Emperors of Russia. History of the Russian monarchy

(1672 - 1725) a period of palace coups began in the country. This time was characterized by a rapid change, both of the rulers themselves and of the entire elite surrounding them. However, Catherine II was on the throne for 34 years, lived long life and died at the age of 67. After her, emperors came to power in Russia, each of whom tried in his own way to raise her prestige throughout the world, and some succeeded. The history of the country forever included the names of those who ruled in Russia after Catherine II.

Briefly about the reign of Catherine II

The full name of the most famous Empress of All Russia is Sophia Augusta Frederica of Anhalt-Tserbskaya. She was born on May 2, 1729 in Prussia. In 1744, she was invited by Elizabeth II with her mother to Russia, where she immediately began to study the Russian language and the history of her new homeland. In the same year, she converted from Lutheranism to Orthodoxy. On September 1, 1745, she was married to Peter Fedorovich, the future Emperor Peter III, who was 17 years old at the time of the marriage.

During the years of his reign from 1762 to 1796. Catherine II raised common culture country, its political life to the European level. Under her, new legislation was adopted, which contained 526 articles. During her reign, Crimea, Azov, Kuban, Kerch, Kiburn, West Side Volyn, as well as some regions of Belarus, Poland and Lithuania. Catherine II founded the Russian Academy of Sciences, introduced a system of secondary education, opened institutes for girls. In 1769, paper money, the so-called banknotes, was put into circulation. Money circulation at that time was based on copper money, which was extremely inconvenient for large commercial transactions. For example, 100 rubles in copper coins weighed more than 6 pounds, that is, more than a centner, which made financial transactions very difficult. Under Catherine II, the number of factories and factories increased four times, the army and navy gained strength. But there were many negative assessments of her activities. Including abuse of power by officials, bribery, embezzlement. Favorites of the empress received orders, gifts of fabulous value, privileges. Her generosity extended to almost everyone who was close to the court. During the reign of Catherine II, the situation of serfs worsened significantly.

Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich (1754 - 1801) was the son of Catherine II and Peter III. From birth he was under the care of Elizabeth II. Big influence the worldview of the heir to the throne was influenced by his mentor, Hieromonk Plato. He was married twice and had 10 children. He ascended the throne after the death of Catherine II. He issued a decree on succession to the throne, which legalized the transfer of the throne from father to son, the Manifesto on a three-day corvee. On the very first day of his reign, A.N. Radishchev from Siberian exile, released N.I. Novikov and A.T. Kosciuszko. He made serious reforms and transformations in the army and navy.

The country began to pay more attention to spiritual and secular education, military educational institutions. New seminaries and theological academies were opened. Paul I in 1798 supported the Order of Malta, which was practically defeated by the troops of France and for this he was proclaimed the protector of the order, that is, its protector, and later the Chief Master. The unpopular recent political decisions made by Paul, his harsh and despotic character caused discontent throughout society. As a result of the conspiracy, he was killed in his bedroom on the night of March 23, 1801.

After the death of Paul I, in 1801, Alexander I (1777 - 1825), his eldest son, ascended the Russian throne. Carried out a number of liberal reforms. He led successful military operations against Turkey, Sweden and Persia. After the victory in the war against Napoleon Bonaparte, he was among the leaders of the Congress of Vienna and the organizers of the Holy Alliance, which included Russia, Prussia and Austria. He died unexpectedly during an epidemic of typhoid fever in Taganrog. However, due to the fact that he repeatedly mentioned the desire to voluntarily leave the throne and “remove from the world”, a legend arose in society that a double died in Taganrog, and Alexander I became the elder Fyodor Kuzmich, who lived in the Urals and died in 1864.

The next Russian emperor was the brother of Alexander I, Nikolai Pavlovich, since Grand Duke Konstantin, who inherited the throne by seniority, abdicated. During the oath to the new sovereign on December 14, 1825, the Decembrist uprising took place, the purpose of which was to liberalize the existing political system, including the abolition of serfdom, and democratic freedoms up to a change in the form of government. The speech was suppressed on the same day, many were sent into exile, and the leaders were executed. Nicholas I was married to Alexandra Feodorovna, the Prussian princess Frederick-Louise-Charlotte-Wilhemine, with whom they had seven children. This marriage had great importance for Prussia and Russia. Nicholas I had an engineering education and personally supervised the construction railways and fort "Emperor Paul I", projects of fortifications for the naval defense of St. Petersburg. Died March 2, 1855 from pneumonia.

In 1855, the son of Nicholas I and Alexandra Feodorovna, Alexander II, ascended the throne. He was an excellent diplomat. He carried out the abolition of serfdom in 1861. He carried out a number of reforms that were of great importance for further development countries:

in 1857 he issued a decree that liquidated all military settlements;
in 1863 he introduced the university charter, which determined the order in Russian higher institutions;
carried out reforms of city self-government, judicial and secondary education;
in 1874 he approved the military reform on universal military service.

Several assassination attempts were made on the emperor. He died on March 13, 1881 after Ignaty Grinevitsky, member of the People's Will, threw a bomb at his feet.

Since 1881, Russia was ruled by Alexander III (1845 - 1894). He was married to a princess from Denmark, known in the country as Maria Feodorovna. They had six children. The emperor had a good military education, and after the death of his elder brother Nicholas, he mastered an additional course of sciences that one needed to know in order to competently manage the state. His reign was characterized by a series of harsh measures to strengthen administrative control. Judges began to be appointed by the government, censorship of printed publications was again introduced, and Old Believers were given legal status. In 1886 the so-called poll tax was abolished. Alexander III led an open foreign policy, which helped to strengthen his position in the international arena. The prestige of the country during his reign was extremely high, Russia did not participate in any war. He died on November 1, 1894 in the Livadia Palace, in the Crimea.

The years of the reign of Nicholas II (1868 - 1918) were characterized by the rapid economic development of Russia and the simultaneous growth of social tension. The increased growth of revolutionary sentiment resulted in the First Russian Revolution of 1905-1907. It was followed by a war with Japan for control of Manchuria and Korea, the country's participation in the First World War. After the February Revolution of 1917, he abdicated.

According to the decision of the Provisional Government, he was sent with his family into exile in Tobolsk. In the spring of 1918 he was transferred to Yekaterinburg, where he was shot along with his wife, children and several close associates. This is the last of those who ruled in Russia after Catherine 2. The family of Nicholas II is glorified by the Russian Orthodox Church as a saint.

