Priority scientific directions in the field of mountain ecology. Ecology in the modern world

Traditionally, environmental studies are divided into two areas - autecology and synecology. Auecology focuses on the relationship between an organism or population and its environment, while synecology deals with communities and environment. For example, the study of a single specimen of an oak or a species of pedunculate oak (((neursch robier) or a genus of oak (((neurc) will be an autecological study, and a study of an oak forest community will be a synecological study.

Modern researchers identify more than 100 areas in ecology, which can be combined into 5 branches of ecology:

1. Global ecology - the study of possible global shifts in the biosphere under the influence various factors(cosmic impacts, processes in the bowels of the Earth

2. Biological ecology - includes: 1) autecology (ecology of natural biological systems - individuals, species); de-ecology (population ecology); synecology (ecology of multispecies communities, biocenoses), biogeocenology (ecological systems);

2) ecology of systematic groups of organisms - bacteria, fungi, plants, animals;

3) evolutionary ecology.

3. Human ecology or social ecology- explores the interaction of man with the environment.

4. Geoecology - studies the relationship between organisms and the environment, their geographical location. Includes the ecology of environments (air, terrestrial, soil, freshwater, marine); ecology of natural and climatic zones (tundra, taiga, steppes, deserts, mountains, landscapes).

5. Applied ecology - a complex of disciplines that study the relationship between human society and nature. The following applied sections of ecology are distinguished:

Engineering Ecology;

Agricultural ecology;

Urboecology;

Bioresource and commercial ecology;

Medical ecology.

H. Approaches and methods of ecology

In modern ecology, environmental science, two approaches to the problem of the relationship between man and nature collide: anthropocentric and biocentric.

1. Anthropocentric or technological approach - a person is at the center of environmental problems. Overexploitation of natural resources, water and air pollution are considered only from the point of view of their negative impact on human health. The environmental problems that have arisen are presented only as a consequence of improper housekeeping.

It is believed that problems can be eliminated through technological reorganization and modernization, that the laws of nature cannot and should not interfere with scientific and technological progress.

2. Biocentric or ecocentric approach - a person is only one of the forms of life, and as a biological species, to a large extent remains under the control of the main environmental laws and in his relationship with nature is forced and must accept its conditions. Regulatory functions of the biosphere violated by man cannot be restored or changed technologically. Human progress is limited by the ecological imperative.

1. Ecosystem - the study of the flow of energy and the circulation of substances between the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosphere, the functional relationships (food chains) of living organisms with each other and with the environment.

2. The study of communities (synecology) - the study of plants, animals and microorganisms living in ecosystems. The main emphasis is on the identification and description of species and the study of factors that limit their distribution. Synecology studies successions and climax communities in detail, which is important for rational use natural resources.

4. Habitat study - study of the ecological niche of species with the involvement of hydrologists, soil scientists, meteorologists, oceanographers, etc.

5. Evolutionary and historical - the study of changes in the biosphere, individual ecosystems, communities, populations, habitats over time, which is important for predicting future changes. Evolutionary ecology considers the changes associated with the development of life on Earth, allows you to understand the patterns that operated in the ecosphere before the appearance of man. Reconstruction of the past based on paleontological data. Historical ecology deals with the changes associated with the development of human civilization and technology, with their increasing influence on nature.

More on the topic 2. Directions of ecology:

1. What is ecology? The subject of ecology. Ecology as a scientific discipline
2. 1.3. The relationship of ecology with other biological sciences. Ecology divisions
3. 2.1. Program lecture 2.1. module 2 "Fundamentals of traditional ecology": Theoretical ecology. gyres
4. THE CURRENT STATE OF ECOLOGY AS A COMPREHENSIVE SOCIAL AND NATURAL SCIENCE ABOUT THE RELATIONSHIPS OF ORGANISMS. CONTENT, SUBJECT, OBJECT AND TASKS OF ECOLOGY.
5. ECOLOGY AND HISTORY OF ITS DEVELOPMENT. THE PLACE OF ECOLOGY IN THE SYSTEM OF NATURAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES. METHODS OF ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH.
6. N. M. CHERNOVA. Lectures on General Ecology. Reference materials for the course "Moscow Ecology and Sustainable Development". - M., 2009
7. Far Eastern State Technical University (FEPI named after V.V. Kuibyshev. CONTROL WORK / Population ecology, community ecology (synecology), 2008

How was the science of ecology formed and developed?

