Stylistic and emotionally expressive coloring of words. Emotionally expressive coloring of words

Functionally stylistic coloring of the word

By functional and stylistic affiliation, all the words of the Russian language can be divided into two large groups: 1) common, relevant in any style of speech (man, work, good, a lot, house) and 2) assigned to a certain style and perceived outside of it as inappropriate (different styles): face(meaning "man") work hard(meaning "to work") cool, plenty, living space, building. The second group of words is of particular stylistic interest.

functional style is called a historically established and socially conscious system of speech means used in a particular area of ​​human communication. In modern Russian, the following are distinguished bookstores styles: scientific, journalistic, official business. Some linguists refer to book styles and fiction However, in our opinion, the language of fiction is devoid of any stylistic isolation. It is distinguished by a variety of individual-author's means of creating imagery and the freedom to choose vocabulary dictated by specific artistic tasks. This puts the language of fiction, more precisely artistic speech, in a special position in relation to functional styles.

Book styles opposed colloquial a style that is predominantly oral. Outside the literary and linguistic norm is vernacular.

The functional and stylistic fixation of words is facilitated by their thematic relevance. So, the terms, as a rule, belong to the scientific style: assonance, metaphor, quantum theory, synchrophasotron; journalistic style includes words related to socio-political topics: pluralism, democracy, glasnost, citizenship, cooperation; as official business words used in jurisprudence, office work are distinguished: presumption of innocence, incompetent, victim, notify, prescribe, proper, residence.

However, the differentiating features of scientific, journalistic, official and business vocabulary are not always perceived with sufficient certainty, and therefore, when stylistically characterized, a significant number of words are evaluated as bookish, in contrast to their commonly used and colloquial synonyms. Let's compare, for example, such synonymic rows:

Due to semantic and stylistic differences, bookish and colloquial (colloquial) words are most clearly opposed; compare: intrude - get in, get rid of - get rid of, get rid of, sob - roar; face - muzzle, mug.

The functional-stylistic stratification of vocabulary is only partially fixed in explanatory dictionaries by stylistic marks to words. Book words, special, colloquial, vernacular, rude vernacular stand out most consistently. The corresponding marks are used in the Big and Small academic dictionaries of the Russian language. In the "Dictionary of the Russian Language" by S. I. Ozhegov, stylistic marks indicate the functional fixation of words: "abusive", "high", "ironic", "bookish", "disapproving", "official", "colloquial", "colloquial" , "special", etc. But there are no labels that would highlight journalistic vocabulary.

In the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" edited by D. N. Ushakov, stylistic marks are more diverse, they represent the functional stratification of vocabulary in a more differentiated way. Here such marks are given: "newspaper", "stationery", "folk poetic", "special", "official", "poetic", "colloquial", "journalistic", etc. However, in some cases these marks are outdated. So, negotiable, recalculation, re-register in the dictionary of D. N. Ushakov they are given with the mark "official", and in the dictionary of Ozhegov - without marks; chauvinism- respectively: "political" and - without marks. This reflects the real processes of changing the functional and stylistic affiliation of words.

Unlike functionally fixed, commonly used vocabulary, or interstyle, is used in any style of speech without any restrictions. For example, the word house can be used in any context: in an official business document ( House No. 7 to be demolished); in an article by a journalist who owns a journalistic style ( This house built according to the project of a talented Russian architect and is one of the most valuable monuments of national architecture); in a funny song for kids [Tili-bom, tili-bom, cat's on fire house (March.)]. In all cases, such words will not stand out stylistically from the rest of the vocabulary.

Common vocabulary underlies the vocabulary of the Russian language. It is interstyle, neutral words that are, as a rule, the main (pivot) in the synonymic rows; they constitute the most important fund of generating bases around which various derivational connections of related words are formed.

Common vocabulary is also the most frequent: we constantly refer to it both in oral and written speech, in any style where it performs a primary function - nominative, naming vital concepts and phenomena.

Lecture questions

The concept of style in language. Functional-stylistic coloring of words.

Emotionally expressive coloring of words.

Means of artistic representation (Trails and figures).

1. The concept of style in the language. Stylistic coloration of words.

Word style ambiguous. In the broadest sense, style is understood as a set of characteristic features, features inherent in something, distinguishing something 1 . This “something” can be both an activity (work style, leadership style, etc.), and a way of performing (swimming style, skiing style, etc.), and a manner of behaving, dressing (he entered in her style, she dresses in retro style, etc.). In a narrower sense, style means direction in art, characterized by special features, properties of artistic expression(styles in painting, architecture, music, etc.). There is also a very special meaning of the word style - a way of reckoning (old style, new style).

However, most of all and most closely the concept of style is associated with literature. The very word style(gr. stylos, lat. stylus) in ancient times meant a stick pointed at one end and rounded at the other, a rod made of wood, bone or metal. The sharp end was written on wax tablets, the rounded end was leveled to write again. “Turn your style more often!” - this advice meant: correct what was written more often, strive for correctness, clarity, brevity, expressiveness of presentation. It is quite natural that over time they began to speak of his bad style, he has a good style, he has a verbose style, he has a strict style, etc., meaning not the writing tool, but the qualities of the written, the features of verbal expression. In the future, the writing stick completely went out of use, and in a word style in literature began to mean manner of using language. This understanding of style is quite correct, but it is of the most general nature and therefore needs at least two clarifications.

First, it should be noted that style - historical category. Throughout the history of the Russian language, the conditions for the formation of styles, their number and relationships have changed. For example, high, medium and low styles in the literature of classicism were determined by the genre of the work and differed from each other mainly by the ratio of the use of "Slavonic" and "simple Russian" elements, and modern functional styles are determined by the use (functioning) in various spheres of human activity (legal relations, science, etc.) and differ from each other by specific sets of correlative means and ways of linguistic expression. Secondly, it should be borne in mind that the concept of style applies to very different uses of language. In addition to those named by G.O. Vinokur, we can talk, for example, about the styles of a particular literary movement, about the style of an individual work, about the individual style of a writer, etc.

An extensive literature is devoted to styles, many definitions of style as a phenomenon of literature have been proposed. In view of the foregoing, we can accept the following: style is a historically developed type of language use, which differs from other similar varieties in the features of the composition and organization of language units. This and similar definitions, common in the specialized literature, allow us to apply the concept of "style" to any kind of language use. Meanwhile, in modern philology, a tradition has developed according to which the concept of style is applied mainly (and sometimes exclusively) to varieties of literary language, although this restriction is usually absent in definitions of style. Therefore, it should be borne in mind that although every style is a kind of language use, it is customary to call every kind of language use a style. The concept of "variety of language use" is applicable to more general and more specific phenomena; one variety may include other varieties of language usage.

