The orientation of the personality on the people around the objects of the event. Orientation of personality: three main vectors of life

The orientation of the personality is a fairly generalized characteristic that indicates the totality of various motives that cause activity and determine its direction. Therefore, it is no coincidence that the content of the orientation includes a wide range of motives. For example, K.K. Platonov at one time singled out the worldview, ideals, inclinations, interests, desires, inclinations, and beliefs as the main forms of personality orientation. Let's take a look at some of these forms. Personal interests are associated with cognitive needs.

Interest - a form of manifestation of a cognitive need that ensures the orientation of the individual to the realization of the goals of activity and contributes to a more complete knowledge of reality.

Interests are emotional manifestations of a person's cognitive needs. Subjectively, interests are revealed in a positive emotional tone, which acquires the process of cognition, in the desire to become more familiar with an object that has acquired significance, to learn more about it, to understand it. Thus, interests act as a constant incentive mechanism for cognition.

Interests can be classified by content, purpose, breadth and sustainability. By content interests are determined by the objects to which they are directed. Interests differing in content are evaluated from the point of view of their social significance: some - positively, if they correctly combine public and private moments; other - negative as petty, philistine, associated only with the satisfaction of their sensual needs or low passions. The difference on the basis of the goal reveals the presence direct and mediated interests. The first ones are caused by the emotional attractiveness of a significant object, the second ones take place only when the real meaning of the object and its significance for the individual coincide.

There are broad and narrow interests. The versatile development of the personality implies a greater breadth and versatility of interests in the presence of the main central interest. Narrowness of interests is understood as the presence in a person of one of two limited and isolated interests with complete indifference to everything else. A valuable feature of the personality is the multifocality of interests - substantive interests are located in two (and sometimes in three) areas of activity that are not related to each other.

Interests can be subdivided according to the degree of their stability. The stability of interest is expressed in the duration of preservation of relatively intense interest. Interests that most fully reveal the basic needs of the individual and therefore become essential features of his psychological make-up will be stable. Sustained interest is one of the evidence of the awakening abilities of a person.

Beliefs are another form of personality orientation.

Belief- a system of conscious needs of the individual, prompting him to act in accordance with his views, principles, worldview.

Beliefs are something that is not only understood, comprehended, but also deeply felt, experienced. The content of needs, acting in the form of beliefs, is knowledge about the surrounding world of nature and society, their certain understanding. When this knowledge forms an ordered and internally organized system of views, then they can be considered as a person's worldview.

We should not forget about another form of orientation - aspirations.

aspirations- these are the motives of behavior, where the need for such conditions of existence and development is expressed, which are not directly represented in this situation, but can be created as a result of a specially organized activity of the individual. If one clearly realizes not only the conditions in which a person feels the need, but also the means that he expects to use, then such aspirations take on the character intentions.

Aspirations can take on various psychological forms. A specific form of human aspirations is, along with intentions, dream as an image of the desired, created by fantasy, prompting a person not only to contemplate in the finished picture what has yet to be done, created and built, but also supporting and strengthening the energy of a person. Passions should also be attributed to aspirations - motives in which needs are expressed that have irresistible force, relegating to the background in human activity everything that is not connected with a significant object, and for a long time invariably determining the direction of thoughts and actions of a person. Unsatisfied passion causes violent emotions. Aspirations are also ideals as the need to imitate or follow the example taken by the individual as a model of behavior.

Of course, the intentions, dreams, passions, ideals and other aspirations of the individual are psychologically characterized and evaluated practically in accordance with their specific content. Dreams, passions, ideals, intentions can be high and low and, depending on this, play a different role in the activities of people and the life of society.

Already from a consideration of the above forms of orientation, one can see what role they play in a person's life. We can agree with the words of the famous Soviet scientist B. I. Dodonov, who wrote: “The orientation of a person is the leading component of the personality structure. Its other components can only be properly defined and evaluated in relation to its direction.