The great emperors of Russia were the alpha and omega, as well as the prosperity of their people. As God is the ruler of the universe, so they were the rulers of their lands. And they had a lot to do with it. The very first representative of this title was Peter the Great. And, probably, not in vain the story Russian Empire It starts with this great personality.

Future Great Emperor

Peter was born in Moscow in 1672, on the ninth of June. This was the fourteenth child of Alexei Mikhailovich and his second wife, Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina. After the death of the king, Peter inherited a country that was quite undeveloped compared to the culturally prosperous European countries. While the Renaissance and Reformation swept through Europe, Russia rejected Westernization and remained isolated from modernization.

Peter the Great is the first emperor of Russia, who became famous thanks to his numerous reforms and attempts to make a great power out of his state. He created a strong fleet, reorganized the army according to Western standards. Under him, new administrative and territorial divisions of the country were introduced, he initiated a number of changes that affected all spheres of Russian life.

Radical changes and general development

The first emperor of Russia paid special attention to the development of science. He hired several foreign experts to educate their people on all sorts of technological advances. He focused on the development of trade and industry, modernized the Russian alphabet, introduced the Julian calendar, and the first Russian newspaper was created under him.

Peter Alekseevich was a far-sighted and skillful diplomat who abolished archaic forms of government and created the Governing Senate. It was the highest body of state power, which regulated all branches of administration, as well as decisions and innovative achievements in foreign policy Russia.

New territorial holdings

Under the reign of Peter the Great, the state acquired numerous territories such as Estonia, Latvia and Finland. After the battles with Turkey, he gained access to the Black Sea. And in one thousand seven hundred and twelfth year, Peter Alekseevich moved the capital to new town on the Neva - Petersburg, founded by him and which soon became a "window to Europe."

In accordance with the rules and changes of Peter the Great, Russia became a great European power. And in 1721, he proclaimed it an empire, respectively, Peter Alekseevich himself was given the title of Emperor of All Russia, the Great Father of the Fatherland.

Peter was married twice and had eleven children, many of whom died in infancy. The eldest son from his first marriage, Alexei, was convicted and secretly executed in 1718. Peter Alekseevich died on February 8, 1725 without nominating an heir.

Another Peter Alekseevich

Naturally, not only the emperors of Russia ruled, the chronology also indicates the presence of four empresses. One of them was Catherine the Great. She sat on the throne after Peter the Great. And then the grandson of Peter the Great came to power. He was born on the twelfth of October 1715. His mother died ten days after his birth. And three years later, his father followed after his mother.

In 1727, Menshikov urged Catherine the Great to sign a will in favor of Peter. And when the empress died, Peter II continued the list of emperors of Russia.

Menshikov settled the boy in his house and began to control all his actions. Little Peter was lively, smart, skillful and very much like his great-grandfather. Despite this similarity, he, unlike Peter the Great, did not want to study.

Being too young, Peter II could not manage the empire and almost did not participate in the activities of the Privy Council. This quickly led to disruption state system, as officials were afraid of Peter's unmotivated actions and did not want to take responsibility for any important decisions.

On the thirtieth of November, one thousand seven hundred and twenty-ninth, Peter II was engaged to the eighteen-year-old beauty Ekaterina Alekseevna Dolgorukova. But the very next year, on January 6, he caught a cold during a military review and fell ill with smallpox. Died January 19, 1730.

After death, a woman sits on the throne again - Anna Ioannovna. And the subsequent emperors of Russia - the chronology shows the ten-year term of her reign - are waiting for their place in the history of the state.

Baby emperor or struggle for power

Ivan the Sixth was born in St. Petersburg on the twelfth of August 1740. He was the son of Prince Anton of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and Anna Leopoldovna. Twelve days before her death, the empress declared the two-month-old Ivan her heir. And Ernst Johann Biron was to serve as regent for the boy until he reached the age of seventeen.

But Ivan's mother overthrew Biron in 1740 and declared herself regent. And a year later, she herself was overthrown by Elizaveta Petrovna, who was supported by the grenadiers and officers of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. The daughter of Peter the Great, Anna, with her whole family and the baby, was arrested by the emperor and imprisoned in a fortress near Riga. Then Emperor Ivan the Sixth was transferred to Kholmogory. There, the bishop's empty house was converted into a prison. There the boy lived for the next twelve years, seeing no one but his jailer.

The mysterious prisoner or the death of another emperor

Many representatives had a difficult fate royal family who were to take their place on the throne. And, perhaps, this was one of the reasons why some emperors of Russia (the chronology indicates their names) voluntarily renounced power in favor of one of their relatives.

But what happened next with the grown-up Ivan the Sixth? Rumors about his imprisonment in Kholmogory are spreading more and more, and the reigning one transfers him to where he was placed in solitary confinement. The identity of the prisoner was kept in deep secrecy. Even the jailers did not know who they were guarding. Ivan was kept in terrible conditions. Candles were his only source of light.

The guards reported that the young man's mental abilities were impaired, Ivan lost his memory and had no idea who he was. His stuttering was so strong that it became almost impossible to understand what the prisoner was talking about, nevertheless, Ivan the Sixth remembered his real name.

The deposed emperor was dangerous for the German princess who had seized the Russian throne, and she ordered that he be guarded very carefully, and in the event of an attempt to free the prisoner, kill him. And shortly after that, on the night of July 4-5, 1764, Lieutenant of the Smolensk Infantry Regiment Vasily Mirovich, at the head of the rebellious soldiers, tried to save Ivan, and the prisoner was immediately executed. So the list of emperors of Russia was replenished with one more name. The unfortunate Ivan the Sixth, who was never able to take his rightful place.

Grandson of two emperors of Russia and Sweden

All the emperors of Russia, who, in order of succession or by way, occupied the throne, are one way or another indicated in the historical archives. And one cannot fail to mention here Peter the Third, who ruled Russia for only six months. He was born on the twenty-first of February in one thousand seven hundred and twenty-eight in northern Germany. This was the only son of Anna Petrovna and Karl Friedrich. Grandson of two emperors - Peter the Great and Charles the Twelfth.

The boy showed interest in art, loved military parades and dreamed that he would someday become a world famous warrior. At the age of fourteen he was brought to Russia to live with his aunt, the reigning Elizabeth. On August 21, 1745, Peter married the Princess of Anhalt-Zerbskaya, who took the name Catherine. The political marriage orchestrated by Aunt Petra was a disaster from the start.

Emperor who hated the Russian state and its people

Catherine was a woman of amazing intellect, while Peter remained a child in the body of an adult man. They had one son - Pavel, the future emperor, and daughter Anna, who dies in childhood. All the emperors of Russia, occupying the throne in order and ruling the state, basically tried to bring maximum benefit to the country. But Peter the Third was an exception. He hated Russia. He did not care about the Russian people, and could not stand the Orthodox Churches.