Ecology as a science has its roots in the distant past. Gradually, mankind accumulated data on the relationship of living organisms with their environment, the first scientific generalizations were made. Until the 60s. 19th century the birth and development of ecology as a science. And only in 1886, the German biologist Ernst Haeckel singled out environmental knowledge as an independent field of biological science, proposing for it the name itself - ecology. The word "ecology" comes from two Greek words: oikos, which means home, homeland, and logos - concept, teaching. In the literal sense, ecology is "home science", "the science of habitat".

By the beginning of the 20th century, it became clear that the subject of ecology should be not only biological objects, but also the entire natural environment in the aggregate and active interaction of all its components. A great contribution to the formation of modern ecology was made by the largest Russian scientist of the 20th century. V. I. Vernadsky. Verrnadsky Vladimir Ivanovich is a great Russian and Soviet naturalist of Ukrainian origin, thinker and public figure of the 20th century. For more details see: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere

IN AND. Vernadsky (1863-1945)

He was the first to point out that living organisms not only adapt to natural conditions in the process of biological evolution, but also themselves, in turn, greatly influence the formation of the geological and geochemical appearance of the Earth. Scientists have created a fundamental doctrine of the biosphere, see: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ The biosphere as an integral shell of the Earth, in which it is living organisms that ensure the existence of the biosphere.

The modern concept of "ecology" has a broader meaning than in the first decades of the development of this science. The general attention to ecology led to the expansion of the field of knowledge (exclusively biological) originally quite clearly defined by Ernst Haeckel to other natural sciences and even the humanities. In general, ecology in the modern extended sense has gone far beyond the biological mother - bioecology. Since about the 50s. 20th century ecology began to turn into an integrated science that studies the laws of the existence of living systems in their interaction with the environment. In the 70s, a rapid ecologization of natural science and a significant part of human knowledge began to occur. There were at least 50 various industries ecology (for example, special ecology, geoecology, geoinformatics, applied ecology, human ecology; these industries, in turn, are also divided into sub-sectors). Conditionally, the directions of ecology can be divided into two main parts - general, or fundamental, ecology, which studies the entire wildlife in general, and social ecology, which studies the relationship of human society with nature. They determine the rules and techniques for rational environmental management, nature conservation and human environment environment.

Why do you think all the people of the planet should realize the need for rational nature management?

Ecology, as a complex of sciences, is closely related to such sciences as biology, chemistry, mathematics, geography, physics, epidemiology, biogeochemistry

Outstanding scientist academician N.N. Moiseev The activities of the outstanding scientist of the late XX century N.N. common features from scientific and social activities Academician A.D. Sakharov, who evolved from an outstanding Soviet nuclear scientist to an equally outstanding public figure and human rights activist, for whom human rights and freedoms have become the highest value and his civic position, is both an academician. N.N. Moiseev gradually moved from the theoretical development of military rocket technology in the Soviet era to natural science (mathematical) and humanitarian studies of the state and forecast of the development of the biosphere and society in the context of increased anthropogenic impact on it and the impending threat of a global environmental crisis. Not without the influence of N.V. Timofeeva-Resovskogo N.N. Moiseev began to study the biosphere as a single integral system. It is the interest in philosophical problems and issues of environmental education, in which the academician “saw the key to the civilization of the coming century,” prompted N.N. Moiseev to devote himself entirely to the issues of globalization and environmental, political science and socio-economic problems of our time. After many years empirical research in the Computing Center of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR using mathematical calculations of anthropogenic impact on the biosphere and on the basis of philosophical generalizations of the interaction between nature, man and society N.N. Moiseev formulated and introduced into scientific circulation the concept of "environmental imperative", which means "the limit of permissible human activity, which he has no right to cross under any circumstances." This imperative as a law, a requirement, an unconditional principle of behavior has an objective character, is the basic category and foundation of a new historical and philosophical direction - the philosophy of ecology. The effect of "nuclear night" and, as a result, "nuclear winter", demonstrated at the Computing Center of the USSR Academy of Sciences mathematical modeling with the direct participation of N.N. Moiseev, warned the politicians of the USA and the USSR against the nuclear arms race due to the impossibility of using nuclear weapons considering the consequences of this application. After that, the problems of anthropogenic impact on the biosphere and the consequences of this for human life became the professional scientific interest of N.N. Moiseev. Constant reflections in this direction singled him out among domestic theorists in the field of social ecologists and environmental philosophy. His expert opinions and opinions began to be listened to in Russian government and foreign scientific circles. The close attention of scientists and the public to the personality of N.N. Moiseev, his scientific heritage is explained by the fact that he was one of the few prominent Russian scientists and public figures who successfully combined an active public activity and a deep natural-science, philosophical and socio-economic understanding of “the problem of interaction between man, nature and society, i.e. ecology in its modern sense, as the science of one's own home - the biosphere and the rules of human life in this home. major works last decade of the last century and the life of N.N. Moiseev “The Agony of Russia. Does she have a future? An Attempt at a Systematic Analysis of the Problem of Choice” (1996), “Civilization at a Turning Point” (1996), “The World Community and the Fate of Russia” (1997), “The Fate of Civilization. The Way of Reason” (1998), “Universum. Information. Society” (2001) and a number of others formed the essence of his scientific heritage and the basis of ecological philosophy, which gave a deep socio-ecological, in its own way, new humanistic meaning. domestic philosophy, ecology, history, political science and other sciences about society and man. believed that “today the concept of “ecology” is closest to the original understanding of the Greek term as the science of one’s own home, i.e. about the biosphere, the features of its development and the role of man in this process.