Characteristics of personality orientation

Personal orientation is a set sustainable motives, views, beliefs, needs and aspirations that orient a person to certain behavior and activities, the achievement of relatively complex life goals. Orientation is always socially conditioned and is formed in ontogenesis in the process of education and upbringing, acts as a personality trait, manifested in the worldview, professional orientation, in activities associated with personal passion, doing something in their free time from the main activity. In all these types of human activity, the orientation is manifested in the peculiarities of the interests of the individual: the goals that a person sets for himself, needs, predilections and attitudes, carried out in drives, desires, inclinations, ideals, etc.

Orientation forms:

Needs, motives

goal - the desired and imagined result of a specific activity of a person or group of people

ideal - an image that is the embodiment of perfection and a model highest goal in the aspirations of the individual

persuasion is the highest form of personality orientation, manifested in a conscious need to act in accordance with one's own value orientations against the backdrop of emotional experiences and volitional aspirations

installation - the readiness of the individual for a certain activity, which is updated in the current situation. It manifests itself in a stable predisposition to a certain perception, understanding and behavior of the individual. The installation expresses the position of a person, his views, value orientations in relation to various facts of everyday life, public life and professional activities. It can be positive, negative or neutral.
Interest is a mental state that ensures the direction of the Personality. Interest, as well as motive, arises in conditions of information deficiency, when a person does not receive the knowledge that he would like to have.

worldview - a system of views and ideas about the world, on a person's attitude to society, nature, himself

Characteristics of personality orientation

• Orientation level- this is the ratio of higher and lower needs; the higher the level of orientation, the more mature and spiritually rich a person is.
• Orientation breadth is characterized by the diversity of its main components and has a decisive influence on wealth inner peace and personality versatility.
• Directional intensity- this is the degree of awareness of needs and motives: low intensity of orientation characterizes orientation as a system of unconscious drives, high intensity - as a system of fundamental beliefs.
• Directional stability is determined by the constancy and consistency of its individual components, the integrity of the personality depends on the stability of the orientation.
• Effectiveness of orientation- this is the degree of perseverance of the individual in the implementation of goals, motives, etc., which determines activity life position personality.

There are three main types of personality orientation: personal, collectivistic and business.
Personal orientation - is created by the predominance of motives for one's own well-being, the desire for personal superiority, prestige. Such a person most often happens to be busy with himself, with his feelings and experiences, and reacts little to the needs of the people around him. In work, he sees, first of all, an opportunity to satisfy his claims, regardless of the interests of other employees. It has been established that persons with a focus on themselves have the following character traits:

- more preoccupied with themselves and their feelings, problems
- make unreasonable and hasty conclusions about other people, also behave in discussions
- try to impose their will on the group
- people around them do not feel free in their presence

Orientation to mutual actions - takes place when a person's actions are determined by the need for communication, the desire to support a good relationship with friends at work and school. This person is interested in joint activities, although it may not contribute to the successful completion of the task, often his actions even make it difficult to complete the group task and his actual help may be minimal. Reciprocal people:

- avoid direct problem solving
- succumb to group pressure
- do not express original ideas and it is not easy to understand what such a person wants to express
– do not take the lead when it comes to choosing tasks

Business orientation - reflects the predominance of motives generated by the activity itself, passion for the process of activity, disinterested desire for knowledge, mastering new skills and abilities. Usually such a person seeks cooperation and achieves the most productive group, and therefore tries to prove the point of view, which he considers useful for the fulfillment of the task. Business people:

- help individual members of the group express their thoughts
- support the group so that it achieves the goal
- express their thoughts and considerations easily and clearly
– take the lead when it comes to task selection
- do not shy away from direct problem solving

In the works of various authors, the orientation of the personality is designated in different ways: as a dynamic tendency (Rubinshtein), a meaning-forming motive (Leontiev), a dominant attitude (Myasishchev), and a basic life orientation (Ananiev).

Most often in scientific literature under orientation understand set of stable motives, orienting the activity of the individual and relatively independent of the current situation.

Orientation acts as a system-forming property of the personality, which determines its psychological makeup. The orientation expresses the goals of the individual, her motives, her subjective attitudes to various aspects of reality. Broadly speaking orientation- this is the ratio of what a person receives and takes from society (material and spiritual values), to what she gives him and contributes to his development.