After Peter the Third took his place on the throne, he canceled the foreign policy of his aunt, led Russia out of the Seven Years' War, and this step was considered by his contemporaries as a betrayal of the Russian victims of the war. But at the same time, experts who are interested in the history of the emperors of Russia suggest that perhaps this decision of Peter III was part of a pragmatic plan of influence Russian state to the west.

Reforms or services to the state

However, during his reign, Peter III organized a number of internal reforms that seem very democratic today. Proclaimed freedom of religion, abolished the secret police, banned the killing of serfs by their owners. He also created the first state bank.

The reign of many emperors in Russia ended in tragic death. It also happened to Peter the Third. There are many assumptions about his death, but in fact he became a victim of a conspiracy by his own wife Catherine, who dreamed of getting rid of him in order to take the throne. On June 28, 1762, Peter was arrested and soon killed.

Tyrannical rule of Paul

Some names of the emperors of Russia cannot be mentioned with special gratitude or pride. So, for example, Paul the First, who ruled the country for five tyrannical years before he was killed. He was born in Petersburg in 1754. His parents are the future Emperor Peter the Third and Catherine the Second. His mother did not consider him as a future ruler and sent him to live in an estate in Gatchina. And in the place of the future emperor, Catherine prepared his son Alexander.

But after the death of the empress, Paul seized the throne, and his first decree was to establish the right of birthright to the throne, and not the choice of a successor by the emperor himself. Believing that Russia needed an absolute monarchy, he began to reduce the power and privileges of the nobility. To ideals French Revolution not distributed in the country, it outlaws foreign books and travel outside the state.

The numerous changes in Paul's domestic and foreign policy, combined with his despotic attitude and fits of rage, caused rumors to spread about his mental imbalance. And on March 23, 1801, Paul the Third was killed. And his son Alexander came to the throne.

Pupil of grandmother Ekaterina

Alexander was born in St. Petersburg on the twelfth of December 1777. He was brought up by Catherine the Great, who did not love her son Paul at all and did not think that he was capable of ruling the country. She saw her grandson as the future emperor. He was well versed in European culture, history and politics and was brought up in the free-thinking spirit of the court of the empress.

But the hatred between Paul and Catherine made him play two different roles. Under his grandmother, he adhered to the principles of human rights and civil liberty, enjoyed opera and philosophy. And next to his father was strict military discipline and endless training. Soon, Alexander turned into a natural chameleon, became secretive and easily changed his views in accordance with the circumstances.

In 1801, at the age of twenty-three, Alexander was crowned. The handsome and charming emperor was extremely popular. True to the ideals of his liberal school, he embarked on a series of social reforms. Torture was banned new law allowed the peasants to redeem themselves from serfdom. Administrative, financial and educational changes followed.

The triumph of the great monarch

During the reign of the emperors of Russia there were many different wars and battles. But one of the most important, even called the Patriotic War, was the war with Napoleon. For Alexander, this was a divine mission, something more than just a war between two countries. It was a battle between good and evil. And when Alexander, after the victory, entered Paris at the head of his troops, he turned into one of the most powerful monarchs. It was the triumph of his reign.

In the last years of his reign, the emperor becomes especially obsessed with God and Christianity. And when he died on November 19, 1825, many rumors began to circulate that the king secretly abdicated and became a monk. What kind of emperors of Russia were in fact and what kind of thoughts visited their great minds, even history does not know.

Childhood and reign of Nicholas

Nicholas the First was the ninth child of Paul the First and Maria Feodorovna. He was born on the twenty-fifth of June alone, 1796. As a child, he was rude and mischievous. He received his education first from a Scottish nanny, and then from General Gustav Lambsdorff. Not having a broad and inquisitive mind, Nikolai did not like to study. The young prince perked up only when the lessons came to an end and he was allowed to put on military uniform and participate in war games.

Nicholas was not brought up as a future emperor and already at the beginning of his reign, he was faced with an event that shocked him. This is the Decembrist uprising. Five leaders were executed and about one hundred and twenty were exiled to Siberia. Understanding the need for reforms, the king nevertheless feared that the changes would shake the foundations of the empire, which he was obliged to pass on to his descendants. There were other obstacles to reform - these are the closest relatives of the emperor, whose views had a huge impact on his actions.

The slogans of Nicholas were Orthodoxy, autocracy and nationality. His reign marked the rise absolute monarchy in Russia. He died on February 18, 1855 from pneumonia. And, finally, the last emperors of Russia. The chronology marks their reign years. These were Alexander II and Alexander III, as well as Nicholas II. This is where the history of Russian emperors ends.

The reign of the son of Nicholas

Alexander II, the eldest son of Nicholas I, was born on April 17, 1818. He received an excellent education. He knew several languages, learned the art of war, finance and diplomacy. With early age traveled a lot.

After becoming emperor, Alexander issued a law on the emancipation of the peasants. The serfs now received a more dignified life. And since they became free citizens, it was necessary to reform the entire local government system. During the reign of Alexander, the judicial system was reformed, all social classes became equal before the law. The pressure on censorship was eased and people began to have more freedom of speech.

Despite numerous reforms to improve the lives of the Russian people, Alexander II became a target for the revolutionaries. A member of a terrorist group killed the emperor in 1881.

The personification of the Russian bear

Alexander the Third was born on the twenty-sixth of February alone, 1845. A strong, formidable, desperate patriot, he became the embodiment of the legendary Russian bear. Came to power at a critical moment for the empire. One half of society was dissatisfied with the slow pace of reforms, the second was afraid of change. The economy has not yet recovered from the war with Turkey. The widespread terror unleashed by the revolutionaries led to the formation of a counter-revolutionary group of monarchists.

The emperor did not like foreigners and pursued a policy of Russification. This led to outbreaks of Russian nationalism and Jewish pogroms. He firmly adhered to the principle of "Russia for the Russians" and strengthened the power of the administration. Alexander Alexandrovich Romanov died of nephritis in 1894. And came to power the last Emperor Russian Nicholas II.

The tragic end of the imperial family

Interesting fact! Royal titles are made up of three different structural formations. The title of Emperor of Russia also has its own forms, one of which is full. And such a title of the Russian Emperor Nicholas II consisted of one hundred and thirteen words.

Nicholas II was born in 1868. In 1894, Nicholas becomes emperor. Despite his deep education, he felt that he was not ready for the responsibility that was imposed on him. And many contemporaries note that he looked confused and confused.

