Literary works in the form of a diary or letters. Memoir genre

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

diary like literary genre

Anna Kolyadina

To learn how to write, you have to write. Therefore, write letters to friends, keep a diary, write memories, they can and should be written as early as possible - not bad even in your youth - about your childhood, for example. (D.S. Likhachev)

The diary is an important and, in a certain sense, famous attribute school life. But besides the usual diary (as, so to speak, a form of recording student progress), there is a diary as a literary genre, as oldest form verbal creativity. Teachers are well aware that many of their wards in one form or another keep their personal diaries. Without interfering in this dialogue of a teenager with himself, it is useful to offer them information about the history of the diary tradition, about the construction of a diary, about its intellectual and artistic capabilities, and thereby help them master the basics of this most popular form of written speech. The concept of a diary as a literary genre is presented in the article by the young philologist A.M. Kolyadina.

To acquaint students with the history of the emergence of the diary as a literary genre, to consider its features, I believe, perhaps already in the 6th-7th grades. If a lesson or other event dedicated to the diary is held in high school, it is advisable to give schoolchildren an idea of writer's diaries and their place in culture, primarily in the 19th and 20th centuries. Complete the lesson with a logical explanation of the basic rules for keeping a diary; give examples of diary entries.

There are many definitions of a diary. One of them, owned by M.O. Chudakova, precise and clear, seems to be especially acceptable for school practice: “A diary is a form of narration conducted in the first person in the form of daily entries. Usually such records are not retrospective - they are contemporary to the events described. Most definitely diaries act as a genre variety fiction and as autobiographical records of real persons” (Short literary encyclopedia).

As a rule, diaries begin to be kept in adolescence. Daily entries may include summaries, reflections, notes about books read, newspaper news, or the weather. Often their maintenance is dictated by the desire of the author of diary entries to trace his own spiritual development; the diary also serves as a means of self-education and self-organization.

In addition, as Yuri Olesha notes in his famous notes “Not a Day Without a Line”, “... both Delacroix and Tolstoy bring<…>the same reason that made them, according to them, continue to write the diaries they had begun - this reason was the pleasure that both received in reading the previously written pages. To continue, so to speak, and in order to get again ever such pleasure ”(1929, July 29).

The history of the diary form is the history of its change in the consciousness of the author and the reader - from the idea of ​​the diary as daily autobiographical records of real persons to the understanding of the diary form as art form statements.

The history of the existence of diary entries in Russia can be conditionally divided into the following periods.

1. Pre-Christian Russia. In the literature of this period, there are only records of foreign travelers, mostly eastern ones.

2. X-XVI centuries. Diary literary works of various genres have been spread in Russia since the 10th century. These are the lyrics various types diary genre: "walking", travel, travel essays, autobiographical records, which are still difficult to separate from journalism and chronicle narrative, for example, Andrey Kurbsky's essay "The Story of the Grand Duke of Moscow ...".

3. XVII century. further development of the genre. However, these records contain, to a greater extent, information based either on personal impressions or on the testimony of contemporaries.

4. XVIII -- early XIX century. The concept of a diary was formed, the publication of notebooks and diaries, travel notes began in Russia (Gildenstedt I. “Diary of a trip to the Sloboda-Ukrainian province of academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Gildenstedt in August and September 1774”; “Notes of Prince Boris Ivanovich Kurakin about stay in England, departure to Russia to the army, travel with Tsar Peter Alekseevich to Karlsbad and his appointment to the congress in Utrecht 1710-1711-1712 "; Vyazemsky P. "From an old notebook").

5. XIX - beginning of XX century. The differentiation of all elements of the genre structure of the diary has been completed.

6. XX-XXI centuries. Thanks to the use of a fragmentary form of writing by writers, the diary form of narration is becoming widespread in modern times. literary process.

There are works of art that either have the formal features of a diary or memoir narrative (Spirikhin S. “Konin (Notes of a cattle breeder)”; Sidur V. “A monument to the current state. Myth”), or those in the structure of which there are documentary fragments (excerpts from letters , inscriptions on postcards, personal data, phone numbers, quotes from newspapers - "End of quotation" by M. Bezrodny; "Memoir vignettes and other non-fictions" by A. Zholkovsky).

It should be noted that the development of diary narration was influenced by new technologies. Thus, the Internet "LiveJournal" ("LJ") largely relies on genre structures that exist in literature.

Blogs are made up of “posts” (a post is a blog post), each containing the date and time of publication, as well as links to pages with photos, comments, and the author's name. But unlike a household diary, which is a system of entries associated with a specific date, blog entries of different users appear in the news feed and, over time, are replaced by others; the time gaps that actually exist between them cannot be reflected online.

The main difference between the "LJ" diary and the everyday diary is the blog author's attitude to the search for like-minded people, people who share his life position - to communicate with them. The author creates a communicatively literate text that a potential addressee would like to respond to in one way or another.

Regardless of the form in which the diary will be kept, it is necessary to learn how to make thoughtful entries in it.

Here are the ground rules (if there is a lesson, students can write them down).

1. “Not a day without a line” (Yu. Olesha).

2. Date each entry.

3. Be sincere and honest in your notes.

4. Don't read someone else's diary without permission!

In addition to everyday life, you can keep a reader's diary, indicating in it:

Imprint: place of publication, publisher, year;

The time of creation of the work, as well as the time referred to in the book;

It is desirable to indicate the theme of the work;

AT in general terms state the content;

Formulate for yourself the idea of ​​the book;

Write down the overall impression of the book.