N.N. Moiseev (1917-2000)

Currently, most often in the mass consciousness of people, environmental issues are reduced, first of all, to issues of environmental protection. In many ways, this shift in meaning was due to the increasingly tangible consequences of human influence on the environment, but it is necessary to separate the concepts of ecological (“related to the science of ecology”) and environmental (“relating to the environment”).

The most general laws of ecology are formulated by the American ecologist Barry Commoner (1974) in a free fictional form, in the form of aphorisms.

Commoner's first law.

Everything is connected to everything. This is the law about everything living and inorganic in the biosphere. He draws our attention to the universal connection of processes and phenomena in nature, warns a person against rash impact on individual parts of ecosystems. Ecosystem destruction (such as swamp drainage, deforestation, water pollution, and more) can lead to unintended consequences

Commoner's second law.

Everything has to go somewhere. This is a law on human economic activity, the waste from which must be included in natural processes without disturbing the natural cycles of substances and energy, without causing the death of ecosystems.

Commoner's Third Law.

Nature "knows" better. This is a law on reasonable nature management, that is, carried out only on the basis of knowledge of the laws of nature. We must not forget that man is also a biological species, that he is part of nature, and not its master. This means that it is impossible to "conquer" nature, it is necessary to take care of preserving its integrity, as if cooperating with it. In addition, we will remember that science does not have complete information about many mechanisms of the functioning of natural processes. And this means that nature management must be not only scientifically substantiated, but also very prudent.

Commoner's Fourth Law. Nothing is given for free. It is also a law on rational use of natural resources. The global ecosystem is a single whole, within which all transformations of both matter and energy are subject to strict mathematical dependencies. Therefore, one has to pay with energy for additional waste treatment, with fertilizer for increasing crop yields, with sanatoriums and medicines for worsening human health, etc.

The man proudly called himself Homo sapiens, which, as you know, means Homo sapiens. However, is its interaction with nature reasonable today? Man is able and must realize his great responsibility for all living on Earth. That is its purpose: the preservation of life on the planet. The main task of our time is to take care of the health and integrity of the entire "nature-human" system. This task is only within the power of all mankind. We have a common planet, and a person is obliged to ensure coexistence and development (co-evolution) with everything living on it. N.N. Moiseev wrote that the future of mankind is determined by many circumstances. However, two stand out among them.

First: people must know the laws of development of the biosphere, know possible reasons its degradation, to know what people are "allowed" and where is that fatal line that a person should not cross under any circumstances. In other words, ecology - more precisely, the totality of sciences that it is, must develop a Strategy in the relationship between Nature and man, this Strategy must be owned by all people.

This way of behavior of people N.N. Moiseev called the co-evolution of Nature and society. This concept is synonymous with the development of society, which is consistent with the laws of the development of the biosphere. A necessary condition for this is the awareness of society about the real state of affairs, the deprivation of its possible illusions and environmental education.

Now they talk and write a lot about the need to educate the ecological culture of people. How do you understand the meaning of the concept of "ecological culture"?

