content and volume of social services in accordance with the approved norms determines the legally determined satisfaction of people with a certain amount of social services, including those that are needed on a preferential basis.

Social restrictions are formed depending on the state of economic development of the state and the region, provide for the determination of the volume of financing for the implementation of specific types of social services from all possible sources of funding.

The desire to provide equally high-quality living conditions for the population, regardless of place of residence, is becoming important. To this end government bodies provide for measures for budgetary equalization of interregional differences in terms of the level of employment of people, the development of social infrastructure, and the introduction of state standards throughout the territory.

Objectively evaluating the features of the socio-economic development of territories, it should be noted that it is impossible to achieve an absolutely identical state of the quality of life of people throughout Ukraine. Reg. Gions differ in natural-climatic, economic, historical and other conditions, which in their essence determine the differences and specific features the lives of people in certain territories will not fall out. The Law of Ukraine "On Stimulating the Development of Regions" (2005) for the first time defines such a concept as "depressed territory" - depressed territories are considered to be a region whose level of development is the lowest among the territories of the corresponding rear. According to the law, a region of this type is considered to be a depressed region among regions of this type, in which over the past five years there has been the lowest indicator of gross added to artity per capita; for industrial-type regions, then a region of industrial type is considered to be depressed, in which over the past three years the highest average unemployment rates, low industrial employment and industrial production per capita and the lowest level of average wages. The rural region is considered to be depressed, in which, over the past three years, the lowest density has been rural population and natural population growth, low per capita agricultural output and average wages. A city of regional significance is considered to be depressive, in which over the past three years, among cities of this type, it has had the highest rate of unemployment and low level average wage. The territories of its regions, individual industrial and rural areas, as well as cities of regional significance are defined as depressive.

Thus, the existence of depressive territories and directions for stimulating their development are legally recognized. Stimulating the development of the region is understood as a set of legal, organizational, scientific, financial and other measures aimed at achieving sustainable development region on the basis of a combination of economic, social and environmental interests to maximize the effective use of the potential of the region in the interest of its inhabitants.

The assessment of objectively existing differences in the social development of the regions of Ukraine is revealed by the content of the subsequent sections of the textbook. The state and development of education, health care, social protection and social security of people, culture, art, tourism, hotel services, housing and communal services are considered.

The social sphere is a set of industries and organizations that perform the function of meeting the needs of the population in various social benefits and services.

The social sphere includes various sectors of the national economy related to the non-production sphere and, in part, to the material sphere of production. This area presents its benefits mainly in the form of services. In developed countries, more than 50% of the workforce is employed in this area. It is an important component of the economy of any country, because. has a significant multiplier effect, due to which its functioning affects the activities of many sectors of the economy.

The service market is specific, it has the following features:

high dynamism, territorial segmentation and local character;

high rate of capital turnover due to a shorter production cycle;

high sensitivity of services to market conditions due to the inability to store, transport, manufacture for future use, touch them;

individuality and originality of the services provided, their non-interchangeable nature;

high product differentiation in the same industry;

uncertainty of the result in the provision of social services, etc.

The social sphere includes the following activities:

wholesale and retail trade, repair of automobiles, household appliances;

hotel and restaurant business;

transport, warehousing and communications;

financial intermediation - insurance, pensions, except for compulsory social insurance;

public administration and social services;

education;

healthcare;

activities for the provision of communal and personal services;

dissemination of information, culture, art, sports, recreation and entertainment;

private household activities with hired services.

The structure of the social sphere is the ratio and interconnections of the individual sectors and industries included in it.

There are sectoral and sectoral structures of the social sphere. The sectoral structure is characterized by the diversity of its constituent industries and sub-sectors. Sectoral - provides that the organizations and institutions that are part of the social sphere can belong to one of three sectors: public, commercial and non-profit.

Topic 2. The concept of territorial organization. Social sphere, factors of its formation. Questions

The essence of the territorial organization of the social sphere, the factors of its formation.

Territorial social complexes, their classification.

1. The essence of the territorial organization of the social sphere, the factors of its formation.

Territorial organization of the social sphere is a set of processes or actions for the placement of its objects.

The development of production and the development of the social sphere in general are interconnected, but in different regions in different ways. The development of the social sphere usually proceeds adequately to the development of production, lags behind the development of the latter, somewhat ahead of it.

The modern placement of the social sphere in various states is presented three options:

1. In highly developed countries, almost all sectors of the social sphere are developed. At the same time, they are located in such a way that all districts and cities of these states are adequately provided with social enterprises.

2. In developing countries, taken as a whole, the social sphere is relatively poorly developed. The exceptions are its individual industries, in particular tourism, which serves mainly foreigners, as well as small retail trade. In some states, due to their specificity and traditions, other branches of the social sphere are also developed. The location of the enterprises of the latter is extremely uneven. One can even talk about their focal distribution in individual countries and regions. The main part of social enterprises is concentrated in. cities, mostly large ones, primarily metropolitan or port cities.