There are three ways to use the diary as a genre in literature (students can write in a notebook following the teacher's explanation). diary literary genre

The diary itself (the diaries of Anne Frank, Yura Ryabinkin, Tanya Savicheva). The strength of the impression made by a diary depends to a large extent on its context, historical and literary.

Writer's diary. Diaries of writers, scientists, artists, not intended for publication, but nevertheless their artistic value often competes with deliberately created diaries of literary heroes (L.N. Tolstoy, M.M. Prishvin).

So, M.M. Prishvin kept a diary all his life. He was convinced that if all the notes were collected in one volume, the book would be the one for which he was born. According to the estimates of Prishvin's publishers, the manuscripts of his diaries are three times the volume of the author's own literary works. As Prishvin himself wrote, “the form of small diary entries has become more of my form than any other” (1940). And shortly before his death, in 1951, looking back at his life, he admitted: “It probably happened due to my literary naivety (I’m not a writer) that I spent the main forces of my writer on writing my diaries.”

literary works in the form of a diary (“Demicotonic Book” in N.S. Leskov’s “Cathedrals”, “Pechorin’s Journal” in M.Yu. Lermontov’s “A Hero of Our Time”, D.A. Furmanov’s “Chapaev”, “The Diary of an Extra Man” by I. S. Turgenev, "The Diary of Kostya Ryabtsev" by N. Ognev, "The Village Diary" by E.Ya. Dorosh).

The origin of the diary literary form was due to several factors, the main of which was the desire of writers to present the inner world of the individual through a documented text, organized on the basis of a collection of reliable evidence and facts of the life of an individual. The consequence of this was the use by writers of the form of an everyday diary and a number of other ego-documentary texts. So, "Notes of a young doctor" M.A. Bulgakov are presented to the reader in the form of a diary kept by the protagonist.

Writer's diaries are records in the form of daily records, kept for some time. They observe the external signs of a diary narrative - dating, periodicity of maintenance; the author provides documentary evidence, conversations of people, excerpts from letters, own observations; there are few descriptions of internal experiences, that is, fixation of external events prevails. Unlike everyday life, the author of a literary diary writes little about himself, but notes everything that later, in his opinion, may be of historical interest, or selects individual facts and details, which together create artistic unity.

The basis of the writer's diary (" cursed days» I.A. Bunin, "Whirlwind Russia" A.M. Remizov, “Untimely Thoughts” by M. Gorky, “The Diary of My Contemporary” by V.G. Korolenko) make up fragments of notebooks, a real everyday diary, which are deliberately organized by the author into a narrative, which, as a rule, has such features of a diary form as dating and periodicity of keeping.

As a rule, the writer's diary is publicistic and often polemical in relation to the described reality, that is, it is subordinate to a certain author's idea. This goal is served by the documentary evidence cited by the author, fragments of people's conversations, excerpts from letters, and his own observations. And in this regard, it should be noted the convergence of the writer's diary with such genres of journalism as an essay, pamphlet, feuilleton. Unlike everyday life, the writer's diary necessarily contains an evaluative beginning; time in it is a largely conditional category, since the events here are subject to the author's intention.

Sometimes diary materials are used by writers to create works of art.

A few examples.

The diaries of Leo Tolstoy, as shown by L.Ya. Ginzburg, “had different purposes. In the early diaries - along with self-education, moral exercises - writing exercises, a test of future methods. There are also notes that briefly mark the course of everyday life.

D. Furmanov noted in his diary: “I am saving up materials: everything that I see, that I hear interesting things, that I read, I immediately write down ...”

The works of M.M. Prishvin's "Mirskaya Chalice" (1922), "Crane Homeland" (1929) and "Kashcheev's Chain" (1923-1933) are partly compiled from diaries. Diary elements are also present in "The Springs of Berendey" (1925) (later included in the "Calendar of Nature" - 1935-1939), the story "Gen-Shen" (1931-1933). Of the philosophical and lyrical miniatures, originally existing in the form of the writer's diary entries, the "Calendar of Nature", "Phacelia" and "Forest Drops" are composed. AT last years life, Prishvin was preparing the book "Eyes of the Earth" - also from diary entries of various years.

How can one explain such a frequent appeal of various writers, as well as people who are not professionally connected with literature, to the literary diary genre?

The universality of this genre, the variety of its forms.

The ability to directly, freely express their thoughts and feelings.

The habit of keeping a diary can help a person out in difficult moments of life, when he is left alone in the face of grief or unresolved conflict, loss or choice.

For example, "The Siege Record" - the blockade diary of the St. Petersburg orientalist, famous Iranian philologist, Professor Alexander Nikolaevich Boldyrev contains not only detailed descriptions of the suffering and struggle of Leningraders, but also the most subtle psychological observations behind the experiences of a person dying of hunger, and then tormented by malnutrition, burdened with endless worries about the family.

“Her phrases were thrown onto paper, like the wheezing of a dying man, abruptly, with long intervals between them, inarticulate. But now I already know that this Recording is a big deal, there is a genuine, truthful witness of unrepeatable times, and someday her testimony will be heard. True, its language will become clear only after my enormous restorative processing, for very much in the Record there is only a hieroglyph and a symbol ”(1942, December 15).

The diary is one of the most democratic literary genres. Keeping a diary is available to every literate person, and the benefits it brings are enormous: daily entries, albeit small, in a few lines, teach attention to yourself and others, develop introspection skills, cultivate sincerity, observation, develop a taste for the word, accurate judgment, strict polished phrase.