Language units, in addition to their main lexical and grammatical meaning, may also have additional meanings that correlate language units with certain conditions or areas of communication. For example, the word businessman not only means "business person", but also contains an emotional negative assessment, and in terms of use it belongs to the vernacular. Word overthrow does not just mean “overthrow”, but contains an emotional connotation of sublimity, solemnity and is used in book vocabulary. Phrase construction When I pass my exams, I will go to my parents.- "neutral", and "I'll pass the exams - I'll go to my parents" - colloquial. These and similar characteristics of language units act as stylistic coloration. 2 Stylistically colored called those words, word forms, sentences, the ability of which to evoke a special impression out of context is due to the fact that they contain not only subject (information about the signified subject) and / or grammatical information, but also some additional information, for example, the coloring of familiarity, disapproval, approval, etc. 3

There are two types of stylistic coloring: functional-stylistic and emotional-expressive.

Functional-style fixedness of words 4

Functionally-stylistically colored words include those that are used in some area of ​​communication. We feel the connection of words-terms with the language of science (for example: quantum theory, experiment, monoculture); highlight publicistic vocabulary (worldwide, law and order, congress, commemorate, proclaim, election campaign); we recognize by the clerical coloring the words of the official business style (injured, residence, prohibited, prescribe).

From a functional point of view, all means of the national language are divided into 3 groups: neutral (generally used), bookish, colloquial.

book words associated primarily with the sphere of intellectual communication ( dissent, nihilist), a significant part of them are borrowed words ( sarcasm, phenomenon) and words of Church Slavonic origin ( raise up, give back).book words are out of place in casual conversation: "On the green spaces the first leaves appeared"; We were walking in the forest array and sunbathing at the pond." Faced with such a mixture of styles, we hasten to replace foreign words with their commonly used synonyms (not green spaces, a trees, bushes; not Forest, a forest; not water, a lake).high vocabulary necessary when talking about something important, significant. This vocabulary finds application in speeches of speakers, in poetic speech, where a solemn, pathetic tone is justified. But if, for example, you are thirsty, it would not occur to you on such a trifling occasion to turn to a comrade with a tirade: “ O my unforgettable colleague and friend! Quench my thirst with life-giving moisture!»

colloquial, and even more so colloquial, that is, outside the literary norm, words cannot be used in a conversation with a person with whom we are connected by official relations, or in an official setting.

Appeal to stylistically colored words should be motivated. Depending on the content of the speech, its style, on the environment in which the word is born, and even on how the speakers relate to each other (with sympathy or hostility), they use different words.

If words that have a particular stylistic coloring are used ineptly, they give the speech a comical sound.

Even in ancient manuals on eloquence, for example, in Aristotle's Rhetoric, much attention was paid to style. According to Aristotle, it "must fit the subject of speech"; important things should be spoken seriously, choosing expressions that will give the speech an elevated sound. Trifles are not spoken solemnly; in this case, words are used joking, contemptuous, that is, reduced vocabulary. M.V. Lomonosov also pointed out the opposition of “high” and “low” words in the theory of “three calms”. Modern explanatory dictionaries give stylistic marks to words, noting their solemn, sublime sound, as well as highlighting words that are reduced, contemptuous, derogatory, dismissive, vulgar, and abusive.

Of course, when talking, we cannot look into the explanatory dictionary every time, clarifying the stylistic mark for a particular word, but we feel which word should be used in a particular situation. The choice of stylistically colored vocabulary depends on our attitude to what we are talking about. Let's take a simple example.

The two argued:

– I can't take seriously what this blond youth says, one said.

– And in vain, - objected another, - the arguments of this blond youth are very convincing.

These contradictory remarks express a different attitude towards the young blond: one of the disputants chose insulting words for him, emphasizing his neglect; the other, on the contrary, tried to find words that expressed sympathy. The synonymic wealth of the Russian language provides ample opportunities for the stylistic choice of evaluative vocabulary. Some words are positive, others are negative.

However, the differentiating features of scientific, journalistic, official business vocabulary are not always perceived with sufficient certainty , and therefore, when stylistically characterized, a significant number of words are evaluated as bookish, in contrast to their commonly used and colloquial synonyms. Due to semantic and stylistic differences most clearly opposedbook and colloquial(colloquial) words; compare: intrude - get in, get rid of - get off, get rid of, sob - roar; face - muzzle, mug.

The functional-style stratification of vocabulary is only partially recorded in explanatory dictionaries. stylistic marks to words. Book words, special, colloquial, vernacular, rude vernacular stand out most consistently. The corresponding marks are used in the Big and Small academic dictionaries of the Russian language. In the "Dictionary of the Russian language" S.I. Ozhegov, the functional fixation of words is indicated by stylistic marks: “abusive”, “high”, “ironic”, “bookish”, “disapproving”, “official”, “colloquial”, “colloquial”, “special”, etc. But there are no marks , which would highlight publicistic vocabulary.

In the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" edited by D.N. Ushakov, stylistic marks are more diverse, they represent the functional stratification of vocabulary in a more differentiated way. Here such marks are given: “newspaper”, “stationery”, “folk poetic”, “special”, “official”, “poetic”, “colloquial”, “journalistic”, etc. However, in some cases these marks are outdated. So, contractual, recalculation, re-register in the dictionary of D. N. Ushakov are given with the mark “official”, and in the dictionary of Ozhegov - without marks; chauvinism - respectively: "political" and - without marks. This reflects the real processes of changing the functional and stylistic affiliation of words.

Unlike functionally fixed, commonly usedvocabulary or interstitial, used in any style of speech without any restrictions. For example, the word house can be used in any context: in an official business document (House No. 7 is to be demolished); in an article by a journalist who owns a journalistic style (This house was built according to the project of a talented Russian architect and is one of the most valuable monuments of national architecture); in a comic song for kids (Tili-bom, tili-bom, the cat's house caught fire (March.). In all cases, such words will not stand out stylistically from the rest of the vocabulary.

Common vocabulary underlies the vocabulary of the Russian language. It is interstyle, neutral words that are, as a rule, the main (pivot) in the synonymic rows; they constitute the most important fund of generating bases around which various derivational connections of related words are formed.

Common vocabulary is also the most frequent: we constantly refer to it both in oral and written speech, in any style where it performs a primary function - nominative, naming vital concepts and phenomena.

The Russian language is rich in lexical synonyms, which contrast in their stylistic coloring. For example.

The content of the word, in addition to its main part - the lexical meaning - includes some more components. Compare, for example, the words titanic and huge. Both of them mean "very large", but in general they differ in their content, and it is impossible to use one instead of the other without taking into account these differences. The difference between them is that the word huge can be used in a variety of communication situations, and the word titanic - only in solemn situations.

The opposition of the words huge and titanic shows that there is a difference between sublime and neutral units in the language. varying degrees“elevation”: the lifeless is characterized by a weak degree of elevation (book coloring), and the lifeless one is characterized by a strong degree of elevation (it has the mark “high” in dictionaries).