For most of his reign, he followed his father's policies. He was stubborn and very slow to recognize the need for change due to the events of 1901. Despite the fact that his powers became limited, the last emperor of Russia tried to act as if he were still an autocrat. Nicholas wanted to go back to the past and restore the power of his ancestors.

After the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, the situation imperial family became very difficult, and a year later, early in the morning of July 17, Nicholas II, his wife and children were shot. Thus ended the reign of emperors in Russia, and another starting point began in the history of the country.

Such great country how Russia should naturally be very rich in history. And indeed it is! Here you can see what were Russian rulers and you can read biographies of Russian princes, presidents and other rulers. I decided to provide you with a list of the rulers of Russia, where under each will be filed short biography under the cut (next to the name of the ruler, click on this icon " [+] “to open a biography under the cut), and then, if the ruler is iconic, a link to the full article, which will be very useful for both schoolchildren and students and everyone who is interested in the history of Russia. The list of rulers will be replenished, Russia really had a lot of rulers and each one is worthy of a detailed review. But, alas, I don’t have so many forces, so everything will be gradual. In general, here is a list of the rulers of Russia, where you will find the biographies of the rulers, their photographs and the dates of their reign.

Novgorod princes:

Kyiv Grand Dukes:

(912 - autumn 945)

Grand Duke Igor is a controversial character in our history. Historical chronicles give different information about him, starting from the date of birth and ending with the cause of his death. It is generally accepted that Igor is the son of the prince of Novgorod, although there are inconsistencies in the age of the prince in different sources ...
(autumn 945 - after 964)
Princess Olga is one of the great women of Russia. Regarding the date and place of birth, ancient chronicles give very contradictory information. It is possible that Princess Olga is the daughter of the one called the Prophet, or maybe her pedigree comes from Bulgaria from Prince Boris, or she was born in a village near Pskov, and again there are two options: an humble family and the ancient princely family of the Izborskys.
(after 964 - spring 972)
The Russian prince Svyatoslav was born in 942. His parents were - who became famous for the war with the Pechenegs and campaigns against Byzantium and. When Svyatoslav was only three years old, he lost his father. Prince Igor collected an unbearable tribute from the Drevlyans, for which he was brutally killed by them. The widowed princess decided to take revenge on these tribes and sent the princely army on a campaign, which was led by the young prince under the tutelage of the governor Sveneld. As you know, the Drevlyans were defeated, and their city Ikorosten was completely destroyed.
Yaropolk Svyatoslavich (972-978 or 980)
(June 11, 978 or 980 - July 15, 1015)

One of the greatest names in destiny Kievan Rus- St. Vladimir (Baptist). This name is shrouded in a veil of legends and secrets, epics and myths were composed about this man, in which Prince Vladimir the Red Sun was invariably called his bright and warm name. And according to the chronicles, the Prince of Kyiv was born around 960 as a half-breed, as contemporaries would say. His father was a mighty prince, and his mother was a simple slave Malusha, who was in the service of, from the small town of Lyubech.
(1015 - autumn 1016) Prince Svyatopolk the Accursed is the son of Yaropolk, after whose death he adopted the boy. Svyatopolk wanted great power during the life of Vladimir and prepared a conspiracy against him. However, he became a full-fledged ruler only after the death of his stepfather. He earned the throne in a dirty way - he killed all the direct heirs of Vladimir.
(autumn 1016 - summer 1018)
Prince Yaroslav I Vladimirovich the Wise was born in 978. The chronicles do not provide a description of his appearance. It is known that Yaroslav was lame: the first version says that since childhood, and the second - this was a consequence of one of the wounds in the battle. The chronicler Nestor, describing his character, mentions his great mind, prudence, devotion Orthodox faith, courage and compassion for the underprivileged. Prince Yaroslav the Wise, unlike his father, who loved to arrange feasts, led a modest lifestyle. Great devotion to the Orthodox faith sometimes turned into superstition. As mentioned in the chronicle, by his order, the bones of Yaropolk were dug and, and, after illumination, were reburied in the church Holy Mother of God. With this act, Yaroslav wanted to save their souls from torment.
Izyaslav Yaroslavich (February 1054 - September 15, 1068)
Vseslav Bryachislavich (September 15, 1068 - April 1069)
Svyatoslav Yaroslavich (March 22, 1073 - December 27, 1076)
Vsevolod Yaroslavich (January 1, 1077 - July 1077)
Svyatopolk Izyaslavich (April 24, 1093 - April 16, 1113)
(April 20, 1113 – May 19, 1125) The grandson and son of the Byzantine princess - went down in history as Vladimir Monomakh. Why Monomakh? There are suggestions that he took this nickname from his mother, the Byzantine princess Anna, the daughter of the Byzantine king Constantine Monomakh. There are other assumptions about the nickname Monomakh. Allegedly, after a campaign in Taurida, against the Genoese, where he killed the Genoese prince in a duel during the capture of Kafa. And the word monomakh is translated as a single combatant. Now, of course, it is difficult to judge the correctness of this or that opinion, but it was with such a name as Vladimir Monomakh that the chroniclers captured it.
(May 20, 1125 – April 15, 1132) Having inherited a strong power, Prince Mstislav the Great not only continued the work of his father, Prince Vladimir Monomakh of Kyiv, but also made every effort to ensure the prosperity of the Fatherland. Therefore, the memory remained in history. And his ancestors called him - Mstislav the Great.
(April 17, 1132 - February 18, 1139) Yaropolk Vladimirovich was the son of a great Russian prince and was born in 1082. No information has been preserved about the childhood years of this ruler. The first mention in history of this prince refers to 1103, when he, together with his retinue, went to war against the Polovtsians. After this victory in 1114, Vladimir Monomakh entrusted his son with the management of the Pereyaslav volost.
Vyacheslav Vladimirovich (February 22 - March 4, 1139)
(March 5, 1139 - July 30, 1146)
Igor Olgovich (until August 13, 1146)
Izyaslav Mstislavich (August 13, 1146 - August 23, 1149)
(August 28, 1149 - summer 1150)
This prince of Kievan Rus went down in history thanks to two great achievements - the founding of Moscow by the heyday of the North-Eastern part of Russia. Until now, historians are debating about when Yuri Dolgoruky was born. Some chroniclers claim that this happened in 1090, while others are of the opinion that this significant event took place around 1095-1097. His father was Grand Duke Kyiv - . Almost nothing is known about the mother of this ruler, except that she was the second wife of the prince.
Rostislav Mstislavich (1154-1155)
Izyaslav Davydovich (winter 1155)
Mstislav Izyaslavich (December 22, 1158 - spring 1159)
Vladimir Mstislavich (spring 1167)
Gleb Yurievich (March 12, 1169 - February 1170)
Mikhalko Yurievich (1171)
Roman Rostislavich (July 1, 1171 - February 1173)
(February - March 24, 1173), Yaropolk Rostislavich (co-ruler)
Rurik Rostislavich (March 24 - September 1173)
Yaroslav Izyaslavich (November 1173-1174)
Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich (1174)
Ingvar Yaroslavich (1201 - January 2, 1203)
Rostislav Rurikovich (1204-1205)
Vsevolod Svyatoslavich Chermny (summer 1206-1207)
Mstislav Romanovich (1212 or 1214 - June 2, 1223)
Vladimir Rurikovich (June 16, 1223-1235)
Izyaslav (Mstislavich or Vladimirovich) (1235-1236)
Yaroslav Vsevolodovich (1236-1238)
Mikhail Vsevolodovich (1238-1240)
Rostislav Mstislavich (1240)
(1240)