The orientation of the individual is formed in the process of its development in the system of social relations. The orientation of the individual determines how the individual participates in social processes(promotes their development, counteracts, slows down or evades).

The orientation of the personality is partially characterized by the need-motivational sphere of the personality, which is the initial link of the orientation. Based on the orientation of the personality, its life goals are formed, which act as a general generator of all private goals of the personality associated with individual activities.

Personal orientation- this is the already established system of its most important target programs, which determines the semantic unity of its initiative behavior, opposing the randomness of life. It should be noted that the orientation of the individual is always socially conditioned and is formed in the process of education.

Orientation- these are attitudes that have become a property of the individual and are manifested in such various forms, like attraction, desire, aspiration, interest, inclination, ideals, worldview, belief. Let us briefly characterize each of the selected forms of orientation in the order of hierarchy.

attraction- this is the most primitive, inherently biological form of orientation. From a psychological point of view, this is a mental state that expresses an undifferentiated, unconscious or insufficiently conscious need.

A wish- it is a conscious need and attraction to something specific. Desire, being conscious, has a motivating power. It sharpens the consciousness of the future goal and the construction of the plan.

The next form of orientation is pursuit. Aspiration arises when the volitional component is included in the structure of desire. Therefore, the desire is often considered as a well-defined motivation for activity.

most clearly characterize the orientation of the personality of her interests. Interests- this is specific form manifestations of a cognitive need, ensuring the orientation of the individual to the realization of the goals of activity and thereby contributing to the orientation of the individual in the surrounding reality. Subjectively, interest is found in the emotional tone that accompanies the process of cognition or attention to a particular object. One of the most essential characteristics of interest is that when it is satisfied, it does not fade away, but, on the contrary, causes new interests corresponding to more high level cognitive activity.

Interest in the dynamics of its development can turn into inclination. This happens when the volitional component is included in the interest. inclination characterizes the orientation of the individual to a particular activity. The basis of propensity is a deep, stable need of an individual for a particular activity, i.e. interest in certain kind activities. It is generally accepted that the emerging inclination can be considered as a prerequisite for the development of certain abilities.

The next form of manifestation of personality orientation is ideal.

Ideal- this is the objective goal of the inclination of the individual, concretized in the image or representation, i.e. what he aspires to, what he focuses on. Human ideals can act as one of the most significant characteristics worldview person, i.e. systems of views on the objective world, on the place of a person in it, on the attitude of a person to the surrounding reality and to himself.

Beliefs- the highest form of orientation is a system of motives of the individual, prompting him to act in accordance with the views, principles, worldview. Beliefs are based on conscious needs that encourage a person to act, form her motivation for activity.

Orientation is the leading, system-forming component of the psychological make-up of a person, because all the others, one way or another, work for it. In its prepersonal form, orientation as a set of innate biological needs begins to determine the external and internal activity of the child even when he does not even have a hint of a general understanding of the world, but the needs of an adult also determine his comprehension of reality to a much greater extent than this comprehension - his needs.

The orientation of the personality, along with the character, are the regulators of human behavior with ready-made information content. Personality needs a constant supply new information, in its analysis, recoding and use as signals that control the body. One of complex elements structures of personality, which serves this purpose, are abilities.

The totality of stable motives, relatively independent of the situation, orienting the selective activity of the individual is called personality orientation. This is a value-oriented category.

Forms of personality orientation:

Ø A wish - this is a mental state that expresses awareness of the need, its objects and possible ways of satisfaction;

Ø Interest - this is a mental state that ensures the orientation of the individual to the designation of the goals of activity based on the satisfaction of cognitive needs. Interest may be temporary, and as a particular need is satisfied, it fades away, but interest can also be sustainable.

Ø inclination - this is a mental state that expresses the selective orientation of the individual to a certain form of activity and encourages him to engage in it.

Ø Value Orientation - this is a mental state that expresses in the mind of a person the values ​​\u200b\u200brecognized by him as strategic important goals.