3. Post-socialist countries whose economies are in transition also have a social sphere of a transitional type. They retained many features of the social development of countries of the socialist type:

a) equal provision of the social sphere, at least at a very low level, for the entire population of the country (taking into account regional differences);

b) state property in social infrastructure;

c) strict state regulation of social sectors.

However, this legacy of the recent past is increasingly being supplemented (and largely replaced) by elements of market relations in the social sphere. And this leads to important territorial shifts in its development, the location of social enterprises is increasingly shifting into areas of investment activity. It can be assumed that this model of development and location of the social sphere is not some temporary, opportunistic phenomenon, but rather a stable pattern. Apparently, state regulation of all three sectors of the social sphere should also be calculated for the long term.

The location of the social sphere is influenced by a large number of factors that are formed into three groups:

1. Natural factors - the location of the territory, its climatic zone, terrain, the beauty of the natural landscape, its attractiveness, the presence of mineral springs, etc.

2. Population factors - population density throughout the country, gender, age, nationality, religious composition of the population, its social structure.

3. Economic factors - tax revenues to the republican and local budgets, the amount of deductions for financing the social sphere, etc.

Speaking of economic fatcore, one should not forget about financing the development of the social sphere. On the scale and sources of this funding. The scale of development of the social sphere and its individual branches directly depend on this.

All of these factors - natural, population, economic - have a different impact on the development and location of the social sphere in different historical eras, at different stages of the development of society. Moreover, the very spectrum of branches of the social sphere, the specialization of the latter, change in the course of the development of society, and priorities change, although almost all branches of the social sphere in one form or another existed in ancient times.

It is possible to identify several main historical stages in the development of the social sphere and its individual sectors:

Ancient society, when science and culture developed in cities. Education, medicine, and tourism were born (in particular, such a specific form as a trip to the Olympic Games).

The Middle Ages, when stagnation occurred in the development of the social sphere, and in some cases retreat. The exchange of social achievements between individual countries and peoples has sharply decreased.

The Renaissance, when, along with the development of society, began new stage development of the social sphere, exchange of its achievements. In connection with the great geographical discoveries the transfer of European achievements in the development of the social sphere to other continents began. There was also a reverse process - the penetration of social values of other lands into Europe. In this regard, it was especially important to get acquainted with the spiritual values of the East, with the technical achievements of Chinese civilization.

The era of capitalism gave a new impetus to the development of the social sphere in the countries of Europe, and then in other parts of the world. The social sphere is turning from a “servant of the chosen ones” into a phenomenon that ensures the development of the whole society. And this is not accidental: the ever-improving machine production with the personnel serving it could no longer function without a developed, diversified social sphere. Under capitalism, the social sphere developed under conditions of market relations and the dominance of private enterprise in its main sectors.

In the post-socialist states, which include Belarus, the development of the social sphere is in a transitional stage, which is reflected both in the diversity of forms of ownership in the sectors of this sphere, and in the declining, but still large role of the state in regulating their development and distribution.

The development of any society directly depends on the activities of its members in any of the spheres - economic, social, cultural, spiritual, domestic, scientific, political, industrial or others. Depending on which industry people belong to, they are in a relationship with each other, being within their social space.

As a result of this interaction, the social sphere of society is formed. In the past, each of its layers was fenced off from the others by its own traditions, rules or rights. For example, it was previously possible to get into the noble strata of society only by birthright.

social system

Each society develops according to systems peculiar to it. It consists not only of social subjects, but also contains all forms of human life. Society is a very complex organization, which includes numerous subsystems, which together represent the spheres of social activity of its members.

When stable relations are established between its subjects, a social life is formed, including:

numerous types of human activity (religious, educational, political and others);
social institutions such as parties, schools, churches, families, etc.;
different directions of communication between people, for example, in economic, political or other spheres;

A modern person can be in different social areas at the same time and come into contact with other people in some aspects of life.

For example, a waiter (lower social class) in an expensive restaurant is associated with members of the noble elite, serving them at the table.

Spheres of public life

There are many types of human activity, but all of them can be divided into 4 main categories:

the social sphere concerns the relationships between different strata of society;
economic - is related to actions related to material wealth;
in the political sphere are inherent in the movements of various classes within their civil rights and preferences;
spiritual consists of people's attitudes to various types material, intellectual, religious and moral values.

Each of these categories is subdivided into its own spheres, in each of which human activity takes place, limited by its scope. In modern society there are no sharp boundaries between different social areas, so the same individual can be in several of them at once.

For example, during the times of slavery or serfdom, these boundaries existed, and what the master could do was not allowed to smerd. Today a person can work in different areas, adhere to certain political views, choose a religion and have conflicting opinions about material goods.

Economic area of public activity

The socio-economic sphere is engaged in the production, exchange, distribution and consumption of various material goods. Human activity at the same time, it is aimed at the implementation of scientific and technological achievements through inter-production relations of people, the exchange of experience and information, and the redistribution of values.