Literature

1. History of pre-revolutionary Russia in diaries and memoirs. Volume 1. M .: Book, 1976.

2. Literary encyclopedic dictionary. M., 1987.

3. New school encyclopedia: Literature. Moscow: ROSMEN; OOO "World of Books", 2004.

4. Encyclopedic dictionary of a young literary critic. M., 1997.

Hosted on Allbest.ru

Similar Documents

Characteristics, meaning and place of the genre piano sonata in the work of J. Haydn and V.A. Mozart. Style, features and innovative features Beethoven sonatas. Ways of evolution of the genre of Beethoven's piano sonata on the example of heroic-dramatic works.

term paper, added 12/28/2010


Basic requirements for the design of the "diary of observations" and the characteristics of the individual and the class team. The program for studying the personality of the subject-pupil. The status of the student in the team of the class (group). Orientation and motivation of personality behavior.

test, added 05/06/2009


The essence of reflective culture. Analysis of diagnostic methods to determine the self-esteem of adolescents. Characteristics of pedagogical conditions that contribute to the formation of students' reflective skills. Development of a reflective diary in informatics.

graduate work, added on 01/27/2013


Features of the fairy tale as a literary genre. Effective methods of working on a fairy tale at different stages of its perception by schoolchildren. Analysis of scientific and methodological literature regarding the role of fairy tales in the system of upbringing and education. Analysis of characters and images.

term paper, added 10/10/2014


Study of the specifics of the poem as a literary genre. The study of the characteristics of the perception of literary works by younger students. Essence and means expressive reading. Program requirements for the formation of expressive reading skills.

term paper, added 10/22/2014


Educational potential of space physical education and sports at school. Health-saving organization of the educational process. Description of the health diary for junior schoolchildren. Development of the script for the school holiday "A healthy mind in a healthy body".

term paper, added 06/05/2011


The main tasks of literary reading lessons in primary school. Features of the perception of the work by younger students. Types of visualization and their role in the perception of the work. Modeling lessons on literary reading and testing them in grade 2.

term paper, added 04/16/2014


Value relations of younger schoolchildren, their typology and characteristics, formation and development based on fairy tales. The current level and development of value relations of younger schoolchildren in the lessons of literary reading, analysis and evaluation of their dynamics.

thesis, added 11/19/2015


thesis, added 02/10/2016


Philological bases of work and schemes for the analysis of a poetic work in the lessons of literary reading. Verbal drawing at reading lessons when studying lyrical works. The course of the lesson on the study of S. Yesenin's poem "Bird Cherry" in the II class.

In determining the theoretical content of the diary genre, we proceed from the already existing concepts presented in our literary criticism.

In domestic literary criticism, the issue of the content side of the diary genre is quite fully covered. Literary sources give different definitions of the genre, in some respects complementing each other.

Let us turn to the definition in the pre-war edition Literary Encyclopedia(1), in which the concept of the diary genre is considered from the point of view of its belonging to memoirs and how the most primitive form of memoir literature. This interpretation refers to the primacy of the diary as a genre of memoir literature in relation to memoirs, notes, autobiography, confessions, biographical memoirs, and even an obituary. This definition draws attention to the possibility of depicting a social principle in a diary. It should be noted that attention to the social is a tribute to the times, but we cannot get away from this in our study. Diaryrepresents the primary form of memoir literature - there is no general perspective of events here ...Diary – daily or periodic notes of the author, setting out the events of his personal life against the background of the events of contemporary reality (the latter, however, is not always necessary).

AT Literary encyclopedic dictionary (2) the diary is seen as " a form of first-person narrative that is told through everyday…dated notes. The diary as an extra-literary genre is distinguished by the utmost sincerity and frankness of the statement. The diary is written for himself ... which gives him a special

1.- Literary encyclopedia. ed. P. I. Lebedev-Polyansky v. 7., - M., OGIZ RSFSR, 1934.

2.- Literary encyclopedic dictionary.

authenticity, credibility. Focuses primarily on personal events».

Another definition that also complements the content of the term: “ Diary - a form of narration conducted in the first person in the form of everyday records ... such records ... are contemporary with the events described. Most definitely, the Diary acts as a genre variety of fiction and as autobiographical records of real people." (one) . Unlike the above, this definition touches upon the temporal aspect of the genre, the manifestation of its specificity, which consists in the absence of retrospection, which is important for understanding the genre and distinguishes the diary from other genres of memoir literature.

In our further review on the theory of the diary genre, we turn to critical articles and studies that address the issue of the theory of the diary genre and the features of its content. artistic originality, originality of style. Each of the researchers of the genre of the diary was individual and introduced something new into the definition of the genre, which expanded the concept and served to further develop the issue of the theory and history of the genre.

« Diary – perhaps the strangest genre: self-portrait in a locked room. It seems that it is not customary to let spectators into it, for it is a sin to allow outsiders entrance where, over time, you yourself begin to visit with caution... ". This is the definition of the diary genre E. Shcheglova(2), which reveals the specifics and tone of the genre, emphasizing its intimate nature.

The original genre of the diary characterizes B. Khazanov(3): " Literary genre, which is a protest against literature with its genres and techniques; protest against the essence artistic creativity- ... That's what a diary that keeps

1 - Brief literary encyclopedia, Publishing house "Sov. Ents.", M., 1964, v.2, p.707

2 - Shcheglova E. Chukovsky K. Diaries 1901-1929. // Neva.- 1992.-№9.-p.260

3 - Khazanov B. Writer's diary //October.-1999.-№1

writer". He calls this activity " confession…, flight to own world, a document of introspection, self-disclosure, self-torture, self-intoxication and further states: Writer's diary

this is his workshop ... this is another "I", a double ... and a secret interlocutor who can be trusted with all secrets ... ".