The difference between words on the basis of neutrality - bookishness - loftiness is a difference in expressive-stylistic meaning. It generally indicates in which situations the use of the word is appropriate.

Let's continue the comparison and consider a series of bored - disgusted - fed up. The difference between them lies, as it were, on the other side of the neutral, “zero” expressive-stylistic mark: the neutral word bother is opposed by two stylistically reduced words - the colloquial to be disgusted and the vernacular to be sick of it, reflecting a weaker and stronger degree of decline.

Words that are neutral, the most necessary and frequent units of the language (to speak, know, big, time, person, etc.) are opposed, on the one hand, by words of two degrees of elevation (bookish and high), and on the other hand, words of two degrees of decline ( colloquial and colloquial): to die (high) - to rest (outdated bookish) - to die (neutral) - to hoard (colloquial); for (bookish) - because, since (neutral) - because (colloquial) - because (colloquial); steal (book) - steal (neutral) - drag (colloquial) - pull, steal (colloquial).

The place of a neutral member in the expressive-stylistic series is always filled, and the place of one or another elevated or reduced member may be empty.

In addition to differences in words in terms of expressive-stylistic coloring (elevated - neutral - reduced), there are other oppositions. A comparison of the words court and court shows that words can differ in meaning, which can be called evaluatively stylistic. The word court designates this phenomenon neutrally, without giving it any additional assessment, while the word court, naming the phenomenon, conveys a disapproving assessment of it, fixed in the language and especially expressed by the suffix (compare also: communicate - hang out, interfere - climb (into what) , agreement - collusion, etc.).

At first glance, it may seem that stylistically reduced words are words with a negative emotional assessment, while sublime words convey the approving attitude of the speakers towards the phenomena they designate. But this is not so: for example, high-pitched words (guardian, soar, pearl), and bookish (tirade, synclit), and neutral (oratorical, new-born), and not only reduced colloquial and colloquial (to get better, sentimental, etc.) P.).

Many words not only define concepts, but also express the speaker's attitude towards them, a special kind of evaluativeness. For example, admiring the beauty of a white flower, you can call it snow-white, white, lily. These words are emotionally colored: a positive assessment distinguishes them from the stylistically neutral definition of white. The emotional coloring of the word can also express a negative assessment of what is called understood: fair-haired, whitish. So emotional vocabulary also called evaluative (emotional-evaluative).

At the same time, it should be noted that the concepts of emotionality and evaluativeness are not identical, although they are closely related. Some emotional words (for example, interjections) do not contain evaluation; and there are words in which evaluation is the essence of their semantic structure, but they do not belong to the emotional vocabulary: good, bad, joy, anger, love, suffer.

A feature of the emotional-evaluative vocabulary is that the emotional coloring is "superimposed" on the lexical meaning of the word, but is not reduced to it: the denotative meaning of the word is complicated by the connotative one.

As part of the emotional vocabulary, three groups can be distinguished.

• 1. Words with a bright connotative meaning, containing an assessment of facts, phenomena, signs, giving an unambiguous description of people: inspire, delightful, daring, unsurpassed, pioneer, predestinate, herald, self-sacrifice, irresponsible, grouch, double-dealer, businesslike, antediluvian, mischief, defame , eyewash, sycophant, windbag, slob. Such words, as a rule, are unambiguous, expressive emotionality prevents the development of figurative meanings in them.
• 2. Polysemantic words, neutral in the main meaning, receiving a qualitative-emotional connotation when used figuratively. So, about a person of a certain character, one can say: a hat, a rag, a mattress, an oak tree, an elephant, a bear, a snake, an eagle, a crow, a rooster, a parrot; in figurative meaning verbs are also used: saw, hiss, sing, gnaw, dig, yawn, blink, etc.
• 3. Words with subjective assessment suffixes that convey various shades of feelings: son, daughter, granny, sun, neatly, close - positive emotions; beards, kid, bureaucracy - negative. Their evaluative meanings are determined not by nominative properties, but by word formation, since affixes give emotional coloring to such forms.

The emotionality of speech is often conveyed by especially expressive expressive vocabulary. Expressiveness (expression) (lat. expressio) means expressiveness, the power of manifestation of feelings and experiences. There are many words in Russian that have an element of expression added to their nominative meaning. For example, instead of the word good, getting excited about something, we say beautiful, wonderful, delightful, wonderful; I can say I don't like it, but it is not difficult to find stronger, more colorful words I hate, I despise, I abhor. In all these cases, the semantic structure of the word is complicated by connotation.

Often one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in the degree of emotional stress; cf .: misfortune - grief, disaster, catastrophe; violent - unrestrained, indomitable, frantic, furious. Vivid expression highlights solemn words (herald, accomplishments, unforgettable), rhetorical (comrade-in-arms, aspirations, announce), poetic (azure, invisible, silent, sing). Words are also expressively colored playful (believing, newly minted), ironic (deign, don Juan, vaunted), familiar (good-natured, cute, snooping around, whispering) Expressive shades delimit disapproving words (mannered, pretentious, ambitious, pedant), dismissive (painting, pettiness ), contemptuous (to slander, toady), derogatory (skirt, squishy), vulgar (grabber, lucky), abusive (boor, fool). All these nuances of the expressive coloring of words are reflected in stylistic notes to them in explanatory dictionaries.

The expression of a word is often superimposed on its emotional and evaluative meaning, and in some words expression prevails, in others - emotionality. Therefore, it is often not possible to distinguish between emotional and expressive coloring, and then one speaks of emotional-expressive vocabulary (expressive-evaluative).

Words similar in expressiveness are classified into: 1) vocabulary expressing a positive assessment of the called concepts, and 2) vocabulary expressing a negative assessment of the called concepts. The first group will include words high, affectionate, partly playful; in the second - ironic, disapproving, abusive, contemptuous, vulgar and so on.

The emotional and expressive coloring of a word is influenced by its meaning. Thus, such words as fascism, Stalinism, and repressions received a sharply negative assessment from us. A positive assessment was attached to the words progressive, peace-loving, anti-war. Even different meanings of the same word can diverge noticeably in stylistic coloring: in one meaning the word appears as solemn, lofty: Wait, prince. Finally, I hear the speech of not a boy, but a husband (P.), in another - as ironic, mocking: G. Polevoy proved that the venerable editor enjoys the fame of a learned man (P.).