The second, no less important circumstance, without which it is meaningless to talk about the future of mankind, is the need to establish on the planet such a social order that would be able to implement this system of restrictions, this second condition already applies to the humanitarian sphere. Its implementation will require special efforts society and its new organization.

V.I. warned about the same. Vernadsky at the beginning of the 20th century. He spoke with anxiety about the fact that one day the time will come when people will have to take responsibility for the further development of both Nature and man. Such a time has come.

To create a society capable of such responsibility, it is necessary to comply with strict rules and a number of prohibitions - the so-called environmental imperative. The concept of it was proposed and developed by N.N. Moiseev. The ecological imperative has an unconditional priority of preserving wildlife, the species diversity of the planet, protecting the environment from excessive pollution that is incompatible with life. The introduction of the environmental imperative means that some types of human activity and the degree of human impact on the environment as a whole must be strictly limited and controlled.

Tropical deforestation

Thus, humanity is faced with an urgent need to find a way of its development, through which it would be possible to coordinate the needs of man, his vigorous activity with the possibilities of the biosphere.

Why is it necessary for all people on the planet to study the basics of ecology?

This is due to the severity of global problems, the dependence of the state of nature on each inhabitant of the planet, as well as the rapid growth of information, the rapid obsolescence of knowledge.

As N.N. Moiseev, “the affirmation of education, which is based on a clear understanding of the place of man in Nature, is in fact the main thing that humanity has to do in the next decade” (1). Moiseev N.N. Thinking about the future, or reminding my students of the need for unity of action in order to survive // ​​In the book: Moiseev N.N. The barrier of the Middle Ages. – M.: Tydex Ko, 2003.- 312 p. (Library of the journal "Ecology and Life").

What opportunities do you see in your Everyday life to follow the principle of the ecological imperative?
Think about why the implementation of restrictions and prohibitions of the environmental imperative encounters significant obstacles in society?

Some scholars and journalists point out that in recent times in Russia, the concept of "ecology" and everything connected with it turned out to be discredited. Deterioration of the state of the habitat and serious environmental problems, paradoxically, are gradually losing their public consciousness their relevance, cease to excite and disturb people. What could be the reason for this trend?

For many years, a person hears that he lives in conditions that are not just critical, but practically “incompatible with life”, when catastrophes await him at every step, this often gives rise to indifference. It appears as a natural reaction to familiar information. This is exacerbated by the fact that drastic changes occur imperceptibly for each person (or the person does not notice them). Everything happens somewhere "not here" and "not with him".

How intelligent is media coverage of environmental issues?

Often, environmental issues are presented as random, fragmentary, biased and often contradictory information that the media regularly supply us with, and the reaction comes down to bewilderment and sluggish interest (say, what are they talking about again?). And after listening to the next news, you can calmly dismiss it and return to your daily activities, without thinking about the fact that environmental troubles happen not only somewhere far away.

The attitude towards environmental issues on the part of the media is often insufficiently serious and thoughtful. Here is a fragment of a conversation with a guest of the television program "Environmental Problems of Today" environmental scientist T. A. Puzanova. Here is just a small fragment of a conversation with a guest of the television program "Environmental Problems of Today" environmental scientist T. A. Puzanova.
Video 1.

The cheeky, careless reaction of the program hosts is quite typical of the attitude of both the media and a significant part of the population to the coverage of environmental issues.

Publications on environmental theme they usually appear in waves - in connection with a disaster, in connection with an environmental date, in connection with protests, etc. Let's say about the tragedy of Chernobyl, as a rule, once a year: on the anniversary of the disaster, or in connection with social problems liquidators of the accident (2) Orekhova I. "Environmental problems in the information field": see: http://www.index.org.ru/journal/12/orehova.html

Let's draw conclusions.

For more than 100 years of its development, ecology has become one of the most relevant modern sciences. During this period, as a result of human economic activity, our planet, in a number of key environmental parameters, has gone beyond the limits of the natural variability that has occurred over the past half million years. The changes now taking place are unprecedented in scope and pace.
Video 2.

Ecology allows not only to assess the scale of the catastrophe threatening the Earth, but also to develop recommendations and rules that will help to avoid it. Ecology is a science directed to the future, it is aimed at transferring Nature, our common home to children and grandchildren in such a state that everything necessary for people's life is preserved in it.

For this, it is important both the further development of ecology and the widespread environmental education of people around the world.

Ecology is subject to two areas of research: theoretical (bioecology) and practical ecology.