We think that this is the most complete definition genre of the writer's diary (namely, this kind of diary will be discussed in our study) is most organic and close to the very essence of the diary genre, where intimacy and self-centeredness come first.

Other definitions given by A. Kazakova (1), P. Kryuchkov (2) consider the properties of the diary genre, to some extent refer to those features of the diary that have already been discussed, but, at the same time, in some ways - they complement the concept, enriching the theory of the genre. " Diary – it is, first of all, an emotional reflection on paper of the "moods of the soul» ( A. Kazakova) (1).

« ... Diary entries, without which any writer can hardly do, have nothing to do with literature» ( P. Kryuchkov). One can agree with the critic in the sense that it is unlikely that the writer, making entries in his diary, zealously analyzes and weighs each written word, in this case the immediacy of presentation, the novelty of the born thoughts would be lost.

As we can see, there are no serious discrepancies in the above definitions of the diary genre. Having considered the existing definitions and taking into account what has already been done in the issue of the theory of the diary genre, we will try to clarify the question of which genres should be attributed primarily to memoir literature. There are different opinions in this regard in modern criticism.

Researchers of memoir literature (V. S. Golubtsov, A. Tartakovsky, I. I. Podolskaya), who devoted their work to the theory and history of the genre and considered problems based on the material of memoirs of the 18th–1st half of the 19th century

and Soviet period, come to the conclusion that diaries and memoirs are a typological act of memoir-making (1). On this basis, they refer them to a single memoir genre - these are "two groups (or types) of related works, united by the concept of" memoirs "- diaries as historically primary and simplest form capturing by a person the experience of his participation in historical life and memories(memoirs in the narrow sense of the word) as a more complex and developed form of memoir culture. Such a definition of the diary, in our opinion, significantly narrows the understanding of the content of the genre and limits its possibilities only to the depiction of the historical, and not the personal.

V. Oskotsky does not agree with this position (2). He believes that "the diaries ... do not belong to memoirs, although they are quite consistent with them ... But there are significant differences almost stronger than this ... similarity." According to V. Oscotsky, letters and notebooks, in contrast to diaries, belong to the memoir genre, since they "are also witnesses of memory fixed by a word, its support and bonds." The researcher classifies letters and notebooks as memoir literature, while he does not include diaries in this group of genres, although he points out their relationship with memoir literature. On this basis, V. Oskotsky concludes: “it is more expedient to talk not about memoirs, but about memorial literature, not about the memoir genre, but about memorial genres." The definition of the "memorial genre" the researcher proposes "in order to avoid the common denominator of memories, under which is tucked into what is not a memory." Thus, according to V. Oscotsky, memorial literature should include notes, notebooks, letters, memoirs, and diaries. Undoubtedly, the opinion of the critic in the matter of belonging

1.- A. G. Tartakovsky, Russian memoirs of the 18th - first half of the 19th century. M., 1991, p. eight;

V. S. Golubtsov, Memoirs as a source on the history of Soviet society. Moscow publishing house. University, 1970, Ch. Introduction, p. 3-7; I. I. Podolskaya, Russian memoirs 1800-1825. M., Pravda, 1989, p.8

2.-B. Oscotsky, Diary as Truth//Questions of Literature.-1993,-№5,-p.5.

letters and notebooks to the literature of memoirs is interesting and reasonable, however, we believe that it may be more appropriate to adhere to the usual definition of the genre and in the future we will use the terminology - memoir genres. Therefore, further we will have in mind such varieties of memoir literature: notes, notebooks, autobiographies, diaries.

Thus, the question of whether diaries belong to memoir literature suggests that we focus our attention in more detail on the following problem: what are the similarities and differences between memoirs and diaries.

Along with notes, notebooks, memoirs, autobiographies and, finally, memoirs proper, diaries are one of the typical genres of memoir literature. Hence, there is an initial commonality between memoirs and a diary, which consists in the fact that in the diary and in the memoirs the author tells about the events, a participant or an eyewitness of which he was. But we can point to the presence of the author both in lyric poetry and in prose - in all the many-sided manifestations of the genre.

Difference between memoirs and a diary, firstly, that from the reported facts of their authors are separated by an unequal distance in time, greater or lesser length in the first case and extreme brevity in the second. The author of the diary is in a hurry to record the impressions that have just arisen, not allowing them to cool down and go into the realm of memories, or even non-existence.

Secondly, the dissimilarity between diaries and memoirs and in terms of species is that it is associated with difference in the system of reflection of reality- synchronous in diaries, retrospective in memoirs.

Thirdly, there are significant differences in the type and structure of the narrative (a coherent, plot-organized story in memories, discrete entries in diaries) and in the nature of communication.

The diary is inherently autocommunicative (“the subject conveys the message to himself”). At the time of its maintenance, it is designed mainly for the internally intimate needs of the author, is far from always intended by him for publication in his lifetime, and, as a rule, is “secret” for others. This quality of his remains fairly stable over long historical periods. In the memoirs, however, auto-communicativeness is very blurred and its scope is limited.