This sphere is the space within which the economic life of society is formed, based on the interaction of all sectors of both the domestic and international economy. In this area, both the material interest of the individual in the results of his work and his Creative skills under the leadership of institutions of governance.

Without this sphere development of any country is impossible. As soon as the economy declines, other areas of public life begin to collapse.

Political sphere

In any society, at whatever stage of development it is, there are political confrontations. They are the result of the fact that various parties, social groups and national communities strive to occupy the dominant step on the political ladder.

Each individual individually seeks to influence the processes that take place in the country. In order to be able to do this, they unite in parties that correspond to their civic position and embody their political will.

This area of public life plays an important role in the formation of healthy competition between different parties, and thus affects the democratic development of countries where people openly express their opinions.

Area of spiritual activity

The spiritual sphere is the attitude of people in society to those values that are created, distributed and assimilated by all its members. These include not only material objects (painting, sculpture, architecture, literature), but also intellectual ones (music, scientific achievements, human knowledge and moral norms).

The spiritual sphere accompanied man throughout the development of civilizations and manifested itself in art, education, religions and much more.

Man in the structure of society

The social sphere is the area of relations between people belonging to various class and national groups. Their integrity is determined by demographic (old people, youth), professional (doctors, lawyers, teachers, etc.) and other signs, whose social security must be respected, taking into account the rights of all members of society.

The main direction in this area is the creation of optimal living conditions for each person, his health, education, work and social justice for all segments of the population, no matter what class division exists in the country.

Depending on how satisfied the needs of each individual individually, as well as families, national minorities, religious and work groups, one can judge the well-being of society as a whole.

Main items of expenditure in the social sphere

The budget of any country consists of many articles that regulate where taxpayers' money goes and how it is distributed, but only in highly developed societies does most of this money go to social programs.

The main items of expenditure that should be included in the budget are:

healthcare;
education;
culture;
housing and communal facilities;
social programs to protect the rights and provide for citizens.

With the advent of the first communities, and later states, primitive systems were formed to protect and support the poor.

For example, in some countries of antiquity it was customary to give part of the harvest or produced goods to the general treasury. These funds were distributed among the poor during difficult times, such as lean years or during war.

Social models of the countries of the world

Depending on how much the state has or does not have influence on the distribution of benefits in all sectors of society, it is divided into several models:

A paternalistic system in which the population is completely dependent on the state and obeys its will. The social sphere of life of people in such a country can be extremely low (Cuba, Russia, North Korea and others), and people are perceived as "cogs" in the system that can be punished, destroyed, encouraged. In this model of society, the population completely shifts the responsibility for their lives to the government.
The Swedish model is considered one of the most progressive in the world, since the economy in it is 95% built on private capital, but the social sphere is completely controlled by the state, which distributes most of the budget to healthcare, education and social programs. In Sweden, not only schools and higher educational institutions are free, but also medicine for children and young people under 21. Therefore, this country has some of the highest taxes in the world (60%) and the best quality of life.
Socially tuned models characterize enough big influence state to support and regulate social programs. In such countries, special conditions are created for the conduct of small and medium-sized businesses, tax incentives are introduced for entrepreneurs, since the main direction in the development of such a model is to encourage people to take the initiative to improve the quality of life in their own hands. A striking example of such societies are Germany, Austria, France, Italy, Spain and Portugal.

The development of the social sphere in any of these models directly depends on the structure and state of the economy that exist in the country.

Sphere of culture

Depending on the stage of development of the socio-cultural sphere of the country, one can generally judge the well-being of its citizens. It is in this area that all industries important for the quality of life of people are located:

health care - the number of free hospitals and clinics compared to paid medical care and its quality;
culture - visiting objects with objects of the heritage of the people should be available to all segments of the population. It is also important to protect the intellectual property of cultural figures and decent remuneration for their work and creativity;
education - the availability and level of free school and higher education for all segments of the population;
sports and physical education is an area of culture, the main task of which is to maintain health and beauty, increase the life expectancy of the population;
social security is a program aimed at helping poor people or large families.

If in the domestic policy of the state, both the cultural and social spheres occupy a leading place, then its population flourishes.

Purpose of social activity

The management of the social sphere is carried out by the institutions of power and institutions located in their departments. Objects that control the organization and implementation of programs necessary to improve the quality of life of members of society are divided into regional, regional or local.

The purpose of the social activities of these institutions:

protection of health and life of people;
providing them with housing;
equal rights for all to education and work;
provision after retirement;
the right to self-expression and creative development.

The economy of the social sphere directly depends on how the distribution of goods and services is carried out by various governments. In developed countries, this is done by the state, tracking the standard of living of all segments of the population.

Purpose of social activities

The social sphere in its intended purpose is:

in the development of human resources;
servicing the population at the household, commercial, housing and other levels;
social protection in the system of material assistance, insurance, provision of working and living conditions.

Particular attention and support should be given to those authorities and organizations that are engaged in the distribution of social benefits in society.