¾ theoretical ecology includes a section "ecology of living organisms" (bioecology).

This is the mother substratum of ecological science. Main subsections: microworld ecology, plant ecology, animal ecology, human ecology.

But to the well-known classical sections (according to the ideas of Y. Odum, R. Dazho, M. Reimers, I. Dedu and others), new bioecological directions have been added: bioecomonitoring, conservation theory, theory of artificial ecosystems, basics of bioindication, ecotoxicology, etc.

¾ Practical ecology combines several sections:

1. sciences about the protection and rational use of natural resources (geoecology). Its main elements: landscape ecology, biogeochemical ecology, environmental economics and environmental protection, atmospheric ecology, hydrospheres(includes the ecology of the World Ocean, natural and artificial reservoirs, watercourses (rivers, streams, etc.)) and the lithosphere (includes the ecology of soils, mineral deposits (mining), geoengineering ecology, geological conservation, etc.). New block sections - geoinformatics and ecology of geoenergy anomalous zones. Many problems of geoecology (namely, landscape ecology) are of practical importance, since the set of species, their productivity, the possibility of acclimatization of useful forms, the conditions for the formation and stability of natural foci of diseases, etc. are determined by climatic or other physical and geographical conditions.

2. other direction of ecology explores the specific mechanisms by which the adaptation of biological systems of different levels to changing environmental conditions is carried out, which is necessary to ensure their existence. This direction is called functional or physiological ecology , since most adaptive mechanisms are of a physiological nature.

The study of the mechanisms and patterns of adaptation is important for solving a number of problems in medicine, hunting, animal husbandry, crop production, etc. The most commonly studied organisms autecology).

3. important direction is evolutionary ecology , whose main task is identification of ecological patterns of the evolutionary process, ways and forms of formation of species adaptations, as well as reconstruction of ecosystems of the Earth's past ( paleoecology) and identifying the role of a person in their transformation ( archeoecology).

4. science of socio-economic factors of influence on the environment (socioecology) combines such important new subsections of environmental science as environmental education, environmental law, urban ecology, population ecology, environmental management, environmental marketing, national and international environmental policy.

5. sciences about man-caused factors of influence on the environment (technoecology). The main structural elements of the section are the ecology of energy (the main subsections are: the ecology of nuclear power plants, thermal power plants, hydroelectric power plants, non-traditional energy sources (solar, geothermal, wind, bioenergy, marine energy)), industry (chemical, metallurgical, fuel, forestry, engineering industry and production of building materials ), agroecology (reclamation, agrochemical and livestock ecology), ecology of transport, military affairs, environmental expertise.

The problems arising in connection with this go beyond the framework of ecology as a biological science, acquiring a social and political character. This direction is often referred to as social ecology.

Highest in rank generalizing concept is universal (general) ecology- the science of tactics and strategies for the conservation and sustainable development of life on Earth.

It summarizes all the environmental information coming from other sections, and based on the analysis of these data and modeling the development of the ecological situation on the planet, it contributes to the adoption of scientifically and logically sound decisions regarding the implementation strategic plans development of civilization.

Ecology objects or its subdivisions, depending on the level of research, are ecosystems or their elements.

Subject of research:

study of the characteristics and development of relationships between organisms, their groupings of different ranks, ecosystems and the inanimate component of ecosystems;

study of the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors on the functioning of ecosystems and the biosphere as a whole.

The main tasks of ecology:

study from positions systems approach the general state of the modern biosphere of the planet, the reasons for its formation and development features under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors (i.e., the study of the patterns of formation, existence and functioning of biological systems at all levels in conjunction with the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere);

forecast of the dynamics of the state of the biosphere in time and space;

· development of ways to harmonize the relationship between human society and nature, preserving the ability of the biosphere to self-repair and self-regulate, taking into account the basic environmental laws and general laws of optimizing the relationship between society and nature.

FINDINGS

1. Modern environmental research is the scientific basis for the development of strategies and tactics of human behavior in the natural environment, rational use of natural resources, protection and restoration of the environment.

2. The most important conclusion of environmental studies should be the determination of the ecological capacity of territories, which completely depends on the state of its ecosystems.

In ecology, subdivisions are objectively distinguished that study the organic world at the level of an individual, population, species, biocenosis, biogeocenosis (ecosystem) and biosphere.