Let's try to consider what are the functional similarities and differences between memoirs and diaries. Memoirs and diaries are close to each other not only genetically. There is no doubt about their functional closeness when it comes to diaries that consolidate impressions from political and literary and social events, from meetings with interesting and outstanding people, interesting for future memories of the author and future generations. But even in daily entries that are kept for the purposes of introspection, self-education, moral self-improvement, or for the sake of the current worldly interests of the present moment, there is an invisibly present particle of understanding the value personal experience the author, the desire to include the "leaving day" in being. Therefore, some features of the historical self-consciousness of the individual are embodied in the diary entries (although, perhaps, less purposefully and consistently than in the memoirs proper). The differences between diaries and the genre of memoirs in this regard boil down to the fact that the historical horizon of the diary (and, consequently, the author) is limited to the present, while the historicism of memories in memoirs is measured by their correlation with the past that has become or is becoming history.

It is these features of a personal diary that determined its use in fiction. The diary as a form of presentation of events initially implies complete frankness, sincerity of thoughts and a variety of feelings of the writer. Such properties of the diary give it a tone of intimacy, lyricism, passion of intonation, with which it is difficult to compare with other literary genres.

The literary significance of the diary goes far beyond the works written in its form. The diary, as a rule, preserves the freshness and sincerity of the author's view of the world and on yourself.

Based on the foregoing, let's try to define the genre of a diary: A diary is a genre of memoir literature. In literature, the diary is characterized by the form of narration in the first person. It is conducted in the form of everyday, usually dated, synchronous in terms of

systems for reflecting reality, records. Discrete records predominate in the narrative structure. As a non-literary genre, the diary is distinguished by extreme sincerity and trust. All entries in the diary, as a rule, are written for themselves. And the writer's diary retains all these features of the genre, but, as it were, supplements the existing definition with the fact that it is not only a way of self-expression, but also often a creative workshop in which the writer's creative ideas can be highlighted in one way or another.

This definition in no way claims to be final, but only an attempt to generalize what is in our literary criticism about the theory of the diary genre and, as it seems to us, helps to bring it closer to the subject of our study.

The next issue that we think needs to be considered is the question of the variety of the genre of the diary; let us clarify the terminology associated with the question of the variety of the genre.

AT "Brief literary encyclopedia"(1) it is proposed to divide the diary genre into the following varieties: Diary as a form of fiction- a purely literary, entirely fictional diary, which is either the work itself, or a significant part of it; real diaries, that is, real diaries of writers (scientists, cultural figures, scientists), or previously intended for publication; Diaries of ordinary people- just dated notes about various feelings and events that worried the author.

Let's take a look at each of these varieties.

Diary can speak as a form of fiction. This variety of the diary genre dates back to the 18th century, to the period of the emergence of sentimentalism in foreign and Russian

1.- Brief literary encyclopedia, Publishing house “Owls. Ents.", M., 1964, v.2, p.7

literatures. Sentimentalism, which turned interest in inner world human, cultivates the diary genre as a special form of "self-observation". Takovo famous work, which went down in the history of literature, "Sentimental Journey" by L. Stern.

Such genres in literary criticism include the following memoir genres : memoirs (in the narrow sense of the word), notes, notebooks, autobiographies, obituaries, diaries.

Apparently, without referring to this priceless heritage it is difficult to understand and state of the art literature. Therefore, our task is to analyze the historical change in the diary as a genre of memoir literature, to elucidate the stages of the evolution of the genre on the example of the diaries of Russian and foreign authors.

The diary genre is one of the oldest genres in literature, the first information about which goes back to the origins of writing.

Diary as a literary genre

“To learn how to write, you have to write. Therefore, write letters to friends, keep a diary, write memories, they can and should be written as early as possible - not bad even in your youth - about your childhood, for example "(D.S. Likhachev)

The diary is an important and, in a certain sense, famous attribute of school life. But besides the usual diary (as a form of recording student progress), there is a diary as a literary genre, as the oldest form of verbal creativity.

Probably, some of you also keep your personal diaries, recording events from your life. Today I would like to acquaint you with information from the history of the diary tradition, about the construction of the diary, about its intellectual and artistic possibilities. In a word, to help you master the basics of this most popular form of writing.

There are many definitions of a diary. One of them, owned by M.O. Chudakova, precise and clear, seems to be especially acceptable for school practice: “ A diary is a form of first-person narrative in the form of daily entries.(Short literary encyclopedia).

As a rule, diaries begin to be kept in adolescence. Daily entries may include summaries, reflections, notes about books read, newspaper news, or the weather. Often their maintenance is dictated by the desire of the author of diary entries to trace his own spiritual development; the diary also serves as a means of self-education and self-organization.

Diary history

1. The development of diary entries began in the 10th century. These are texts of various types of the diary genre: “walking”, travels, travel essays, autobiographical records, which are still difficult to separate from journalism and chronicle narration, for example, Andrey Kurbsky’s essay “The Story of the Grand Duke of Moscow ...”.
2. From the 13th to the 19th centuries. in Russia, the publication of notebooks and diaries, travel notes (Gildenstedt I. “Diary of a trip to the Sloboda-Ukrainian province of academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Gildenstedt in August and September 1774”; “Notes of Prince Boris Ivanovich Kurakin about his stay in England, departure to Russia to the army, travel with Tsar Peter Alekseevich to Karlsbad and his appointment to the congress in Utrecht 1710-1711-1712 "; Vyazemsky P. "From an old notebook").
3. Since the 20th century, thanks to the use of a fragmentary form of writing by writers, the diary form of narration has become widespread in the modern literary process. So, an example of such a diary is Pechorin's diary in M.Yu. Lermontov's novel "A Hero of Our Time". In the novel, the diary is not only a way of the author's characterization and a form of self-expression of the hero, but also the subject of the image. human soul. In the novel, the diary genre itself is analyzed. It seems to bifurcate and lose its value-semantic indisputability: the diary introduces us into complex world Pechorin, makes you believe in the genuineness of his spiritual movements. The question of the essence of the diary as a genre grows here into a serious social and moral problem. On the one hand, the diary provides an opportunity for unhindered analysis of the environment and self-analysis, and serves to preserve the memory of what happened and what has been changed. But on the other hand, the diary leads to spiritual fragmentation - the hero secretly executes those around him with the word of the diary hidden from them.