Any value can be material object, social relation or spiritual phenomenon. Psychologists have established that the criterion for value assessments are the basic values ​​included in the value system of the individual, which she learned in the course of socialization.

Value orientations and ideals of the individual underlie the beliefs of the individual.

Ø Beliefs - conscious motives of the individual, prompting her to act in accordance with her value orientations and ideals. The totality of a person's beliefs is included in the system of his worldview.

Ø outlook - this is a system of a person's views on the world as a whole, on his place in this world, by which a person is guided in his activities and behavior. Depending on the choice of a worldview position, the motivation of the personality's activity occurs, its lines of behavior are determined.

social motivation

The initial classification of social motives proposed by G. Murray united more than 20 motives. Consider the main social motives - the motive of achievement and the motive of power; the motive of social success and the motive of affiliation (desire for people), the motive of help.

achievement motive a steady desire and achievement of results in work, the desire to do something well and quickly and reach a certain level in any business.

There are two types - striving for success and striving to avoid failure. Success-oriented people prefer medium-difficulty tasks because they prefer to take calculated risks; and those motivated to fail choose either easy tasks (with a guarantee of success) or difficult ones (because failure is not perceived as a personal failure). Achievement motive shows how much a person strives to increase the level of their capabilities.

It is based on at least three components: striving for excellence(orientation in difficult work to your internal quality standard), to rivalry(the desire for competition and leadership), to work(the pleasure of hard work well done).

Motivation for social success. According to recent research, it has the following structure: desire for fame, prestige, recognition; desire for competition; striving for achievement in meaningful activities.

The leading features of people with a pronounced motive for social success are great activity and self-confidence, a high self-evaluation with firm confidence in his charm; at the same time, women value their business qualities more and strive for achievements in significant activities, and men value more the qualities necessary for a public figure, and strive for recognition and rivalry. It also turned out that a strong desire for social success contributes to the development in women of properties that are more inherent in men (dominance, aggressiveness, etc.).

Power motive.

Power regarded as an ability actor carry out one's will in spite of the resistance of other people. At the heart of the power motive is the need to feel strong and to show their power in action. We can talk about two different tendencies in the basis of this motif: desire for power; exercise of power and influence.

Sources of power can be: reward power("If you do it, you will get it") coercive power("If you don't do it, it will be bad") normative power(official authority of an expert, informational authority, etc.). Individual differences are manifested in the desire to increase the number of sources of power and in the ability to influence the motivational system of other people (you need to quickly and accurately determine the motivational basis of another person and correlate it with your own sources of power.

Affiliation motives and help are based on an effective-positive attitude towards people and exclude manipulation.

The motive of affiliation is the desire for such contacts with people, including strangers, which imply trust, cooperation, affiliation, friendship. The goal of affiliation is a mutual search for acceptance, acceptance of friendly support and sympathy. Mutual trust is important so that the partner feels that he is offered an equal relationship, such communication that captivates and enriches both parties. There are two forms of the affiliative motive - hope for affiliation (HA) and fear of rejection (FA).

Help motive, altruistic motives. Altruism is an independent motive, which is different from other motives based on personal gain; it is based on love and selfless concern for others, the ability to make a free sacrifice for the sake of the group, the need to give and a sense of responsibility. The need to help others already exists in three-year-old children. Help is more often provided by those who themselves have received it before, and those who have empathy, the ability to empathize.

Similar information.

Under personality orientation in psychology is usually understood as focus on certain areas of life. All areas in which a person acts are of great value to him. If you remove at least one of them, the person will not be able to fully develop and move forward.

Determining the orientation of a person implies, at its core, a clear adherence of a person to his needs. What is directionality? This is a consciously carried out movement on the way to solving a specific problem.

Types of personality orientation

Psychologists talk about the presence of several directions that determine how a person behaves in different situations. Each of the types affects any one area of ​​​​activity, so it cannot be called good or bad.