In this regard, it can already be clearly distinguished:

autecology (ecology of individuals)

dedemecology (ecology of populations),

eidecology (species ecology)

synecology (ecology of communities).

The task of autecology is to establish the limits of the existence of an individual (organism) and those limits of physico-chemical factors that the body chooses from the entire range of their values. The study of the reactions of organisms to the effects of environmental factors makes it possible to identify not only these limits, but also physical and morphological changes characteristic of these individuals.

Demecology studies the natural groupings of individuals of the same species, i.e. populations are elementary supraorganismal macrosystems. Its most important task is to elucidate the conditions under which populations are formed, as well as the study of intrapopulation groups and their relationships, organization (structure), and population dynamics.

Eidecology is the least developed subdivision of modern ecology. The view as a level of organization of living nature, as a supraorganismal biological macrosystem has not yet become an object of ecological research. This is explained by the fact that as ecology develops, the attention and interest of researchers from the body, i.e. from autecology, switched to the population - demecology, and then to the biocenosis, biogeocenosis and the biosphere as a whole.

Synecology studies the associations of populations of various plant, animal and microorganism species that form biocenoses, the ways of formation and development of the latter, their structure and dynamics, their interaction with physical and chemical environmental factors, energy, productivity and other features. Based on aut-, dem-, and eidecology, synecology acquires a clearly expressed general biological character. Aut-, dem-, and eide-ecological studies are based on the individual, population and species of a particular group of living beings. Synecological studies, on the other hand, are aimed at studying a complex multi-species complex of interconnected organisms (biocenosis) that exists in a strictly defined physical and chemical environment, to consider from a qualitative and quantitative point of view their relationship.

14. The main environmental problems of our time and ways to solve them

Problems:

1) Atmospheric pollution.

There are three main sources of air pollution: industry, domestic boilers, and transport.

2) Aerosol pollution of the atmosphere

Aerosols are solid or liquid particles suspended in the air. The solid components of aerosols in some cases are especially dangerous for organisms, and cause specific diseases in humans. In the atmosphere, aerosol pollution is perceived in the form of smoke, fog, mist or haze. A significant part of aerosols is formed in the atmosphere when solid and liquid particles interact with each other or with water vapor. A large number of dust particles are also formed during the production activities of people.

Main sources: thermal power plants, industrial dumps, blasting

3) Photochemical fog (smog)

Photochemical fog is a multicomponent mixture of gases and aerosol particles of primary and secondary origin. The main components of smog are: ozone, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, etc. Because of this phenomenon, ozone gradually accumulates in the atmosphere. In terms of physiological effects on the human body, photochemical fog is extremely dangerous for the respiratory and circulatory systems and often causes premature death of urban residents with poor health.

4) Chemical pollution of natural waters

The introduction of new, unusual substances into the aquatic environment - pollutants that degrade water quality. Usually allocate chemical, physical and biological pollution.

5) Inorganic pollution

The main inorganic (mineral) pollutants of fresh and marine waters are a variety of chemical compounds that are toxic to the inhabitants of the aquatic environment. These are compounds of arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, copper, fluorine. Most of them end up in water as a result of human activities. Heavy metals are absorbed by phytoplankton and then transferred through the food chain to more highly organized organisms. Among the main sources of pollution of the hydrosphere minerals and biogenic elements should be mentioned food industry and agriculture.

6) Organic pollution

Due to the rapid pace of urbanization and the slow construction of sewage treatment plants, or their unsatisfactory operation, water basins and soil are polluted with household waste. Pollution is especially noticeable in slow-flowing or stagnant water bodies (reservoirs, lakes). Decomposing in the aquatic environment, organic waste can become a medium for pathogens. Water contaminated with organic waste becomes almost unsuitable for drinking and other purposes. Household waste is dangerous not only because it is a source of some human diseases, but also because it requires a lot of oxygen for its decomposition. If domestic wastewater enters the reservoir in very large quantities, then the content of soluble oxygen may drop below the level necessary for the life of marine and freshwater organisms.

Solutions :

increased attention to the issues of nature protection and ensuring the rational use of natural resources;

establishment of systematic control over the use by enterprises and organizations of lands, waters, forests, subsoil and other natural resources;

increased attention to the issues of preventing pollution and salinization of soils, surface and groundwater;

paying more attention to the preservation of the water protection and protective functions of forests, the conservation and reproduction of flora and fauna, and the prevention of air pollution;

strengthening the fight against industrial and household noise.