The development of expressive shades in the semantics of the word is also facilitated by its metaphorization. Thus, stylistically neutral words used as metaphors get vivid expression: burn at work, fall from fatigue, suffocate under totalitarianism, flaming gaze, blue dream, flying gait, etc. The context finally shows the expressive coloring of words: it contains neutral in stylistically, units can become emotionally colored, high - contemptuous, affectionate - ironic, and even a swear word (scoundrel, fool) can sound approving

Correlation between functional and stylistic fixation and emotional and expressive coloring of words

Emotionally expressive the coloring of a word and its belonging to a certain functional style in the lexical system of the Russian language, as a rule, are interdependent. Emotionally-expressive words that are neutral are usually included in the layer of commonly used vocabulary. Terms are an exception: they are always stylistically neutral, but have a clear functional fixation.

Emotionally expressive words are distributed between book and colloquial (colloquial) vocabulary.

The book vocabulary includes words high, giving solemnity to speech, as well as emotionally expressive, expressing both positive and negative assessment of the named concepts. So, in book styles, ironic vocabulary is used (beautiful soul, words, quixotic), disapproving (pedantic, mannerisms), contemptuous (mask, corrupt), etc. Therefore, it is sometimes incorrectly believed that book vocabulary consists only of words of positive evaluative meaning, although such, of course, prevail in it (all poetic, rhetorical, solemn vocabulary).

Colloquial vocabulary includes affectionate words (darling, mommy), playful ones (butuz, laughter), as well as some units expressing a negative assessment of the concepts called (but not too rude): zealous, giggle, brag, small fry.

The colloquial vocabulary includes sharply reduced words that are outside literary norm. Among them, there may be forms containing a positive assessment of the named concepts (hard worker, brainy), but there are much more forms expressing the speaker’s negative attitude towards the concepts designated (to the left, to go crazy, flimsy, comely, etc.).

The word often intersects functional features and emotionally expressive and other stylistic shades. For example, the words satellite epigone, apotheosis are perceived primarily as bookish. But at the same time, the word satellite, used in a figurative sense, we associate with the journalistic style; in the word epigone we note a negative assessment, and in the word apotheosis - a positive one. In addition, the use of these words in speech is influenced by their foreign language origin (the phonetic design that is not characteristic of the Russian language can lead to their inappropriateness in a certain context). And the affectionately ironic words of sweetheart, winding, zaleka, drol combine colloquial and dialectal coloring, folk poetic sound. The richness of stylistic shades of Russian vocabulary requires a particularly careful attitude to the word.

The use of stylistically colored vocabulary in speech

The stylistic coloring of the word indicates the possibility of using it in one or another functional style (in combination with commonly used, neutral vocabulary). However, this does not mean that the functional attachment of words to a certain style excludes their use in other styles. For modern development The Russian language is characterized by mutual influence and interpenetration of styles, and this contributes to the movement of lexical means (simultaneously with other linguistic elements) from one style to another. Thus, in scientific works journalistic vocabulary often coexists with terminology. This can be observed on the example of literary works: Publication of the "Northern Tale" by K.G. Paustovsky dates back to 1939. This is a romantic story about people of different generations and nationalities, whose fates are closely and sometimes intricately intertwined. The heroes of the story are united by common features - the struggle for social justice and freedom, moral purity. ...The ideological concept of the writer determined the features of the composition and plot of the story. The plot parallelism of the first and second-third parts, a kind of repetition of the plot line are not accidental (L.A. Novikov). The scientific style does not exclude emotional speech, and this determines the use of evaluative vocabulary, high and low words in it.

The journalistic style is even more open to the penetration of foreign-style vocabulary. In a newspaper article, you can often find terms next to colloquial and even colloquial vocabulary: The word "perestroika" entered many languages ​​​​without translation, like "satellite" in its time. However, it is much easier for a foreigner to learn this word than to put into practice everything that stands behind it. I will show this on the facts from the sphere of management... Planning, as you know, is based on standards. I hasten to immediately and clearly make a reservation so as not to be accused of being against any standards in general. No, of course! And at the enterprises, I am sure, they will not reach the point of stupidity indiscriminately denying their necessity. It just depends on what standards. When, for example, a percentage of deductions from profits to the budget is established, or a consumption fee natural resources or the amount of payments to the bank for the loan received, who will be against it? But when the entire internal life of enterprises is regulated by standards: the structure and number, salaries and bonuses, deductions for all kinds of needs (up to the purchase of pens and pencils), this is, excuse me, utter nonsense, which leads to results that are often ridiculous, sometimes dramatic, and sometimes tragicomic (P. Volin). Here, scientific, terminological vocabulary is intertwined with expressively colored colloquial, which, however, does not violate the stylistic norms of journalistic speech, but, on the contrary, enhances its effectiveness. Here, for example, is a description of a scientific experiment that appeared on a newspaper page: At the Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry ... thirty-two laboratories. One of them studies the evolution of sleep. At the entrance to the laboratory there is a sign: "Do not enter: experience!" But from behind the door comes the clucking of a chicken. She's not here to lay eggs. Here is a researcher picking up a Corydalis. It turns it upside down... Such an appeal to foreign-style vocabulary is quite justified, colloquial vocabulary enlivens speech, makes it more accessible to the reader.

Of the bookish styles, only the official business style is impervious to colloquial vocabulary, to emotionally expressive words. Although in the special genres of this style it is possible to use journalistic elements, and, consequently, evaluative vocabulary (but from the group of book words). For example, in diplomatic documents (statements, notes of the government), such vocabulary can express an attitude to the discussed facts of international life: find a way out of an impasse, look with optimism, a giant evolution in relations.

The use of terminological vocabulary in a figurative sense outside the scientific style has become a sign of the times: another round of negotiations, a virus of indifference, new rounds of endless disputes, a coefficient of sincerity, euphoria has passed (it became clear that there will be no easy solutions), etc. In this case, there is not only a metaphorical transfer of meaning, resulting in determinologization, but also a stylistic transfer: the word goes beyond the terminological system that gave rise to it and becomes commonly used.

However, the use of foreign-style vocabulary does not always fit into the stylistic norm. Significant damage to the culture of speech is caused by the inappropriate use of: 1) high book vocabulary ("Zhuravlev acted as an advocate of saving building materials"); 2) far-fetched, artificial terms that create pseudo-scientific speech ("One head of cattle female[t. e. cow!] should be used, first of all, for the subsequent reproduction of offspring"); 3) journalistic vocabulary in a neutral text, giving false pathos to the statement ("The staff of store No. ").

The following becomes a violation of the stylistic norm: 1) unreasonable mixing of vocabulary of different styles, as a result of which inappropriate comedy arises ("In order to obtain strong evidence of abuse of power, they took a photojournalist with them"; "The management of the enterprise clung to the rationalization proposal"); 2) the introduction of colloquial elements into book speech (“Voskreskniki laid the foundation for the improvement of the regional center, but in this matter we still have a lot of work to do”; “Grain harvesting in the region was blocked, referring to bad weather conditions”).