Vladimir Grand Dukes

(1157 - 29 June 1174)
Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky was born in 1110, was the son and grandson of . As a young man, the prince was named Bogolyubsky for his especially reverent attitude towards God and the habit of always turning to Scripture.
Yaropolk Rostislavich (1174 - June 15, 1175)
Yuri Vsevolodovich (1212 - April 27, 1216)
Konstantin Vsevolodovich (Spring 1216 - February 2, 1218)
Yuri Vsevolodovich (February 1218 - March 4, 1238)
Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich (1246-1248)
(1248-1248/1249)
Andrei Yaroslavich (December 1249 - July 24, 1252)
(1252 - 14 November 1263)
In 1220, Prince Alexander Nevsky was born in Pereyaslav-Zallesk. Still, being very young, he accompanied his father in all campaigns. When the young man was 16 years old, his father Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, due to his departure to Kyiv, entrusted Prince Alexander with the throne in Novgorod.
Yaroslav Yaroslavich of Tver (1263-1272)
Vasily Yaroslavich of Kostroma (1272 - January 1277)
Dmitry Alexandrovich Pereyaslavsky (1277-1281)
Andrei Alexandrovich Gorodetsky (1281-1283)
(autumn 1304 - 22 November 1318)
Yuri Danilovich of Moscow (1318 - November 2, 1322)
Dmitry Mikhailovich Terrible Eyes of Tver (1322 - September 15, 1326)
Alexander Mikhailovich of Tverskoy (1326-1328)
Alexander Vasilievich of Suzdal (1328-1331), Ivan Danilovich Kalita of Moscow (1328-1331) (co-ruler)
(1331 - 31 March 1340) Prince Ivan Kalita was born in Moscow around 1282. But exact date unfortunately not installed. Ivan was the second son of the Moscow prince Danila Alexandrovich. The biography of Ivan Kalita until 1304 was not marked with practically anything significant and important.
Semyon Ivanovich Proud of Moscow (October 1, 1340 - April 26, 1353)
Ivan Ivanovich Red of Moscow (March 25, 1353 - November 13, 1359)
Dmitry Konstantinovich of Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod (June 22, 1360 - January 1363)
Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy of Moscow (1363)
Vasily Dmitrievich of Moscow (August 15, 1389 - February 27, 1425)

Moscow princes and Moscow grand dukes

Russian emperors

(October 22, 1721 - January 28, 1725) The biography of Peter the Great deserves special attention. The fact is that Peter 1 belongs to the group of Russian emperors who made a huge contribution to the history of the development of our country. This article tells about the life of a great man, about the role he played in the transformation of Russia.
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Also on my website whole line articles about Peter the Great. If you want to thoroughly study the history of this outstanding ruler, then please read the following articles from my website:

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(January 28, 1725 – May 6, 1727)
Catherine 1 was born under the name of Martha, she was born in the family of a Lithuanian peasant. Thus begins the biography of Catherine the Great, the first Empress of the Russian Empire.
(May 7, 1727 - January 19, 1730)
Peter 2 was born in 1715. Already in early childhood he became an orphan. First, his mother died, then in 1718, the father of Peter II, Alexei Petrovich, was executed. Peter II was the grandson of Peter the Great, who was absolutely not interested in the fate of his grandson. HE never considered Peter Alekseevich as the heir to the Russian throne.
(February 4, 1730 - October 17, 1740) Anna Ioannovna is known for her difficult character. She was a vindictive and vindictive woman, distinguished by capriciousness. Anna Ioannovna had absolutely no ability to conduct public affairs, while she was not even simply inclined to this.
(October 17, 1740 - November 25, 1741)
(November 9, 1740 - November 25, 1741)
(November 25, 1741 - December 25, 1761)
(December 25, 1761 - June 28, 1762)
() (June 28, 1762 - November 6, 1796) Many will probably agree that the biography of Catherine 2 is one of the most fascinating stories about the life and reign of an amazing, strong woman. Catherine 2 was born on April 22 / May 2, 1729, in the family of Princess Johanna - Elizabeth and Prince Christian August of Anhalt - Zerbsky.
(November 6, 1796 - March 11, 1801)
(Blessed) (March 12, 1801 - November 19, 1825)
(December 12, 1825 - February 18, 1855)
(Liberator) (February 18, 1855 - March 1, 1881)
(Peacemaker) (March 1, 1881 - October 20, 1894)
(October 20, 1894 - March 2, 1917) The biography of Nicholas II will be quite interesting to many of the inhabitants of our country. Nicholas II was the eldest son of Alexander III, the Russian Emperor. His mother, Maria Feodorovna, was Alexander's wife.

The history of Russia is rich different eras, each of which left its mark on the life of the country. One of the most intense and controversial was the reign of Peter I the Great, which ended on January 25, 1725 due to the sudden death of the emperor.

Russia without a king? Who ruled after Peter 1

Three years before his death, the autocrat managed to issue a decree that changed the previously existing order of succession to the throne: now it was not the eldest son who became the heir, but one of the sons whom the father considered worthy to take such an honorable place. This decision was due to the fact that the son of the king, the potential heir to the throne, Tsarevich Alexei, was accused of preparing a conspiracy against his own father and, as a result, was sentenced to death. In 1718, the prince died within the walls of the Peter and Paul Fortress.

However, before his death, Peter I did not have time to appoint a new king, leaving the country, for the development of which he had put so much effort, without a ruler.