Personal focus

It is characterized by the desire for one's own self-realization, the embodiment of personal goals and aspirations. Such people are often called selfish, because they seem to care little about others, but think more about themselves, build constructive plans in their heads and meaningfully move towards their implementation. inherent in such people: self-confidence, purposefulness, the ability to focus on an important problem, responsibility for the actions performed. People of the presented orientation will never blame others for their own failures. They do not expect help from others, but prefer to take everything into their own hands. Sometimes they develop a so-called desire for loneliness and have difficulty entrusting their affairs to someone else. This difficulty is dictated by the way of life of the individual, his strong-willed character ( read the article ""). It's inherently incredible strong personalities who are able to move forward, relying only on their own support, relying on their own strength.

Focus on other people

It is characterized by an increased need for communication, approval from other people. Such a person is too much guided by the opinions of others, therefore he is not able to build his own plans and realize individual aspirations and dreams. Before taking any action, a person will mentally or aloud coordinate his actions with the opinion of society. He is afraid to go beyond what is considered acceptable or normal in society, because personal opinion He usually doesn't speak up.

The focus on other people is also accompanied by a great desire to participate in public life, to fulfill requests at the request of relatives, friends and colleagues. Such people are very fond of in teams - they are trouble-free, easily get along with almost any person, and are ready to help at the right time. A healthy psychological climate in the team and at home is a fundamental component for them.

Business focus

It is characterized by high demands on one's own personality, the ability to organize affairs in such a way that both the individual himself and the society in which he lives are in a winning position. Such a person is distinguished by a business approach to everything that surrounds him. He does not necessarily seek to do business or develop his own business. The ability to find benefits in different situations (and not only for oneself, but also for people) puts a person in an advantageous position in front of colleagues and friends. As a rule, this is a sociable person who loves the company of other people very much, however, at the same time, he is quite freedom-loving and always plays by his own rules.

Emotional orientation of the personality

It is characterized by a tendency to worry about everything. Such a person, most often, is responsive and not indifferent to the sorrows of other people. His ability to empathize is developed to a sufficiently large extent, so those who are in trouble often turn to him for advice. this moment in great need of it. People of this type are characterized by increased sensitivity, emotional instability, their mood often changes. Any insignificant incident can throw them out of a state of mental balance and give rise to a lot of disturbing experiences.

In addition to the above, they are well versed in art, in particular in music and literature, as they have a bright, unique ability to feel the feelings and moods of fictional characters.

Social orientation of the individual

It is characterized by increased attentiveness to the outside world, people. Such individuals always notice what is happening around them, delve into the essence of social and political changes. As a rule, people of this type cannot live outside of society. They can be both leaders and subordinates, the main thing is that their activity develops within the society.

The structure of personality orientation

Whatever a person aspires to, one way or another, he goes through several steps to achieve what he wants. Any activity occurs as a result of strong motivation, and it, in turn, is formed due to the following structural components, which determine the orientation of the individual.

• attraction helps to "feel" the initial moment of building activities, to determine the motives and preferences of the individual. At this stage, there is no movement towards the goal, since the need itself is not yet so clearly recognized.
• A wish is a recognized need. It occurs when the individual already clearly imagines what he wants to do, what goal to achieve. Ways to achieve the desired have not yet been built, but the need itself can be called mature.
• Pursuit is formed by activating the volitional element. At this stage, the person not only realizes his need, but begins to make the first efforts so that the desire can be fulfilled.
• Interests determine the needs of a person, help him build an orientation in such a way that it brings the expected results. Interests help to determine and understand what a person really wants, to adjust his activities ( read about).
• inclinations characterize the orientation of the individual to a particular occupation.
• ideals are significant characteristic man's worldview. In fact, it is the ideals that can lead forward, we are guided by their values ​​when we make important decisions ( read about).
• outlook helps the individual to build a system of views on himself, society and the world around ( read about).
• Beliefs are a system of motives that guide any action of an individual. They are designed to help people different situations act in a certain way read about).

All forms of personality orientation are closely related to each other. Without passing one stage, it would be impossible to reach the next one. The perception and orientation of the personality depend on the individual efforts of the person and the characteristics of his personality. mental state. How strongly a person is motivated depends on his performance and faith in own possibilities.