The comic effect of mixing linguistic means of different styles is used by comedians, deliberately using words that contrast in stylistic coloring: A few days later, a young doctor was walking with a girl along rugged terrain on the seashore (I. and P.); In the forgotten side, in the Zabolotsky volost, oh, I liked you completely and completely. How it came - I don’t know myself - this is a hobby, we walked through the forests of local importance (Isak.).

The bureaucratization of all forms of life in our society during the stagnant period led to the fact that the influence of the official business style in the Russian language increased excessively. Elements of this style, unjustifiably used outside of it, are called clericalisms. These include characteristic words and expressions (presence, in the absence of, in order to avoid, due, the above, at the moment, a period of time, today and under.), A lot of verbal nouns (taking, blowing up, living, finding, withdrawing, absenteeism , walking, understaffing, etc.); denominative prepositions (in the case, in part, for purposes, along the line, at the expense, etc.). The wording, replete with clericalism and speech clichés, helped to avoid direct conversation on sensitive topics, to call a spade a spade: There were some shortcomings in the development of public animal husbandry; The negative side in business of activity of the enterprise consists in cases of release of defective products.

Chancellery penetrates not only into book, but also into colloquial speech, in which sometimes ridiculous combinations of stylistically incompatible words can be noted: [in an address to a child] What question are you crying about? (example of K.I. Chukovsky); [in a domestic environment] If I have a wife, I will not wash the dishes! The absurdity of saturating colloquial speech with clericalism becomes apparent when we encounter their parodic use: “Imagine that a husband at dinner asks his wife what she did today. In response, he hears: In the first half of the day, I quickly ensured the restoration of proper order in the residential area, as well as in the utility room intended for cooking common use. In the subsequent period, I organized a visit outlet for the purpose of acquiring the necessary food products..." (example of V.G. Kostomarov).

Another distinctive feature of the colloquial speech of our time was its saturation with diminutive forms without stylistic motivation. Researchers note the "stylistic simplification" of this group of evaluative vocabulary, which is often perceived by speakers as a kind of sign of informal colloquial speech: Hello!; Have you prepared the material?; Give me a hint; Pour half a ladle of soup; Half a kilo of sausages, etc. In such cases, we are not talking about the size of objects, nor is a particularly tender attitude towards them expressed, in other words, the evaluativeness of expressively colored words is lost. The appeal to such forms is due either to a false idea of ​​\u200b\u200b"polite style", or the belittled position of the petitioner, who is afraid of being refused by the person to whom he is forced to turn. Such use of expressive-emotional vocabulary often reflects the distribution of social roles in society.

For writers, journalists, diminutive forms of evaluative words become a source of ironic, satirical coloring of speech (at the same time when mixing styles): Well, how good we are all! How beautiful and pleasant! And there is the one who pushed the old woman away with his elbow, and he got into the bus instead of her! And the one over there that has been sweeping the alley for three days with a broom ... (From the gas.).

There is also a high degree of use in colloquial speech of lowered words, which in this case lose shades of contempt, rudeness (girls, boys, grandmother, aunt, etc.): My grandmother is good; My boy from the army is back; The girl with him was beautiful.

The trend towards stylistic simplification of evaluative vocabulary does not, however, give us the right not to take into account the emotional and expressive coloring of words when they are used.

Many words not only name concepts, but also reflect the attitude of the speaker towards them. For example, admiring the beauty of a white flower, you can call it snow-white, white, lilac. These adjectives are emotionally colored: the positive evaluation contained in them distinguishes them from a stylistically neutral word. white. The emotional coloring of the word can also express a negative assessment of the called concept ( blond). Therefore, emotional vocabulary is called appraisal (emotional-evaluative). However, it should be noted that the concepts of emotional words (for example, interjections) do not contain evaluation; at the same time, words in which the assessment constitutes their very lexical meaning (moreover, the assessment is not emotional, but intellectual) do not belong to emotional vocabulary ( bad, good, anger, joy, love, approve).

A feature of the emotional-evaluative vocabulary is that the emotional coloring is “superimposed” on the lexical meaning of the word, but is not reduced to it, the purely nominative function is complicated here by evaluativeness, the speaker’s attitude to the phenomenon being called.

As part of the emotional vocabulary, the following three varieties can be distinguished. 1. Words with a bright evaluative meaning, as a rule, are unambiguous; “the assessment contained in their meaning is so clearly and definitely expressed that it does not allow the word to be used in other meanings.” These include the words "characteristics" ( forerunner, forerunner, grouch, idler, toady, slob etc.), as well as words containing an assessment of a fact, phenomenon, sign, action ( predestination, destiny, deceit, fraud, marvelous, miraculous, irresponsible, antediluvian, dare, inspire, defame, mischief). 2. Polysemantic words, usually neutral in the main meaning, but receiving a bright emotional coloring when used metaphorically. So, about a person they say: hat, rag, mattress, oak, elephant, bear, snake, eagle, crow; verbs are used in a figurative sense: sing, hiss, saw, gnaw, dig, yawn, blink and under. 3. Words with subjective assessment suffixes that convey various shades of feeling: containing positive emotions - son, sun, granny, neatly, close, and negative - beards, kid, breech etc. Since the emotional coloring of these words is created by affixes, the estimated meanings in such cases are determined not by the nominative properties of the word, but by word formation.

The image of feeling in speech requires special expressive colors. expressiveness(from Latin expressio - expression) - means expressiveness, expressive - containing a special expression. At the lexical level, this linguistic category is embodied in the "increment" to the nominative meaning of the word of special stylistic shades, special expression. For example, instead of the word good We are speaking wonderful, marvelous, marvelous, marvelous; you can say I do not like, but stronger words can be found: hate, despise, loathe. In all these cases, the lexical meaning of the word is complicated by expression. Often one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in the degree of emotional stress (cf.: misfortune - grief - disaster - catastrophe, violent - unrestrained - indomitable - violent - furious). Vivid expression highlights the words solemn ( unforgettable, herald, accomplishments), rhetorical ( sacred, aspirations, herald), poetic ( azure, invisible, chant, unceasing).Special expression distinguishes playful words ( faithful, newly minted), ironic ( deign, don Juan, vaunted), familiar ( ugly, cute, poking around, whispering). Expressive shades delimit disapproving words ( pretentious, mannered, ambitious, pedant), disparaging ( to paint, pettiness), contemptuous ( slander, servility, sycophancy), derogatory ( skirt, squishy), vulgar ( grabber, lucky), swear words ( ham, fool).

Expressive coloring in a word is superimposed on its emotional and evaluative meaning, and in some words expression prevails, in others - emotional coloring. Therefore, it is not possible to distinguish between emotional and expressive vocabulary. The situation is complicated by the fact that "the typology of expressiveness is, unfortunately, not yet available." This leads to difficulties in developing a common terminology.