So, the diary is, first of all, a device for the psychological image of the hero. Introducing a diary into the text of his novel, Lermontov allows you to see how complex states of mind of the hero are decomposed into elements and thereby explained, become clear to the reader. And finally, in a work that uses the diary as a form of fiction, the position of the author is quite sharply separated from the position of the character, so that there can be no question of the personalities of the author and the hero combined.

Entire works are written in the form of a diary. So, N.V. Gogol's "Notes of a Madman" is such a work, when the personal memories and impressions of the author, who knew the life and psychology of St. Petersburg officials, are reflected in the form of a diary.

* Blogs are made up of “posts” (blog post), each containing the date and time of publication, as well as links to pages with photos, comments, and the name of the author. But unlike a household diary, which is a system of entries associated with a specific date, blog entries of different users appear in the news feed and, over time, are replaced by others; the time gaps that actually exist between them cannot be reflected online.

The main difference between the "LJ" diary and the everyday diary is the blog author's attitude to the search for like-minded people, people who share his life position - to communicate with them. The author creates a communicatively literate text that a potential addressee would like to respond to in one way or another.

* Twitter is analogous to a diary.

Regardless of the form in which the diary will be kept, it is necessary to learn how to make thoughtful entries in it.

Basic rules for keeping a diary

1. “Not a day without a line” (Yu. Olesha).

2. Date each entry.

3. Be sincere and honest in your notes.

4. Don't read someone else's diary without permission!

In addition to household, you can conduct reader's diary, indicating in it:

• author and title of the book;
• imprint: place of publication, publisher, year;
• the time of creation of the work, as well as the time referred to in the book;
• it is desirable to indicate the theme of the work;
• outline the content;
• to formulate for themselves the idea of ​​the book;
• write down the overall impression of the book.

MM. Prishvin kept a diary all his life. He was convinced that if all the notes were collected in one volume, the book would be the one for which he was born. According to the estimates of Prishvin's publishers, the manuscripts of his diaries are three times the volume of the author's own literary works. As Prishvin himself wrote, “the form of small diary entries has become more of my form than any other” (1940). And shortly before his death, in 1951, looking back at his life, he admitted: “It probably happened due to my literary naivety (I’m not a writer) that I spent the main forces of my writer on writing my diaries.”

Literary works in the form of a diary(“The Demicotonic Book” in N.S. Leskov’s “Cathedrals”, “Pechorin’s Journal” in M.Yu. Lermontov’s “Hero of Our Time”, D.A. Furmanov’s “Chapaev”, I.S. Turgenev’s “Diary of a Superfluous Man” , "The Diary of Kostya Ryabtsev" by N. Ognev, "The Village Diary" by E.Ya. Dorosh). ("Robinson Crusoe" Daniel Defoe)

W why need a personal diary? What is its use?

Almost each of us has such secrets that we cannot tell even the Saami to our close people. Either we are afraid that we will not be understood and judged, or something else ... But sometimes these very secrets cause very strong emotional experiences, which, having not found a way out, can eventually affect a person's behavior. If you splash out your feelings on paper, this will serve as a kind of psychological relief. And then - the paper will endure everything and certainly will not condemn you for your revelations.

In addition, when we describe a problem that we have been struggling with for more than a day, the presentation of our thoughts sometimes helps to find the right decision. After all, when we write, we willy-nilly have to streamline the emotional chaos that is happening inside us, and putting things in order very often helps to find exactly what we are looking for - no matter if it is a thing or a way out of a difficult situation.

You can also write down ideas that you have in your personal diary. Who knows, maybe after a certain period of time this entry, when you re-read it at your leisure, will give you a new impetus to development.

In the diary, you can also reflect in detail the process of working on yourself if, for example, you decide to develop certain traits in yourself, learn new skills, or get rid of an old habit. Such a detailed description will allow you to see your weaknesses and strengths and also how far you have progressed towards your goal.

Some people write in a diary every day at the end of the day, describing what happened, how they felt, and analyzing what happened, what worked or didn't work, and why.

Anyway, keeping a personal diary allows you to be more attentive to yourself, to your inner world, to perceive feelings and emotions more consciously and, over time, to understand the reasons for their occurrence.

The Diary- this is an excellent interlocutor who will not interrupt you and will always listen to the end. Although, of course, to conduct it or not is a personal matter for everyone.

The diary is one of the most democratic literary genres. Keeping a diary is available to every literate person, and the benefits it brings are enormous: daily entries, albeit small, in a few lines, teach attention to yourself and others, develop introspection skills, cultivate sincerity, observation, develop a taste for the word, accurate judgment, strict polished phrase.

Let's draw conclusions: the genre of the diary, acquiring various features in the course of evolution, at the present stage is characterized as follows: “The diary is a genre of memoir literature, which is characterized by the form of narration in the first person, conducted in the form of everyday, usually dated, synchronous from the point of view of the system of reflection of reality , records. The diary is distinguished by the utmost sincerity and trust. All entries in the diary, as a rule, are written for themselves.