As a result, the next few years were marked by numerous goals for which the seizure of power was. Since no official heir was appointed, those wishing to sit on the throne tried to prove that it was they who deserved this right.

The very first coup carried out by the guardsmen of the wife of Peter I - by birth Marta Skavronskaya, popularly known as Ekaterina Alekseevna Mikhailova (Catherine I) - brought to power the first woman in the history of Russia.

The enthronement of the future All-Russian Empress was led by an associate of the late tsar, Prince Alexander Danilovich Menshikov, who became the de facto ruler of the state.

Russia after Peter 1 is a special milestone in world history. The strict orderliness and discipline that partly characterized the reign of the emperor now lost their former strength.

who is she?

Martha Skavronskaya (real name of the Empress) was from a family of Baltic peasants. She was born on April 5, 1684. Having lost both parents early, the girl was brought up in the family of a Protestant pastor.

During the Northern War (between Sweden and Russia), in 1702, Martha, along with other residents, was captured by the Russian troops, and then in the service of Prince Menshikov. There are two versions of how this happened.

One version says that Marta became the mistress of Count Sheremetyev, the commander of the Russian army. She was seen by Prince Alexander Danilovich - the favorite of Peter the Great - and, using his authority, took the girl to his house.

According to another version, Martha became the manager's servant at Colonel Baur, where Menshikov laid eyes on her and took her to his house. And already here Peter I himself noticed her.

Rapprochement with Peter I

For 9 years, Martha was the mistress of the king. In 1704, she gave birth to his first child, the son of Peter, and then the second son, Pavel. However, both boys died.

The future empress was educated by the sister of Peter I, Natalya Alekseevna, who taught Marta to read and write. And in 1705, the girl was baptized into Orthodoxy under the name of Ekaterina Alekseevna Mikhailova. In 1708 and 1709, Catherine's daughters from Peter Alekseevich, Anna and Elizabeth (who later took the throne under the name

Finally, in 1712, a wedding with Peter I took place in the church of John of Dalmitsky - Catherine became a full member of the royal family. The year 1724 was marked by the solemn coronation of Martha Skavronskaya in the Assumption Cathedral in Moscow. She received the crown from the hands of the emperor himself.

Who and when ruled in Russia

After the death of Peter 1, Russia fully learned what a country is worth without an imperious ruler. Since Prince Menshikov won the favor of the tsar, and later helped Catherine I become the head of state, the correct answer to the question of who ruled after Peter 1 would be Prince Alexander Danilovich, who actively participated in the life of the country and made the most important decisions. However, the reign of the empress, despite such strong support, did not last long - until May 1727.

During the reign of Catherine I, an important role in the politics of Russia of that time was played by the one created even before the ascension to the throne of the Empress. It included such noble and prominent people in the Russian Empire of that time as Prince Alexander Menshikov (who headed this body), Dmitry Golitsyn, Fyodor Apraksin, Pyotr Tolstoy.

At the beginning of the reign of Catherine I, taxes were reduced and many condemned to exile and imprisonment were pardoned. Such changes were caused by the fear of riots due to price increases, which invariably had to lead to discontent among the townsfolk.

In addition, the reforms carried out by Peter were canceled or modified:

less prominent role in political life countries began to play the Senate;

governors replaced local authorities;

for the improvement of the troops, a special Commission was organized, consisting of flagships and generals.

Innovations of Catherine I. Domestic and foreign policy

For the one who ruled after Peter 1 ( we are talking about his wife), it was extremely difficult to surpass the reformer tsar in the versatility of politics. Of the innovations, it is worth noting the creation of the Academy of Sciences and the organization of an expedition led by the famous navigator Vitus Bering to Kamchatka.

In foreign policy in general, Catherine I adhered to the views of her husband: she supported the claims of the Holstein Duke Karl Friedrich (who was her son-in-law) to Schleswig. This led to an aggravation of relations with England and Denmark. The result of the confrontation was the accession of Russia to the Vienna Union (which included Spain, Prussia and Austria) in 1726.

Russia after Peter 1 gained significant influence in Courland. It was so great that Prince Menshikov planned to become the head of this duchy, but local residents revealed discontent about this.

Thanks to the foreign policy of Catherine I and Alexander Danilovich (that's who ruled Russia after the death of Peter 1 in fact), the empire was able to take possession of the Shirvan region (having achieved concessions on this issue from Persia and Turkey). Also, thanks to Prince Raguzinsky, friendly relations with China were established.

The end of the reign of the empress

The power of Catherine I came to an end in May 1727, when the Empress died at the age of 44 from a lung disease. She was buried in the Peter and Paul Fortress.

Before her death, Catherine wanted to make her daughter Elizabeth empress, but once again she obeyed Menshikov and appointed her grandson, Peter II Alekseevich, who was 11 years old at the time of ascension to the throne, as the heir and tsar of Russia.

The regent was none other than Prince Alexander Danilovich (this fact once again proves who ruled after Peter 1 in Russia). Menshikov soon married the newly-made tsar with his daughter Maria, thus further strengthening his influence on court and state life.

However, the power of Prince Alexander Danilovich did not last long: after the death of the emperor, he was accused of a state conspiracy and died in exile.

Russia after Peter the Great is already a completely different state, where not reforms and transformations came to the fore, but the struggle for the throne and attempts to prove the superiority of some classes over others.

Peter I Alekseevich 1672 - 1725

Peter I was born on 05/30/1672 in Moscow, died on 01/28/1725 in St. Petersburg, Russian tsar from 1682, emperor from 1721. The son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from his second wife, Natalia Naryshkina. He ascended the throne for nine years, together with his elder brother Tsar John V, under the regency of his elder sister, Princess Sofya Alekseevna. In 1689, the mother married Peter I to Evdokia Lopukhina. In 1690 a son, Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, was born, but family life did not work out. In 1712, the tsar announced his divorce and married Catherine (Marta Skavronskaya), who from 1703 was his actual wife. In this marriage, 8 children were born, but except for Anna and Elizabeth, they all died in infancy. In 1694, the mother of Peter I died, and two years later, in 1696, his elder brother, Tsar John V, also died. Peter I became the sovereign sovereign. In 1712, the new capital of Russia was St. Petersburg, founded by Peter I, where part of the population of Moscow was transferred.