Combining words that are close in expression into lexical groups, we can distinguish: 1) words expressing a positive assessment of the called concepts, 2) words expressing their negative assessment. The first group will include words high, affectionate, partly playful; in the second - ironic, disapproving, abusive, etc. The emotionally expressive coloring of words is clearly manifested when comparing synonyms:

The emotional and expressive coloring of a word is influenced by its meaning. We received a sharply negative assessment of such words as fascism, separatism, corruption, assassin, mafia. Behind the words progressive, law and order, sovereignty, glasnost etc. positive color is fixed. Even different meanings of the same word can differ markedly in stylistic coloring: in one case, the use of a word can be solemn ( Stop, prince. Finally, I hear the speech not of a boy, but of a husband.- P.), in another - the same word gets an ironic coloring ( G. Polevoy proved that the venerable editor enjoys the reputation of a learned man, so to speak, on his word of honor.- P.).

The development of emotional and expressive shades in the word is facilitated by its metaphorization. So, stylistically neutral words used as tropes get a vivid expression: burn(at work), fall(from fatigue) suffocate(in adverse conditions), blazing(eye) blue(dream), flying(gait), etc. The context finally determines the expressive coloring: neutral words can be perceived as lofty and solemn; high vocabulary in other conditions acquires a mockingly ironic coloring; sometimes even a swear word can sound affectionate, and affectionate - contemptuously. The appearance of additional expressive shades in a word, depending on the context, significantly expands the visual possibilities of vocabulary.

The expressive coloring of words in works of art differs from the expression of the same words in non-figurative speech. In the conditions of an artistic context, vocabulary acquires additional, secondary semantic shades that enrich its expressive coloring. modern science attaches great importance expansion of the semantic volume of words in artistic speech, associating with this the appearance of a new expressive coloring in words.

The study of emotional-evaluative and expressive vocabulary directs us to distinguish different types of speech depending on the nature of the speaker's influence on listeners, the situation of their communication, their relationship to each other and a number of other factors. Gvozdev, - that the speaker wants to make laugh or touch, to arouse the disposition of the listeners or their negative attitude towards the subject of speech, so that it is clear how different language means will be selected, mainly creating a different expressive coloring. With this approach to the selection of language means, several types of speech can be identified: solemn(rhetorical), official(cold) intimate affectionate, playful. They are opposed to speech neutral, using linguistic means, devoid of any stylistic coloring. This classification of types of speech, dating back to the "poetics" of ancient antiquity, is not rejected by modern stylists either.

The doctrine of functional styles does not exclude the possibility of using various emotional and expressive means in them at the discretion of the author of the work. In such cases, "methods for selecting speech means ... are not universal, they are of a particular nature." Solemn coloring, for example, can be received by publicistic speech; “Rhetorical, expressively saturated and impressive can be one or another speech in the sphere of everyday communication (anniversary speeches, ceremonial speeches associated with the act of a particular ritual, etc.).”

At the same time, it should be noted that the expressive types of speech are not well studied, and there is no clarity in their classification. In this regard, the determination of the relationship between the functional-style emotional-expressive coloring of vocabulary also causes certain difficulties. Let's dwell on this issue.

The emotionally expressive coloring of the word, layered on the functional, complements its stylistic characteristics. Emotionally-expressive neutral words usually belong to common vocabulary (although this is not necessary: ​​terms, for example, in emotionally expressive terms, are usually neutral, but have a clear functional fixation). Emotionally expressive words are distributed between book, colloquial and vernacular vocabulary.

To bookstore vocabulary includes lofty words that give solemnity to speech, as well as emotionally expressive words that express both positive and negative assessments of the named concepts. Book styles use ironic vocabulary ( beautiful soul, words, quixoticism), disapproving ( pedantic, mannerisms), contemptuous ( disguise, venal).

To colloquial vocabulary includes affectionate words ( daughter, dove), playful ( butuz, mix), as well as words expressing a negative assessment of the called concepts ( small fry, zealous, giggle, brag).

AT vernacular words are used that are outside the literary vocabulary. Among them there may be words containing a positive assessment of the concept being called (hard worker, brainy, awesome), and words expressing the speaker's negative attitude towards the concepts they denote ( go crazy, flimsy, shrewd).

Functional, emotionally expressive and other stylistic shades can intersect in a word. For example, words satellite, epigone, apotheosis perceived primarily as a book. But at the same time the words satellite, used in a figurative sense, we associate with the journalistic style, in the word epigonous mark a negative assessment, and in the word apotheosis- positive. In addition, the use of these words in speech is influenced by their foreign origin. Such affectionately ironic words as sweetheart, motanya, zaletka, jerking, combine colloquial and dialect coloring, folk-poetic sound. The richness of stylistic shades of Russian vocabulary requires a particularly careful attitude to the word.

The tasks of practical stylistics include the study of the use of the vocabulary of various functional styles in speech - both as one of the style-forming elements and as a different style tool that stands out by its expression against the background of other language tools.

The use of terminological vocabulary, which has the most definite functional and stylistic significance, deserves special attention. Terms- words or phrases naming special concepts of any sphere of production, science, art. Each term is necessarily based on the definition (definition) of the reality it denotes, due to which the terms represent a capacious and at the same time concise description of an object or phenomenon. Each branch of science operates with certain terms that make up the terminological system of this branch of knowledge.

As part of the terminological vocabulary, several “layers” can be distinguished, differing in the scope of use, the content of the concept, and the features of the designated object. In the most in general terms this division is reflected in the distinction general scientific terms (they constitute the general conceptual fund of science as a whole, it is no coincidence that the words denoting them turn out to be the most frequent in scientific speech) and special assigned to certain areas of knowledge. The use of this vocabulary is the most important advantage of the scientific style; terms, according to S. Bally, "are those ideal types of linguistic expression, to which the scientific language inevitably strives."

Terminological vocabulary contains more information than any other, so the use of terms in a scientific style is a necessary condition for brevity, conciseness, and accuracy of presentation.

The use of terms in works of scientific style is seriously investigated by modern linguistic science. It is established that the degree of terminology scientific texts far from the same. The genres of scientific works are characterized by a different ratio of terminological and interstyle vocabulary. The frequency of the use of terms depends on the nature of the presentation.

Modern society requires from science such a form of description of the data obtained, which would make it possible to make the greatest achievements of the human mind the property of everyone. However, it is often said that science has fenced itself off from the world with a language barrier, that its language is “elitist”, “sectarian”. In order for the vocabulary of a scientific work to be accessible to the reader, the terms used in it must first of all be sufficiently mastered in this field of knowledge, understandable and known to specialists; new terms need to be clarified.

Scientific and technological progress has led to the intensive development of the scientific style and its active influence on other functional styles of the modern Russian literary language. The use of terms outside the scientific style has become a kind of sign of the times.