D/z: For a week, starting today, every day write down any events from your life, everything that you would like to note in your diary. We'll see what you've got in a week.

Diary of Robinson Crusoe

From that time on, I began to keep my diary, writing down everything that I did during the day. At first, I had no time for notes: I was too overwhelmed with work; besides, I was then depressed by such gloomy thoughts that I was afraid that they would not be reflected in my diary.
But now that I have finally managed to master my anguish, when, having ceased to cradle myself with fruitless dreams and hopes, I have taken up the arrangement of my dwelling, put my household in order, made myself a table and a chair, and generally settled myself as comfortably and comfortably as possible, I took up a diary...

Our ship, caught in the open sea by a terrible storm, was wrecked. The entire crew, except me, drowned; I, the unfortunate Robinson Crusoe, was thrown half-dead on the shore of this accursed island, which I called the Isle of Despair.
Until late at night, the most gloomy feelings oppressed me: after all, I was left without food, without housing; I had neither clothes nor weapons; I had nowhere to hide if my enemies attacked me. Salvation was nowhere to be found. I saw only death ahead: either I will be torn to pieces by predatory animals, or savages will kill me, or I will die of starvation.
When night fell, I climbed a tree because I was afraid of animals. I slept soundly all night, even though it was raining.

When I woke up in the morning, I saw that our ship had been refloated by the tide and driven much closer to the shore. This gave me hope that when the wind died down, I would be able to get to the ship and stock up on food and other necessary things. I cheered up a little, although the sadness for the dead comrades did not leave me. I kept thinking that if we had stayed on the ship, we would certainly have been saved. Now, from its wreckage, we could build a longboat, on which we would get out of this dead place.
As soon as the tide began to ebb, I went to the ship. At first I walked along the exposed bottom of the sea, and then I started swimming. All that day the rain did not stop, but the wind died down completely.

Today I noticed that I have very few crackers left. Strict care must be taken. I counted all the bags and decided to eat no more than one cracker a day. It's sad, but there's nothing you can do about it.

Main Genre: diary

Appearance time: XV-XVI

Place of appearance: England

Canon: strict

Spreading: unlimited

Subgenres: diary proper, writer's diary, literary diary

Peculiarities: Generally not meant to be read by a general audience and is written in the first person.

It is no secret to the reader that throughout their history, people have sought to preserve the memory of what is happening around and inside them. Traditions passing from mouth to mouth for centuries, historical chronicles and imperishable annals of centuries-old states are only one side of this human love for fixing events on the map of fleeting time. Memoirs and notebooks are different. It was these two traditions that gave rise to our genre. The diary in the form in which we know it now appeared relatively recently, only a few centuries ago, but the moment of its final design was preceded by long paths of mixing various genres, styles and concepts.

origins

The beginning of the formation of diaries was the appearance of travel notes, walking (the most famous text, for example, Slavic tradition these are Afanasy Nikitin's "Journey Beyond Three Seas", travel notes of a Tver merchant through Indian lands, 1468-1474) and pilgrimages to holy places.

The discoverers of overseas lands assumed the most important mission, because, not being able to travel, their compatriots believed everything that was recorded by pilgrims and merchants (subsequently, their records became a kind of encyclopedia guides). They wrote only about what they saw with their own eyes, and the material had to be conveyed as authentically and fully as possible: the key features of such texts were autobiographical, factual and concise. It is also important to understand that the travel notes were devoid of intimacy and reflective tone.

On the other hand, going into deep antiquity confessional tradition.

Being named after one of the seven sacred sacraments (baptism, Eucharist, unction, etc.), confession is aimed at revealing the deep sides of the soul, a sincere story about oneself in the face of God. This genre came to literature along with the work of the same name by St. Augustine (397-398), which later became the standard of the confessional tradition. Such a story about oneself and one's sins is still far from a diary, because, firstly, it has a specific addressee - as a rule, a priest (although it is interesting that the text of St. Augustine has only God as its addressee), and secondly , the text has no division into dates. Confession is not confined to the need to record current events; it carries the task of giving a retrospective analysis of the past, moreover, the past is predominantly sinful, hidden and condemned.

Finally, the third branch that contributed to the birth of the diary tradition was the lives and autobiographies.

It is worth noting that the work of St. Augustine carries a number of features and the genre of autobiography, because, as we remember, the content is in many respects close to the story of life in the first person. Both lives and autobiographies imply a single splash, the story is presented by a person not in stages, without dating, but in one continuous text. The genre of autobiography makes a significant addition to "pre-dnevnik" literature due to its abstraction from the purely sinful component of life: everything that happened in the life of an individual is important for this genre. Hagiographic literature, in spite of its great selectivity, covers the vast material of the life of the individual, which is important in our attempts to trace the origin of diary literature.

Palace whirlpools

Thus, absorbing the three above-mentioned artistic layers, memoir literature gradually generated the diary genre. Before naming any dates, I must make one remark: due to the fact that the diary is a priori an intimate text, not intended for reading, it is extremely difficult to judge his birth, since a large number of texts have not been preserved and have not reached the tenacious eyes of literary critics. British scientists helped me along the way to determine the century of the genre's finalization, because it was in this country that scientific interest in our genre first arose. The works of English researchers indicate that the first records, which, with some reservations, can be called diaries, date back to the 15th century. No more than a dozen texts belong to this century, about 30 texts are attributed to XVI century and further up to 300 XVII century. A reservation that must be taken into account is that all these early evidence of diary literature are based on court records containing either the events of diplomatic trips or travel impressions (which, by the way, indicates a direct connection of the first diaries with walking and travel notes).