Catherine I Alekseevna 1684 - 1727

Catherine I Alekseevna was born on 04/05/1684 in the Baltic States, died on 05/06/1727 in St. Petersburg, the Russian Empress in 1725-1727. The daughter of the Lithuanian peasant Samuil Skavronsky, who moved from Lithuania to Livonia. Before the adoption of Orthodoxy - Marta Skavronskaya. In the autumn of 1703, she became the actual wife of Peter I. The church marriage was formalized on February 19, 1712. Following the decree on succession to the throne, not without the participation of A.D. Menshikov, she bequeathed the throne to the grandson of Peter I - 12-year-old Peter II. She died May 6, 1727. She was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg.

Peter II Alekseevich 1715 - 1730

Peter II Alekseevich was born on October 12, 1715 in St. Petersburg, died on January 18, 1730 in Moscow, Russian emperor(1727-1730) from the Romanov dynasty. The son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich and Princess Charlotte Christina Sophia of Wolfenbüttel, the grandson of Peter I. Elevated to the throne through the efforts of A.D. Menshikov after the death of Catherine I, Peter II was not interested in anything but hunting and pleasure. At the beginning of the reign of Peter II, power was actually in the hands of A. Menshikov, who dreamed of intermarrying with the royal dynasty by marrying Peter II to his daughter. Despite the engagement of Menshikov's daughter Maria to Peter II in May 1727, Menshikov's dismissal and disgrace followed in September. Peter II was under the influence of the Dolgoruky family, I. Dolgoruky became his favorite, and Princess E. Dolgorukaya became his bride. The real power was in the hands of A. Osterman. Peter II fell ill with smallpox and died on the eve of the wedding. With his death, the Romanov family was interrupted in the male line. He was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg.

Anna Ioannovna 1693 - 1740

Anna Ioannovna was born on 01/28/1693 in Moscow, died on 10/17/1740 in St. Petersburg, the Russian Empress in 1730-1740. Daughter of Tsar Ivan V Alekseevich and P. Saltykova, niece of Peter I. In 1710 she was married to the Duke of Courland Friedrich-Welgem, soon became a widow, lived in Mitau. After the death of Emperor Peter II (he did not leave a will), the Supreme Privy Council at a meeting in the Lefortovo Palace on 01/19/1730 decided to invite Anna Ioannovna to the throne. In 1731, Anna Ioannovna issued a Manifesto on the nationwide oath to the heir. 01/08/1732 Anna Ioannovna, together with the court and the highest state. Institutions moved from Moscow to St. Petersburg. Power during the reign of Anna Ioannovna was in the hands of E. Biron, a native of Courland, and his proteges.

Ivan VI Antonovich 1740 - 1764

John Antonovich was born on 08/12/1740, killed on 07/07/1764, Russian emperor from 10/17/1740 to 11/25/1741. Son of Anna Leopoldovna and Prince Anton Ulrich of Braunschwetz- Brevern-Luneburg, great-grandson of Tsar Ivan V, great-nephew of Empress Anna Ioannovna. On November 25, as a result of a palace coup, the daughter of Peter I, Elizabeth Petrovna, came to power. In 1744, Ivan Antonovich was exiled to Kholmogory. In 1756 he was transferred to the Shlisselburg fortress. On July 5, 1764, Lieutenant V. Mirovich tried to free Ivan Antonovich from the fortress, but failed. The guards killed the prisoner.

Elizaveta Petrovna 1709 - 1762

Elizaveta Petrovna was born on December 18, 1709 in the village of Kolomenskoye, near Moscow, died on December 25, 1761 in St. Petersburg, the Russian Empress in 1741-1761, the daughter of Peter I and Catherine I. She ascended the throne as a result of a palace coup on November 25, 1741, during which representatives of the Brunswick dynasty (Prince Anton Ulrich, Anna Leopoldovna and John Antonovich), as well as many representatives of the "German Party" (A. Osterman, B. Minich, and others) were arrested. One of the first acts of the new government was to invite Elizaveta Petrovna's nephew Karl Ulrich from Holstein and declare him heir to the throne (future Emperor Peter III). In fact, the leader domestic policy under Elizabeth Petrovna, Count P. Shuvalov became.

Peter III Fedorovich 1728 - 1762

Peter III was born on 02/10/1728 in Kiel, killed on 07/07/1762 in Ropsha near St. Petersburg, Russian emperor from 1761 to 1762. Grandson of Peter I, son of the Duke of Holstein-Gottop Karl Friedrich and Tsesarevna Anna Petrovna. In 1745 he married Princess Sophia Frederica Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbskaya (future Empress Catherine II). Having ascended the throne on December 25, 1761, he immediately stopped hostilities against Prussia in the Seven Years' War, ceded all the conquests to his admirer Frederick II. The anti-national foreign policy of Peter III, the disdain for Russian rituals and customs, the introduction of the Prussian order in the army caused opposition in the guard, which was headed by Catherine II. During the palace coup, Peter III was arrested and then killed.

Catherine II Alekseevna 1729 - 1796

Catherine II Alekseevna was born on 04/21/1729 in Stettin, died on 11/06/1796 in Tsarskoye Selo (now the city of Pushkin), Russian Empress 1762-1796. She came from a small North German princely family. Born Sophia Augusta Frederick of Anhalt-Zerbst. Received home education. In 1744, she was summoned to Russia with her mother by Empress Elizaveta Pertovna, baptized according to Orthodox custom under the name of Catherine and named the bride of Grand Duke Peter Fedorovich (future Emperor Peter III), whom she married in 1745. In 1754 Catherine II gave birth to a son, the future Emperor Paul I After the accession of Peter III, who was increasingly hostile to her, her position became precarious. On June 28, 1762, relying on the guards regiments (G. and A. Orlovs and others), Catherine II made a bloodless coup and became an autocratic empress. The time of Catherine II is the dawn of favoritism, characteristic of European life in the second half of the 18th century. Having parted with G. Orlov in the early 1770s, in subsequent years the empress changed a number of favorites. As a rule, they were not allowed to participate in solving political issues. Only two of her famous favorites - G. Potemkin and P. Zavodovsky - became major statesmen.

Pavel I Petrovich 1754 - 1801

Pavel I was born on September 20, 1754 in St. Petersburg, killed on March 12, 1801 in the Mikhailovsky Castle in St. Petersburg, Russian Emperor 1796-1801, son of Peter III and Catherine II. He was brought up at the court of his grandmother Elizabeth Petrovna, who intended to make him the heir to the throne instead of Peter III. The main educator of Paul I was N. Panin. Since 1773, Paul I was married to Princess Wilhelmina of Hesse-Darmstadt, after her death in 1776 - Princess Sophia Dorothea of Württemberg (Maria Feodorovna in Orthodoxy). He had sons: Alexander (future Emperor Alexander I, 1777), Constantine (1779), Nicholas (future Emperor Nicholas I, 1796), Mikhail (1798), as well as six daughters. Among the guards officers, a conspiracy matured, about which the heir to the throne, Alexander Pavlovich, was aware. On the night of March 11-12, 1801, the conspirators (Count P. Palen, P. Zubov and others) entered the Mikhailovsky Castle and killed Paul I. Alexander I came to the throne, in the very first weeks of his reign, returning many exiled by his father and destroyed many of his innovations.