Studying the process of terminology of speech that is not bound by the norms of scientific style, the researchers point out the distinctive features of the use of terms in this case. Many words that have precise terminological meanings are widely used and are used without any stylistic restrictions ( radio, television, oxygen, heart attack, psychic, privatization). Another group combines words that have a dual nature: they can be used both in the function of terms and as stylistically neutral vocabulary. In the first case, they differ in special shades of meanings, giving them special accuracy and unambiguity. Yes, the word mountain, meaning in its broad, inter-style use "a significant hill rising above the surrounding area", and having a number of figurative meanings, does not imply an accurate quantitative measurement of height. In geographical terminology, where the distinction between concepts is essential mountain - hill, clarification is given: the hill is more than 200 m in height. Thus, the use of such words outside the scientific style is associated with their partial determinology.

Special features distinguish terminological vocabulary used in a figurative sense ( indifference virus, sincerity factor, another round of negotiations). Such a rethinking of terms is common in journalism, fiction, and colloquial speech. A similar phenomenon lies in line with the development of the language of modern journalism, which is characterized by various kinds of stylistic shifts. The peculiarity of such word usage is that “not only a metaphorical transfer of the meaning of the term takes place, but also a stylistic transfer”.

The introduction of terms in non-scientific texts must be motivated, the abuse of terminological vocabulary deprives speech of the necessary simplicity and accessibility. Let's compare the two versions of the sentences:

The advantage of "non-terminological", clearer and more concise options in newspaper materials is obvious.

The stylistic coloring of the word indicates the possibility of using it in one or another functional style (in combination with commonly used neutral vocabulary). However, this does not mean that the functional attachment of words to a certain style excludes their use in other styles. The mutual influence and interpenetration of styles, characteristic of the modern development of the Russian language, contributes to the movement of lexical means (along with other linguistic elements) from one of them to another. For example, in scientific works one can find journalistic vocabulary next to terms. As M.N. Kozhin, "the style of scientific speech is characterized by expressiveness not only of the logical, but also of the emotional plan." At the lexical level, this is achieved by using foreign-style vocabulary, including high and low.

The journalistic style is even more open to the penetration of foreign-style vocabulary. You can often find terms in it. For example: “Canon 10 replaces five traditional office machines: it works like a computer fax machine, a fax machine that runs on plain paper, inkjet printer (360 dpi), scanner and photocopier). You can use the software included with the Canon 10 to send and receive PC fax messages directly from your computer screen.(from gas).

Scientific, terminological vocabulary here can be close to expressively colored colloquial, which, however, does not violate the stylistic norms of journalistic speech, but enhances its effectiveness. For example, here is a description in a newspaper article of a scientific experiment: There are thirty-two laboratories at the Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry. One of them studies the evolution of sleep. At the entrance to the laboratory there is a sign: "Do not enter: experience!" But from behind the door comes the clucking of a chicken. She's not here to lay eggs. Here is a researcher picking up a Corydalis. Flips upside down... Such an appeal to foreign-style vocabulary is quite justified, colloquial vocabulary enlivens newspaper speech, makes it more accessible to the reader.

Of the book styles, only the formal business style is impervious to foreign-style vocabulary. At the same time, one cannot ignore “the undoubted existence of mixed speech genres, as well as situations where the mixing of stylistically heterogeneous elements is almost inevitable. For example, the speech of various participants in the trial is hardly capable of presenting any stylistic unity, but it would also hardly be legitimate to attribute the corresponding phrases entirely to colloquial or entirely to official business speech.

The appeal to emotional-evaluative vocabulary in all cases is due to the peculiarities of the individual author's manner of presentation. Reduced evaluative vocabulary may be used in book styles. Publicists, scientists, and even criminologists writing for the newspaper find in it a source of strengthening the effectiveness of speech. Here is an example of mixing styles in an informational note about a traffic accident:

Having moved into the ravine, "Ikarus" ran into an old mine

The bus with Dnepropetrovsk shuttles was returning from Poland. Exhausted from the long journey, the people slept. At the entrance to the Dnepropetrovsk region, the driver also dozed off. Lost control "Ikarus" went off the road and landed in a ravine. The car rolled over through the roof and froze. The blow was strong, but everyone survived. (...) It turned out that in the ravine "Ikarus" ran into a heavy mortar mine ... The "rusty death" turned out of the ground rested right on the bottom of the bus. The sappers were waiting for a long time.

(From newspapers)

Colloquial and even vernacular words, as we see, coexist with official business and professional vocabulary.

The author of a scientific work has the right to use emotional vocabulary with vivid expression if he seeks to influence the feelings of the reader ( But freedom, space, nature, the beautiful surroundings of the city, and these fragrant ravines and swaying fields, and pink spring and golden autumn, were not our educators? Call me a barbarian in pedagogy, but I have learned from the experience of my life a deep conviction that a beautiful landscape has such a huge educational influence on the development of a young soul that it is difficult to compete with the influence of a teacher.- K.D. Ushinsky). Even in a formal business style, high and low words can penetrate if the topic causes strong emotions.

Thus, in a letter sent from the administrative apparatus of the Security Council to the President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin says:

According to information received by the apparatus of the Security Council of Russia, the situation in the gold mining industry, which forms the country's gold reserves, is approaching critical […].

...The main reason for the crisis is the state's inability to pay for the gold it has already received. […] The paradoxical and absurdity of the situation is that the money in the budget for the purchase of precious metals and precious stones is laid down - 9.45 trillion rubles for 1996. However, these funds are regularly spent on mending holes in the budget. Gold miners have not been paid for the metal since May - since the beginning of the flushing season.

... Only the Ministry of Finance, which manages budget funds. The debt for gold does not allow the miners to continue the production of the metal, as they are unable to pay for the "fuel", materials, energy. […] All this not only exacerbates the crisis of non-payments and provokes strikes, but also disrupts the flow of taxes to the local and federal budgets, destroying the financial fabric of the economy and normal life entire regions. The budget and incomes of residents of about a quarter of the territory of Russia - the Magadan region, Chukotka, Yakutia - directly depend on gold mining.

In all cases, no matter what stylistically contrasting means are combined in the context, the appeal to them must be conscious, not accidental.

A stylistic assessment of the use of words with different stylistic coloring in speech can only be given bearing in mind a specific text, defined functional style, since the words necessary in one speech situation are out of place in another.

A serious stylistic shortcoming of speech can be the introduction of publicistic vocabulary in texts of a non-publicistic nature. For example: The Council of Residents of House No. 35 decided: to build a playground, which is of great importance in the upbringing of the younger generation. The use of journalistic vocabulary and phraseology in such texts can cause comical, illogical statements, since words of high emotional sounding act here as an alien style element (one could write: The Council of Residents of House No. 35 decided to build a playground for children's games and sports.).

AT scientific style errors arise due to the inability of the author to professionally and competently use the terms. In scientific works, it is inappropriate to replace terms with words of similar meaning, descriptive expressions: The hydrant clutch, air actuated by operator's weight-hold handle, was designed...(necessary: hydrant clutch with pneumatic control system...).