Confession is not confined to the need to record current events; it carries the task of giving a retrospective analysis of the past, moreover, the past is predominantly sinful, hidden and condemned.

Only by the 17th century did the diaries lose their signs of an artifact of history and acquire the features of a portrait of an individual. The reason for this somewhat abrupt shift to intimate writing was the falling price of paper, the spread of literacy, and the growing individualism of the European consciousness.

It is curious that Japan and China became the pioneers on the scale of world diary literature: the first diaries there date back to the 11th and 12th centuries, respectively. However, there is no evidence that these texts were known to a European or Russian reader, therefore, scholars, as a rule, are guided by the Greek-Latin tradition, which means that the XV-XVII centuries are chosen as a starting point.

But what do these scholars — and we after them — mean by the genre definition "diary"? As a result of such curious and sometimes unexpected artistic mixtures, an idea was formed of a set of gradually created segments of the text, which are regularly replenished (for example, daily) and often accompanied by a date. These elements are combined into one text, which in most cases is written in the first person and is not intended for prying eyes. The theme of the diaries is necessarily focused on events from the life of the author or his environment. It was in this guise that the diary began its triumphal march through world culture.

Diaries of writers and notes of madmen

Starting from the 18th century, diaries began to actively spread and penetrate into the general press.

The sphere of their origin is growing due to the democratization of literature and society as a whole. Writers, actors, artists, scientists, statesmen.

With the development of printing, these works become available to the general reader, they are preserved and subsequently published. XIX and XX can rightfully be called the era of diaries, since it was in these centuries that such gems of memoir literature as F. M. Dostoevsky's "Diary of a Writer", the diaries of L. N. Tolstoy, Queen Victoria, Nicholas II, Anne Frank were created. It is curious that the idea that all great political figures had secret personal diaries became so strong in society that in the second half of the 20th century a fake diary of Adolf Hitler was even created. Before the hoax was revealed, the diary was purchased by the German magazine Stern for $3.7 million...

This era made the diary genre so popular that stylizations appeared - artistic diaries. There are examples both in classical literature and in modern literature: "A Hero of Our Time" by M. Yu. Lermontov, "The Cathedral" by N. S. Leskov, "Kukotsky's Incident" by L. E. Ulitskaya. In the process of such transformations in science, the genre of the diary was divided into three varieties: the personal diary itself, the diary of the writer (its peculiarity lies in the fact that it inevitably carries artistic value, the artistic diary as a literary work.

This era made the diary genre so popular that stylizations appeared - artistic diaries.

Where to go?

The splendor of the memoir and diary heritage continues to grow and grow. It may seem surprising, but interest in this genre does not disappear. The direction of research and analysis is partly changing its vector, but the activity of scientists in this area is active and fruitful. Now we can finally answer the question of what, after all, connects ancient Russian walks and modern Internet blogs. As we learned earlier, walking (and with them travel notes) stood at the origins of the origin of the diary, they were his past. Blogs are real.

Genre of diary Genre of diary in Russian literature in Russian literature XIX and XX centuries. XIX and XX centuries. The presentation was prepared The presentation was prepared by a 11th grade student "A" a 11th grade student "A" GOU SOSSH 983 GOU SOSSH 983 Egereva Anastasia Egereva Anastasia Igorevna Igorevna Supervisor: Supervisor: Pavlova Elena Valerievna Pavlova Elena Valerievna Moscow, 2009.

Content: - Short story the emergence of the genre; Diary genre definition: - Diary genre definition: - Genre features; - Works XIX century (N. Gogol, M. Lermontov); M. Lermontov); - Works of the XX century (E. Zamyatin, I. Bunin); I. Bunin); - Features of the use of the genre in the literature of the XIX and XX centuries; - Bibliography.

Features of the genre: - the narration is conducted in the first person, - there are often incomplete sentences with the subject “I” omitted and definitely personal sentences with verbs in the form of 1 person singular. ; - the assessment of events is given from the position of the protagonist, in connection with which subjectivity, introspection, confession, reflections of the hero about the world and about himself appear in the narrative;

Features of the genre: - a special type of presentation of the material: the regularity of the entries, their connection with current events, and not long ago; - journalism of the narrative (subjectivity, social significance, analysis, reflections and generalizations).

References: Belinsky V. G. “A hero of our time. Composition by M. Lermontov. M., 1967 Bunin I. A. " Easy breath: stories, short stories. M., Eksmo, 2005 Gogol N.V. “Notes of a Madman” M., “Young Guard”, 2004 Zamyatin “We”. M., Eksmo, 2006 Natalia Koltsova. "The novel by Yevgeny Zamyatin "We and the 'Petersburg Text' of Russian Literature". In the journal "Questions of Literature, 1999, 4. K. Corbin "Praise to the diary" "New Literary Review", 2003, 61. Kuznetsov A. N. "Culturological allusion in the Notes of a Madman." Lermontov M. Yu. "The Hero of Our Time". Poems. Poems. M., Eksmo, 2009. Nedzvetsky B. M., "Hero of our time": the formation of genre and meaning". In the book "From Pushkin to Chekhov". M., Moscow State University, 2002

Genre of the diary The genre of the diary in Russian literature in Russian literature of the 19th and 20th centuries. XIX and XX centuries. Egereva Anastasia Igorevna Egereva Anastasia Igorevna student of grade 11 "A" GOU secondary school 983 T: Supervisor: Pavlova Elena Valerievna Moscow, 2009