Alexander I Pavlovich 1777 - 1825

Alexander I was born on 12/12/1777 in St. Petersburg, died on 11/19/1825 in Taganrog, the Russian emperor 1801-1825, the eldest son of Paul I. By the will of his grandmother Catherine II, he was educated in the spirit of the enlighteners of the 18th century. His mentor was Colonel Frederic de La Harpe, a republican by conviction, a future figure in the Swiss revolution. In 1793, Alexander I married the daughter of the Margrave of Baden, Louise Maria Augusta, who took the name of Elizaveta Alekseevna. Alexander I succeeded to the throne after the assassination of his father in 1801, undertook broadly conceived reforms. The main executor of the social transformations of Alexander I became in 1808-1812. his secretary of state M. Speransky, who reorganized the ministries, created the state. Council and carried out financial reform. In foreign policy, Alexander I participated in two coalitions against Napoleonic France (with Prussia in 1804-05, with Austria in 1806-07). Having been defeated at Austerlitz in 1805 and Friedland in 1807, he concluded the Peace of Tilsit in 1807 and an alliance with Napoleon. In 1812, Napoleon invaded Russia, but was defeated in the course of patriotic war 1812. Alexander I at the head of the Russian troops, together with the allies, entered Paris in the spring of 1814. He was one of the leaders of the Congress of Vienna in 1814-1815. According to official data, Alexander I died in Taganrog.

Nicholas I Pavlovich 1796 - 1855

Nicholas I was born on 06/25/1796 in Tsarskoye Selo, now the city of Pushkin, died on 02/18/1855 in St. Petersburg, Russian emperor (1825-1855). The third son of Paul I. From birth recorded in military service, Nicholas I was brought up by Count M. Lamsdorf. In 1814 he traveled abroad for the first time under Russian army under the command of his elder brother Alexander I. In 1816 he made a three-month trip to European Russia, and from October 1816 to May 1817 he traveled and lived in England. In 1817 he married eldest daughter Prussian King Frederick William II Princess Charlotte Frederick Louise, who took the name of Alexandra Feodorovna. Under Nicholas I, the monetary reform of the Minister of Finance E. Kankrin was successfully carried out, streamlining money turnover and protecting the backward Russian industry from competition.

Alexander II Nikolaevich 1818 - 1881

Alexander II was born on 04/17/1818 in Moscow, killed on 03/01/1881 in St. Petersburg, Russian emperor 1855-1881, son of Nicholas I. His tutors were General Merder, Kavelin, as well as the poet V. Zhukovsky, who instilled in Alexander II liberal views and romantic attitude to life. 1837 Alexander II made a long trip around Russia, then in 1838 - around the countries Western Europe. In 1841 he married the princess of Hesse-Darmstadt, who took the name of Maria Alexandrovna. One of the first acts of Alexander II was the pardon of the exiled Decembrists. 02/19/1861. Alexander II issued a manifesto on the liberation of the peasants from serfdom. Under Alexander II, the annexation of the Caucasus to Russia was completed and its influence in the east expanded. The structure of Russia included Turkestan, the Amur region, the Ussuri Territory, the Kuril islands in exchange for the southern part of Sakhalin. He sold Alaska and the Aleutian Islands to the Americans in 1867. In 1880, after the death of Empress Maria Alexandrovna, the Tsar entered into a morganatic marriage with Princess Ekaterina Dolgoruky. A number of attempts were made on the life of Alexander II, he was killed by a bomb thrown by the People's Will I. Grinevitsky.

Alexander III Alexandrovich 1845 - 1894

Alexander III was born on 02/26/1845 in Tsarskoye Selo, died on 10/20/1894 in the Crimea, Russian Emperor 1881-1894, son of Alexander II. The mentor of Alexander III, who had a strong influence on his worldview, was K. Pobedonostsev. After the death of his elder brother Nicholas in 1865, Alexander III became heir to the throne. In 1866, he married the bride of his deceased brother, the daughter of the Danish king Christian IX, Princess Sophia Frederica Dagmar, who took the name of Maria Feodorovna. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-78. was the commander of the Separate Ruschuk Detachment in Bulgaria. He created the Volunteer Fleet of Russia since 1878, which became the core of the country's merchant fleet and the reserve of the navy. Having ascended the throne after the assassination of Alexander II on March 1, 1881, he canceled the draft constitutional reform signed by his father immediately before his death. Alexander III died in Livadia in the Crimea.

Nicholas II Alexandrovich 1868 - 1918

Nicholas II (Romanov Nikolay Alexandrovich) was born on May 19, 1868 in Tsarskoe Selo, shot on July 17, 1918 in Yekaterinburg, the last Russian emperor 1894-1917, the son of Alexander III and the Danish princess Dagmara (Maria Feodorovna). From February 14, 1894, he was married to Alexandra Feodorovna (nee Alice, Princess of Hesse and the Rhine). Daughters Olga, Tatyana, Maria, Anastasia, son Alexei. He ascended the throne on October 21, 1894 after the death of his father. On February 27, 1917, Nicholas II, under pressure from the high military command, renounced the throne. On 03/08/1917 he was "imprisoned". After the Bolsheviks came to power, the regime of his maintenance was sharply strengthened, and in April 1918 the royal family was transferred to Yekaterinburg, where they were placed in the house of mining engineer N. Ipatiev. On the eve of the fall of Soviet power in the Urals, a decision was made in Moscow to execute Nicholas II and his family. The murder was entrusted to Yurovsky and his deputy Nikulin. The royal family and all close associates and servants were killed on the night of 16 July 17, 1918, the execution took place in a small room on the ground floor, where the victims were brought under the pretext of evacuation. According to the official version, the decision to kill the royal family was made by the Ural Council, which feared the approach of Czechoslovak troops. However, in recent years it became known that Nicholas II, his wife and children were killed on the direct orders of V. Lenin and Y. Sverdlov. After the remains of the royal family were discovered and, by decision of the Russian government, on July 17, 1998, they were buried in the tomb of the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg. Russian Orthodox Church abroad canonized Nicholas II as a saint.