Orientation and motives of personality activity

The degree of success in solving the set tasks largely depends on how well the person herself is well motivated in obtaining a favorable result. There are several factors that have a huge impact on any activity carried out by a person.

Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

External is called motivation, aimed at external events and people around. For example, if you need to immediately prepare a history report just to get the approval of the leader and close the session, then there is an external motivation. In the case when it is necessary to perform research work because it represents the scientific or creative interest of the researcher himself, then they speak of intrinsic motivation.

I must say that internal motivation is much stronger than external, because it encourages a person to self-development, some new achievements, discoveries.

Mindfulness - unawareness of motives

When there is a clear understanding of why this or that activity is performed, the effectiveness of its implementation increases several times. Monotonous work, devoid of special meaning and significance, only brings melancholy and despondency. It happens that personality for a long time cannot realize the true motives of her actions and this leads her to delusion.

Interests and Significant Needs

Acting from his own interests, a person always increases his labor efficiency. In other words, when what we do excites the imagination, causes pleasant feelings, and works much better. Satisfying the needs for recognition, approval from the team, self-realization, the individual grows, learns and expands his own capabilities. There are new prospects for further advancement and development. When the activity performed is in no way connected with the leading needs, the personal and spiritual components are not satisfied, the person gradually begins to doubt himself, his strength decreases over time.

Ability to set a goal

Whatever we strive for, it is extremely important from the very beginning to correctly determine the direction, the ultimate goal, to understand what we want to achieve as a result. It is also necessary to set an appropriate rhythm for the movement and maintain it throughout the entire period - then any work will be effective. The ability to see the end result of the activity will help to predict possible difficulties in advance in order to cope with them in time. It would be nice to keep in mind the so-called ideal of achievement, that is, to track how the current reality corresponds to a given model.

Self confidence

No work can be done if a person is not confident in his own abilities. Even if a person has rare and exceptional talents, he will not be able to achieve success while he is engaged in self-flagellation, doubt that he will succeed. Self-confidence is essential tool to build strong and trusting relationship with the surrounding world. It is possible to cultivate self-confidence, but only when a person is ready to devote time to working with feelings, working out educational issues, gaining new knowledge - this cannot be avoided.

Professional orientation of the individual

Each of the professions known to people, suggests that a person applying for a particular position must have the appropriate qualities of character. After all, making decisions, acting in the workplace, we often require a high concentration of attention ( read about), greater stress resistance, etc. If these qualities remain undeveloped, the person will not cope with his duties. Professional orientation is a whole system of motives that drive a person.

Below is a classification of personality types with characteristics that show in which area it is more likely to succeed.

• realistic type. These are people with stable nervous system. They strive for maximum accuracy in everything and prefer to work with real objects. Most often, they are engaged in physical labor. Suitable professions: technicians, mechanics, builders, sailors.
• conventional type. This group includes people who are focused on accuracy and accuracy. They are wonderful performers, they like to do everything on time. Often engaged in activities that require great concentration and attention. Professions: librarian, economist, accountant, merchandiser.
• Intelligent type. These are real thinkers. People of this type can sit in one place for a long time, immersed in thought. They make far-reaching plans for the future, carefully plan their activities. What attracts them the most research work, allowing you to get closer to the disclosure of the truth, some kind of separate law. Professions: teacher, scientist, writer.
• Enterprising type. Here you can meet excellent leaders who love to manage and strive to take a leading position in everything. The desire for superiority determines their personal success. Professions: head of enterprises, businessman, administrator.
• social type. These people are distinguished by an open heart and a willingness to care for others. professional activity they build in such a way as to help as much as possible more of people. They have a highly developed sense of responsibility, humanism, empathy. Professions: doctor, veterinarian, social worker, teacher, educator.
• Artistic type. Here are, perhaps, the most unpredictable people who find it difficult to maintain a certain schedule in work. In their activities, they focus more on own feelings, do not like frames, highly value freedom and independence. Professions: actor, artist, poet, designer.

Thus, the orientation of the personality entirely and completely determines its success. Diagnosis of personality orientation largely depends on how satisfied the person is with what he is doing.