Inaccurate reproduction of terms is unacceptable, for example: The driver's movements must be limited by the seat belt.. Term seat belt used in aviation, in this case the term should have been used safety belt. The confusion in terminology not only damages the style, but also reveals the author's poor knowledge of the subject. For example: Peristalsis of the heart is noted, followed by a stop in the systole phase- term peristalsis can only characterize the activity of the digestive organs (it should have been written: Cardiac fibrillation...).

The inclusion of terminological vocabulary in texts that are not related to the scientific style requires the author to have a deep knowledge of the subject. An amateurish attitude to special vocabulary is unacceptable, leading not only to stylistic, but also to semantic errors. For example: At the Central German Canal, they were overtaken by furiously racing cars with armor-piercing glasses from a bluish tint.- can be armor-piercing guns, shells, and glass should be called impenetrable, bulletproof. Strictness in the choice of terms and their use in strict accordance with the meaning is a mandatory requirement for texts of any functional style.

The use of terms becomes a stylistic flaw in the presentation if they are incomprehensible to the reader for whom the text is intended. In this case, the terminological vocabulary not only does not perform an informative function, but also interferes with the perception of the text. For example, in a popular article, the accumulation of special vocabulary is not justified: In 1763, the Russian heat engineer I.I. Polzunov designed the first multi-power two-cylinder steam-atmospheric machine. Only in 1784 was D. Watt's steam engine implemented. The author wanted to emphasize the priority of Russian science in the invention of the steam engine, and in this case the description of Polzunov's machine is redundant. The following variant of stylistic editing is possible: The first steam engine was created by the Russian heat engineer I.I. Polzunov in 1763. D. Watt designed his steam engine only in 1784.

Passion for terms and book vocabulary in texts that are not related to the scientific style can cause pseudo-scientific presentation. For example, in a pedagogical article we read: Our women, along with work in production, also perform a family and household function, which includes three components: childbearing, educational and economic. Could it have been easier to write: Our women work in production and pay a lot of attention to the family, raising children, housekeeping.

The pseudo-scientific style of presentation often causes inappropriate comic speech, so you should not complicate the text where you can express the idea simply. So, in magazines intended for the general reader, such a selection of vocabulary cannot be welcomed: The staircase - a specific room for interfloor communications of a preschool institution - has no analogues in any of its interiors. Wouldn't it have been better to refrain from the unjustified use of bookish words by writing: The staircase in preschool institutions connecting the floors is distinguished by a special interior.

The cause of stylistic errors in book styles can be the inappropriate use of colloquial and colloquial words. Their use is unacceptable in a formal business style, for example, in the minutes of meetings: Effective control over the prudent use of feed on the farm has been established; In the district center and villages, the administration has done some work, and yet there is no end to the improvement of work. These phrases can be corrected like this: ... Strictly control the consumption of feed on the farm; The administration began to improve the district center and villages. This work should be continued.

In the scientific style, the use of foreign-style vocabulary is also not motivated. With the stylistic editing of scientific texts, colloquial and colloquial vocabulary is consistently replaced by interstyle or bookish.

The use of colloquial and colloquial vocabulary sometimes leads to a violation of the stylistic norms of journalistic speech. The modern journalistic style is experiencing a strong expansion of vernacular. In many magazines and newspapers, a reduced style dominates, saturated with evaluative non-literary vocabulary. Here are examples from articles on various topics.

As soon as the wind of change breathed, this praise of the intelligentsia was absorbed into commerce, parties and governments. Pulling up her pants, she abandoned her disinterestedness and her big-nosed Panurges.

... And here is 1992 ... Philosophers flooded out of the ground, like russula. Quell, stunted, not yet accustomed to daylight... They seem to be not bad guys, but they are infected with eternal domestic self-criticism with a masochistic bias... (Igor Martynov // Interlocutor. - 1992. - No. 41. - P. 3).

Seven years ago, everyone who was considered the first beauty in the class or in the yard came to the Miss Russia contest as applicants ... When it turned out that the jury had not chosen her daughter, the mother took her unfortunate child in the middle of the hall and arranged a showdown ... Such is the fate of many girls who are now working hard on the catwalks in Paris and the Americas (Lyudmila Volkova // MK).

The Moscow government will have to fork out. One of his latest acquisitions, a controlling stake in AMO - ZiL - needs to unfasten 51 billion rubles in September to complete the program for the mass production of the ZiL-5301 light-duty vehicle (Let's ride or ride // MK).

The passion of journalists for vernacular, expressive reduced vocabulary in such cases is often stylistically not justified. Permissiveness in speech reflects the low culture of the authors. The editor should not be led by reporters who do not recognize stylistic norms.

The stylistic editing of such texts requires the elimination of lowered words, the revision of sentences. For example:

A characteristic feature of modern journalistic texts is the stylistically unjustified combination of book and colloquial vocabulary. A mixture of styles is often found even in articles by serious authors on political and economic topics. For example: It's no secret that our government is heavily in debt and, apparently, will take the desperate step of launching a printing press. However, Central Bank experts believe that a collapse is not expected. Unsecured money is still being issued, so if bills are drawn, this is unlikely to lead to a collapse of the financial market in the near future.("MK").

Out of respect for the author, the editor does not correct the text, trying to convey to the reader the originality of his individual style. However, mixing different styles of vocabulary can give speech an ironic tone that is unjustified in the context, and sometimes even inappropriate comedy. For example: 1. Management commercial enterprise immediately clung to a valuable offer and agreed to the experiment, chasing profits; 2. Representatives of the investigating authorities took a photojournalist with them in order to arm themselves with irrefutable facts. The editor should eliminate such stylistic errors by resorting to synonymous substitutions for reduced words. In the first example, you can write: The leaders of the commercial enterprise became interested in the value proposition and agreed to the experiment, hoping for a good profit.; in the second, it is enough to replace the verb: not grabbed, a took with them.

Mistakes in the use of stylistically colored vocabulary should not be confused, however, with a deliberate mixing of styles, in which writers and publicists find a life-giving source of humor and irony. The parodic collision of colloquial and official business vocabulary is a tried and tested method of creating a comic sound of speech in feuilletons. For example: " Dear Lyuban! Spring is coming soon, and in the little garden where we met, the leaves will turn green. And I love you still, even more. When, finally, is our wedding, when will we be together? Write, I'm looking forward to it. Your Vasya». « Dear Vasily! Indeed, the territory of the square where we met will soon turn green. After that, you can begin to resolve the issue of marriage, since the season of spring is the time of love. L. Buravkina».

2. Comparative characteristics of subordinate clauses and isolated participial constructions. Typical mistakes when using participial phrases.

3. Stylistic analysis of the text.